Suspension bridge in England
Humber Bridge
|
---|
The Humber Bridge, Lincolnshire/East Yorkshire
|
Coordinates
| 53°42′23″N
0°27′01″W
/
53.7064°N 0.4502°W
/
53.7064; -0.4502
|
---|
Carries
| 4 lanes of motor traffic (
A15
), pedestrian- cycle-way either side
|
---|
Crosses
| Humber
|
---|
Locale
| Hessle, East Riding of Yorkshire
/
North Lincolnshire
|
---|
Maintained by
| The Humber Bridge Board
|
---|
Heritage status
| Grade I listed
|
---|
|
Design
| Suspension
|
---|
Total length
| 2,220 m (7,280 ft; 1.38 mi)
|
---|
Width
| 28.5 m (94 ft)
|
---|
Height
| 155.5 m (510 ft)
[1]
|
---|
Longest span
| 1,410 m (4,630 ft; 0.88 mi)
|
---|
|
Construction cost
| £98,000,000
£151,000,000 including interest at completion
[2]
|
---|
Opened
| To traffic on 24 June 1981
Officially on 17 July 1981
|
---|
|
Daily traffic
| 120,000 vehicles per week
|
---|
Toll
| Toll/Humbertag discount
- Motorcycle (+sidecar): £
0.00
- up to 3.5 t, caravans/motorhomes, cars with trailers: £
1.50
/
1.35
- 2 axle vehicles, 3.5?7.5 t, 9?16 passenger minibus, bus/coaches, agricultural vehicles: £
4:00
/
3.60
- min 3 axles and over 7.5 t: £
12.00
/
10.80
[3]
|
---|
|
|
The
Humber Bridge
, near
Kingston upon Hull
,
East Riding of Yorkshire
, England, is a 2.22 km (2,430 yd; 7,300 ft; 1.38 mi) single-span road
suspension bridge
, which opened to traffic on 24 June 1981. When it opened, the bridge was the longest of its type in the world; it was not surpassed until 1998, with the completion of the
Akashi Kaiky? Bridge
, and is now the
twelfth-longest
.
The bridge spans the
Humber
(an
estuary
formed by the rivers
Trent
and
Ouse
), between
Barton-upon-Humber
on the south bank and
Hessle
on the north bank, connecting the
East Riding of Yorkshire
with
North Lincolnshire
. Both sides of the bridge were in the
non-metropolitan county
of
Humberside
until its dissolution in 1996. The bridge can be seen for miles around, from as far as
Patrington
in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and from out to sea miles off the coast. It is a
Grade I listed building
.
By 2006, the bridge carried an average of 120,000 vehicles per week.
[4]
The toll was £3.00 each way for cars (higher for commercial vehicles), which made it the most expensive toll crossing in the United Kingdom.
[5]
In April 2012, the toll was halved to £1.50 each way after the UK government deferred £150 million from the bridge's outstanding debt.
[6]
[7]
History
[
edit
]
Before the bridge, commuters crossed the Humber on the
Humber Ferry
from Corporation Pier at Hull and
New Holland Pier
at
New Holland
, Lincolnshire, or by road via the
M62
(from 1976),
M18
(from 1979) and
M180
motorways, crossing, by way of the
Ouse Bridge
, the
River Ouse
near
Goole
(connected to the Humber).
[8]
Until the mid-1970s the route south was via the single-carriageway
A63
and the
A614
(via grid-locked
Thorne
) where it met the busy
A18
and crossed the
Stainforth and Keadby Canal
at
Keadby Bridge
, a
swing bridge
, which formed a
bottleneck
on the route, and on through
Finningley
and
Bawtry
, meeting the east?west
A631
.
The journey was along straight single-carriageway roads across foggy moors interrupted by bottlenecks for most of the journey to
Blyth, Nottinghamshire
, where it met the A1, and the accident rate was high. Debates in Parliament were held on the low standard of the route across the windswept plains around Goole. It was not unexpected that under these conditions, a Humber Bridge, with connecting dual-carriageway approach roads and
grade-separated
junctions, would seem worthwhile. By the time the bridge opened, much of this inferior route had been transformed by dualling of the A63 and its bypasses, extending the M62 and the connecting of the M18 from Thorne to
Wadworth
. The obvious need for a Humber Bridge had been reduced by the late 1970s with the improvements of the
motorway infrastructure
in the region. Although welcome, these improvements detracted from the need for vehicles to cross a bridge from Hessle to Barton. The Humber Bridge was a victim of the success of the M62 before it opened. A hovercraft service,
Minerva
and
Mercury
, linked Hull Pier and
Grimsby Docks
from February to October 1969 but suffered relatively frequent breakdowns.
