Combative quick-draw sword technique
Iaijutsu
居合術
いあいじゅつ
|
Focus
| Swordsmanship
|
---|
Hardness
| Non-competitive
|
---|
Country of origin
| Japan
|
---|
Parenthood
| -
|
---|
Olympic sport
| No
|
---|
Iaijutsu
(
居合術
)
is a combative quick-draw sword technique.
[1]
This art of drawing the Japanese sword,
katana
, is one of the
Japanese
kory?
martial art
disciplines in the education of the classical warrior (
bushi
).
[2]
: 50
Purpose
[
edit
]
Iaijutsu is a combative sword-drawing art but not necessarily an aggressive art because iaijutsu is also a counterattack-oriented art. Iaijutsu technique may be used aggressively to wage a premeditated surprise attack against an unsuspecting enemy.
[2]
: 14, 50
The formulation of iaijutsu as a component system of classical bujutsu was made less for the dynamic situations of the battlefield than for the relatively static applications of the warrior's daily life off the field of battle.
[2]
: 52
Etymology
[
edit
]
Battojutsu
is an older name for Iaijutsu. Historically, it is unclear when the term "iaijutsu" originated. It is also unclear when techniques to draw
katana
from the
scabbard
were first practiced as a dedicated form of exercise. The Japanese sword has existed since the
Nara period
(710?794), where techniques to draw the sword have been practiced under other names than 'iaijutsu'.
[3]
The term 'iaijutsu' was first verified in connection with
Iizasa Ch?isai Ienao
(c. 1387 ? c. 1488), founder of the school
Tenshin Sh?den Katori Shint?-ry?
.
[4]
[5]
History
[
edit
]
Archaeological excavations dated the oldest sword in
Japan
from at least as early as second century B.C.
[2]
: 4
The
Kojiki
(Record of Ancient Matters) and the
Nihon Shoki
(History of Japan), ancient texts on early Japanese history and myth that were compiled in the eighth century A.D., describe
iron
swords and swordsmanship that pre-date
recorded history
, attributed to the mythological age of the gods (
kami
).
[2]
: 3
The development of Japanese swordsmanship as a component system of classical
bujutsu
created by and for professional warriors (
bushi
), begins only with the invention and widespread use of the Japanese sword, the curved, single-cutting-edged long sword.
In its curved form, the sword is known to the Japanese as
tachi
in the eighth century.
[2]
: 8
It evolved from and gained ascendancy over its straight-bladed prototype because years of battlefield experience proved that the curved form of sword was better suited to the needs of the bushi than the straight-bladed kind. Around the curved long sword the bushi built a mystique of fantastic dimensions, one that still influences Japanese culture today. The nature of the
bushi
's combative deployment, mounted as he was on horseback, required the classical warrior to reach out for his enemy, who might either be similarly mounted or otherwise ground-deployed.
During the
Kamakura period
(1185?1333) the Japanese sword smiths achieved the highest level of technical excellence and because the war between two influential families, the
Minamoto
and the
Taira
, made it possible to test and evaluate swords under the severest of conditions. By the end of the Kamakura period the tachi was superseded by a shorter weapon in a new form, called
katana
.
[2]
: 13
It was with the general widespread use of the curved sword mounted and worn as a katana that classical Japanese swordsmanship for infantry applications really begins. The earliest reliable documentation to prove that the bushi practiced swordsmanship in a systematic manner is dated in the 15th century. In this connection it is believed that
kenjutsu
, which deals with the art of swordsmanship as it is performed with an unsheathed sword, is the preceding form of iaijutsu.
[2]
Iaijutsu is extant today, but there also exists a modern form for drawing the Japanese sword called
iaido
, a term which first appeared in 1932.
Postures
[
edit
]
According to Donn F. Draeger, iaijutsu is a combative art and, therefore, the warrior considered only two starting positions in the execution of a sword-drawing technique:
- The first technique is the low crouching posture named
iai-goshi
.
- The second is the standing posture named
tachi-ai
.
[2]
: 50
Two other postures are not used in iaijutsu because they possessed technical issues that would place their users at a disadvantage:
- The seated posture,
tate-hiza
, does not permit all-around mobility.