[9]
Act of Parliament
[
edit
]
Plans for a bridge were drawn up in the 1930s when a team of engineers compiled a report on whether to bridge or tunnel the estuary. It was decided that a bridge would cost £1,750,000 over a tunnel which was costed at £7,200,000.
[10]
Revised plans were unveiled in 1955, but work did not begin until 27 July 1972.
[11]
The Humber Bridge Act, promoted by
Kingston Upon Hull Corporation
, was passed in 1959. This established the Humber Bridge Board to manage and raise funds to build the bridge and buy the land required for the approach roads.
[12]
1966 Kingston upon Hull North by-election
[
edit
]
The allocation of funds proved impossible until the
1966 Kingston upon Hull North by-election
. Labour Prime Minister
Harold Wilson
prevailed upon his
Minister of Transport
Barbara Castle
to sanction the building of the bridge.
[13]
Dismay at the long wait for a crossing led to Christopher Rowe writing a protest song, "The Humber Bridge".
[14]
Design
[
edit
]
The
consulting engineers
for the project were
Freeman Fox & Partners
(now
Arcadis NV
). Sir
Ralph Freeman
had produced the first ideas in 1927 and in the early 1930s the cost of the project was estimated at £1.725 million and that the bridge would be unlikely to recoup the construction or maintenance costs. In 1935 he had an idea for a 4,500 ft (1,400 m) suspension bridge for the Humber Tunnel Executive Committee. Sir
Gilbert Roberts
produced more ideas in 1955 for a bridge with a 4,500 ft (1,400 m) central span, costing £15 million, to be paid for by
East Riding County Council
and
Lindsey County Council
. When it became likely that a bridge would be constructed,
Imperial College
-educated
Bernard Wex
OBE (1922?1990) produced the design in 1964 that was actually built.
[15]
The bridge was built to last 120 years.
[16]
In 1985 Wex was awarded the
Telford Medal
by the
Institution of Civil Engineers
. In the 1950s he had helped to design
High Marnham Power Station
. He was a former UK chairman of the
International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineers
and helped to found the
Steel Construction Institute
in 1976.
[17]
The architect was R. E. Slater
ARIBA
.
[18]
The administration building (for the tolls) was designed by Parker & Rosner. The landscaping was designed by Prof Arnold Weddle.
Wind tunnel
testing took place at the National Maritime Institute (now part of
BMT Limited
) at
Teddington
, and the road deck was designed for wind speeds up to 105 miles per hour (170 km/h), but storms featuring considerably lower wind speeds have been cited as grounds for emergency repairs in recent years.
Construction
[
edit
]
The main contractor for the steel superstructure was British Bridge Builders (the same grouping as for the Forth and Severn Road Bridges comprising Sir William Arrol & Co., then a unit of NEI Cranes Ltd,
Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company
, and
Redpath Dorman Long Ltd
).
[19]
The contractor for the concrete towers, anchorages and sub-structure was
John Howard & Co Ltd
of
Chatham, Kent
, which was later bought by
Amec
.
[20]
Concrete was chosen for the towers, instead of steel, partly due to cost, but also to suit the landscape.
[16]
Work began on the southern approach road in July 1972 by
Clugston Construction
of Scunthorpe. The 2.5 km (1.6 mi) approach road to the A1077 junction, by
Costain
Civil Engineering, began in September 1976. It included a 320 m (350 yd) span from the southern anchorage of seven pre-stressed concrete box sections and the A1077 junction, costing £4.25 million. Work on the bridge substructure (foundations) began in March 1973. To reduce heat of
hydration
in the concrete, which produces
calcium silicate hydrate
from
belite
, as much as 60 per cent of the
Portland cement
was replaced with
ground granulated blast-furnace slag
(GGBS). It took longer to build the southern anchorage due to a
diaphragm wall
design due to there not being enough shallow bedrock. The main southern approach roads from Barton to the
M180 motorway
junction at
Barnetby
were built in the late 1970s by Clugston Construction of Scunthorpe, opening in 1978.