- Seiza
, the formal kneeling-sitting posture, is a "dead" posture which is regarded by the warrior as less combatively efficient.
It would be difficult for the swordsman using either of these two postures to go quickly into action in an emergency.
[2]
: 50
Kory? Schools
[
edit
]
Some of the Ry? that still exist and include iaijutsu in their curriculum are listed below - these schools are
kory?
, or arts developed before the
Meiji
era:
[6]
- Mus? Jikiden Eishin-ry?
?Traces back to the Hayashizaki-ry? Iai of Hayashizaki Jinsuke (Late 15th century).
- Sui?-ry? Iai Kenp?
?Founded around 1600 by Mima Yoichizaemon Kagenobu.
- Shin Shin
Sekiguchi-ry?
?founded by Sekiguchi Yorokuuemon Ujimune.
- Mugai-ry?
?Founded in 1693 by
Tsuji Gettan Sukemochi
, who had previously learned Yamaguchi-ry? kenjutsu. The iai-jutsu is transmitted ryuha, it is from Jikyo-ryu ii founded Taga Gon-nai.
- Jigen-ry?
?Founded by T?g? Hizen-no-kami Shigetada, its lineage traces back to the Shint?-ry? of Iizasa Ch?isai Ienao.
- Tenshin Sh?den Katori Shint?-ry?
?Founded in the 15th century by
Iizasa Ch?isai Ienao
.
- Tamiya Shinken-ryu?A branch of the Tamiya-ryu in Saijo-han (17th century), arranged by Tsumaki Seirin in the 20th century.
- Yagy? Seigo-ryu?Founded by Nagaoka Torei Fusashige in the 17th century.
[7]
- Yagy? Shinkage-ry?
?From the Shinkage-ry? of Yagy? Muneyoshi, who studied under Kamiizumi Nobutsuna in the 16th century.
- Yoshin-ry?
?from the Yoshin-ry? founded by Akiyama Shirobei Yoshitoki in the mid 17th century.
- Shin-Tamiya-ryu?Founded by Wada Heisuke in 17th century.
- Hoki-ryu?A branch of the Tamiya-ryu, founded by Katayama Hoki-no-kami Hisayasu in 17th century. Hoshino-ha Hoki-ryu in Kumamoto spread to other areas.
- Hayashizaki-Shin-Muso-ryu?Founded by Hayashizaki Jinsuke Shigenobu in 16th century.
- Ishiguro-ryu?A part of the Ishiguro-ryu Jujutsu, Founded by Ishiguro Ansai in 19th century.
- Kageyama-ryu?Founded by Kageyama Kiyoshige in 16th century.
- Shingyotoh-ryu?Founded by Iba-Hideaki in 17th century.
- Itt?-ry??ancestor school of several
Japanese
Kory?
kenjutsu
styles; was developed by
Itt?sai Kagehisa
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Hall, David A. (2012) Encyclopedia of Japanese Martial Arts. New York: Kodansha USA. Page 169.
ISBN
978-1-56836-410-0
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Warner, Gordon
and
Draeger, Donn F.
2007, 8th ed.
Japanese Swordsmanship: Technique and Practice
, Boston: Weatherhill.
ISBN
978-0-8348-0236-0
- ^
Draeger, Donn F. and Smith, Robert W. (1980)
Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts
. London: Kodansha International. Page 102-103.
ISBN
978-0-87011-436-6
.
- ^
Draeger, Donn F. (1973)
Classical Bujutsu - The Martial Arts and Ways of Japan
. Weather Hill. Page 71.
ISBN
978-0-8348-0233-9
.
- ^
Draeger, Donn F. (2005) Japanese Swordsmanship. Boston: Weather Hill. Page 79-80.
ISBN
978-0-8348-0236-0
.
- ^
Hall, David A. (2012) Encyclopedia of Japanese Martial Arts. New York: Kodansha USA.
ISBN
978-1-56836-410-0
- ^
"Classical Martial Traditions of Japan: Koryu.com Guide to Classical Japanese Martial Arts"
.
www.koryu.com
. Retrieved
2019-10-04
.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Iaijutsu
.