[21]
The towers were constructed by
slipforming
and the north tower was completed by May 1974. The southern foundations were completed in September 1975, with the pier completed in March 1976, and the southern tower was completed by September 1976; the bridge had been planned to open in 1976. The northern tower and anchorage was built on solid chalk but the southern tower and anchorage were built on fissured
Kimmeridge Clay
, 500 m (550 yd) from the southern shore and built with a difficult
caisson
design. The subcontractor for the concrete was Tileman & Co. of
Shipston-on-Stour
, south
Warwickshire
.
Cable spinning took place between September 1977 and July 1979. Each cable weighs 5,500 t (5,400 long tons), with 37 strands of 404 lengths of cable. The cable on the northern span has four extra strands. Each cable can take a load of 19,400 t (19,100 long tons). The deck is of
box girder
form, the box sections around 140 t (140 long tons) each. The first box sections were assembled in June 1975 and put into the main span on 9 November 1979. The toll buildings and north approach road were built by A. F. Budge of
Retford
, Nottinghamshire, costing £2.9 million. Work began on the administration building in November 1976. The toll system was manufactured by
Plessey Controls
of
Poole
, Dorset. Corrosion resistance on the steelwork was provided by Camrex Corrosion of
Bellshill
,
North Lanarkshire
. The road was laid by
Tarmac Roadstone
of Wolverhampton with
mastic asphalt
.
[22]
In 2017, the bridge was designated a
Grade I listed building
.
[23]
[24]
A-frames
[
edit
]
At road level the deck was fastened to the towers through four rocking
A-frames
, to allow for movement caused by the
catenary
supporting the deck from above deflecting with the weight of passing traffic, from
thermal expansion
, and from changes in
wind loading
. The devices catered for a maximum deflection of 2 metres. By 2011 it was noticed that the
pivot-pin bearings
carrying the frames had worn, allowing them to drop towards the support structure. Each frame was replaced by two new components: a vertical linkage to cater for longitudinal movement and a sliding bearing for lateral displacement.
[25]
Opening
[
edit
]
The bridge opened to traffic on 24 June 1981 at a final cost of £91 million (equivalent to £440,568,000 in 2023).
[26]
[27]
It was opened officially by Queen
Elizabeth II
on 17 July 1981, in a ceremony that included a prayer of dedication by the
Archbishop of York
and a fly-past by the
Red Arrows
.
[16]
[27]
World record
[
edit
]
With a centre span of 1,410 m (4,630 ft; 0.88 mi) and a total length of 2,220 m (7,280 ft; 1.38 mi), the Humber Bridge was the longest single-span suspension bridge in the world for 17 years, until the
Akashi Kaiky? Bridge
opened in Japan on 5 April 1998.
[28]
Local benefits
[
edit
]
The road-distance between
Hull
and
Grimsby
fell by nearly 60 mi (97 km); the town of
Scunthorpe
and environs were relieved of the passing traffic between Hull and Grimsby.
[29]
[28]
Bridge statistics
[
edit
]
The bridge's surface takes the form of a
dual carriageway
with a lower-level foot and cycle path on both sides. There is a permanent 50 mph (80 km/h) speed limit on the full length of the bridge.
Each tower consists of a pair of hollow vertical concrete columns, each 155.5 m (510 ft) tall and tapering from 6 m (20 ft) square at the base to 4.5 m × 4.75 m (14.8 ft × 15.6 ft) at the top. The bridge is designed to tolerate constant motion and bends more than 3 m (10 ft) in winds of 80 mph (129 km/h). The towers, although vertical, are 36 mm (1.4 in) farther apart at the top than the bottom due to the
curvature of the Earth
.
[30]
The total length of the suspension cable is 71,000 km (44,000 mi).
[31]
The north tower is on the bank and has foundations down to 8 m (26 ft). The south tower is in the water, and descends to 36 m (118 ft) as a consequence of the shifting
sandbanks
that make up the estuary.
The bridge held the record for the world's
longest single-span suspension bridge
for 17 years, from its opening in July 1981 until the opening of the
Akashi Kaiky? Bridge
in April 1998. In 2022 it became the twelfth longest, single-span suspension bridge. The central span, at 1,410 m (4,630 ft; 0.88 mi), is the longest in Britain and in the Western Hemisphere. It remains the longest single-span suspension bridge in the world that can be crossed on foot or by bicycle.
[32]
The bridge is crossed twice during the annual Humber Bridge
Half Marathon
in June,
[33]
and Hull
Marathon
in September.
[34]
Toll update project
[
edit
]
In July 2013, work began on introducing a new electronic tolling system.
[35]
The existing Humber Bridge toll system was largely the same as it was when the bridge opened in 1981. The computer system was over 15 years old, absorbed an increasing amount of maintenance, and needed to be replaced.
[35]
The project would decrease waiting times and was welcomed by business and transport leaders.
[35]
In the first phase, the toll booths and the toll plaza canopy were replaced, and in the second phase, writing, testing and setting up the new toll system was completed. From 2015 bridge users could set up an account with the bridge and pay into it.
[36]
Account holders receive a device called the HumberTAG, a small electronic tag that enables the system to recognise the bridge user; the toll is automatically deducted from the user's account. Two central lanes through the plaza are free-flowing; they do not have booths and account holders are able to cross the bridge without stopping.
[37]
Incidents and suicides
[
edit
]
During construction of the bridge, the road deck sections were floated up on barges then hoisted into place by cables. During one of these lifting operations some of the cables on two of the road deck sections failed, leaving the sections hanging at an angle. The sections were subsequently installed.
[38]
On more than 200 occasions, people have jumped or fallen from the bridge since it was opened in 1981; only five people have survived.
[39]
Between 1990 and February 2001 the Humber Rescue Team launched its boat 64 times to deal with people falling or jumping off the bridge.
[40]
Notable incidents include the cases of a
West Yorkshire
woman and her two-year-old daughter who fell off the bridge in 2005 and that of a man jumping from the bridge to his death on the
A63 road
below in September 2006.
[41]
[42]
[43]
Plans were announced on 26 December 2009 to construct a
suicide barrier
along the walkways of the bridge; design constraints were cited as the reason for not installing barriers during the construction of the bridge.
[44]
In May 2017, a
YouTuber
with the username 'Night Scape', along with a small group, illegally scaled the bridge without safety equipment. The group of young men climbed up the structure to the top of the bridge using the suspension wires as handholds.
Humberside Police
and the Humber Bridge Board are reviewing the security measures.
[45]
On 3 April 2021, the Humber Bridge was closed to pedestrians and cyclists following an unspecified 'recent incident'.
[46]
The decision came after multiple deaths at the bridge in the month of March.
[47]
Following the death of one individual that month, a petition calling for increased safety measures to 'secure' the bridge had gained thousands of signatures.
[48]
Concerns were raised over how the change will affect those who commute on foot or by bike.
[49]
On 6 May 2021, the bridge was reopened to pedestrians and cyclists between the hours of 0500 and 2100; only users registered in advance could use the bridge outside of those hours. More CCTV and notices were erected and more staff assigned to patrol the crossing.
[50]
Finances
[
edit
]
The bridge had a
toll charge
of £1.50 for cars from 1 April 2012, until for six months it was £3.00 and the only trunk road British toll bridge to charge motorcycles (£1.20). In 2004 many motorcyclists held a slow-pay protest, taking off gloves and helmets and paying the toll in large denomination bank notes. Police reported that the protest caused a queue 4 mi (6 km) long.
[
citation needed
]
In 1996, Parliament passed the
Humber Bridge (Debts) Act 1996
to reorganise the board's liabilities to ensure the bridge could be safely maintained. Much of the interest on the debt was suspended and deferred in a refinancing which saw no write off ? the balance was to be paid using tolls.
In 2006,
Shona McIsaac
, Labour MP for
Cleethorpes
, tabled a
Private Member's Bill
, the Humber Bridge Bill.
[51]
The Bill would have made amendments to the Act of 1959 "requiring the Secretary of State to give directions to members of the Humber Bridge Board regarding healthcare and to review the possibility of facilitating journeys across the Humber Bridge in relation to healthcare". The aim was to allow patients travelling between the banks for medical treatment to cross without paying the toll and to allow the Secretary of State for Transport to appoint two members of the board to represent the interests of the NHS. Even though the Bill received cross-party support (it was co-sponsored by Shadow Home Secretary
David Davis
and supported by all other MPs representing North Lincolnshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire) it ran out of time later that year.
[52]
A protest at the bridge on 1 September 2007 was supported by the local Cancer Patients Involvement Group, the
Road Haulage Association
,
Diana Wallis
(MEP for
Yorkshire and the Humber
) and local business and council representatives.
[53]
The government responded to the petition on 14 January 2008, stating that "Concessions or exemptions from tolls on the Humber Bridge are a matter for the Humber Bridge Board".
[54]
In October 2008, a joint campaign was launched by the
Scunthorpe Telegraph
,
Hull Daily Mail
and
Grimsby Telegraph
to abolish the toll. The papers' campaign, A Toll Too Far, was launched after a mooted increase in the toll, receiving much support from councillors and MPs serving Lincolnshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire. The campaign was to stave off a potential increase, secure a reduction to £1.00 and ultimately to be abolished. Thousands of readers backed the campaign with a paper and an online petition.
[
citation needed
]
A public inquiry into the tolls was held in March 2009 by independent inspector Neil Taylor. In July 2009, the
Department for Transport
announced that it had decided not to allow the proposed increase. Transport Minister
Sadiq Khan
said he did not believe it was right for the tolls to be raised in the current economic climate.
[55]
In October 2009, the
government
approved a £6 million grant for
maintenance costs
, which meant that there would be no toll increase before 2011 at the earliest, by which time tolls would have been frozen for five years.
[56]
The board applied again to the Department of Transport in September 2010, to raise the tolls from April 2011 but the government ordered a public inquiry into the application.
[57]
A three-day public inquiry was held in
Hull
in early March 2011.
[58]
Following the recommendation by the planning inspector, the government gave approval, on 14 June 2011, for the increase.
[59]
The toll was raised on 1 October 2011, at which point it became the most expensive in the United Kingdom.
[5]
The
Severn Bridge
/
Second Severn Crossing
charged £5.70 for Wales-bound traffic.
[60]
In the 2011 Autumn Statement on 29 November, the
Chancellor of the Exchequer
,
George Osborne
, announced that the government had agreed to reduce the debt on the bridge by £150 million, which would allow the toll for cars to be halved to £1.50.
[61]
Following the government accepting the agreement, between the four local councils, to meet a portion of the debt if revenues proved insufficient, the Transport Secretary,
Justine Greening
, confirmed the reduction on 29 February 2012, with effect from April.
[62]
Image gallery
[
edit
]
-
View from the south bank showing the curvature of the bridge
-
View from the eastern walkway
-
Close up of a bridge tower
-
View from below the Humber Bridge towers taken from north bank
-
View from north bank west side
-
View from the north bank under the road
-
Humber Bridge Tower
-
Humber Bridge Walkway
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Explore The Bridge :: Engineering :: Technical Information"
. The Humber Bridge Board. Archived from
the original
on 16 January 2018
. Retrieved
13 May
2014
.
- ^
"Shock revelation about the Humber Bridge"
.
Grimsby Telegraph
. 26 October 2013. Archived from
the original
on 3 May 2014
. Retrieved
13 May
2014
.
- ^
"Toll Charges / Restrictions"
.
humberbridge.co.uk
. Humber Bridge Board. 28 December 2019
. Retrieved
28 December
2019
.
- ^
"Traffic statistics 1996?2006"
. The Humber Bridge Board. Archived from
the original
on 4 August 2012
. Retrieved
26 December
2007
.
- ^
a
b
"Humber Bridge toll 'becomes UK's most expensive'
"
.
BBC News
. 1 October 2011
. Retrieved
1 October
2011
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge toll reduction will 'boost economy'
"
.
BBC News
. 30 March 2012
. Retrieved
30 March
2012
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge travellers see toll reduction"
.
BBC News
. 1 April 2012
. Retrieved
2 April
2012
.
- ^
Kershaw, Ronald (19 December 1972). "Humber Bridge will close the Hull communications gap".
The Times
. No. 58, 660. p. 23.
ISSN
0140-0460
.
- ^
"New hovercraft service".
The Times
. No. 57488. 18 February 1969. p. 2.
ISSN
0140-0460
.
- ^
"Crossing the Humber".
The Times
. No. 45459. 12 March 1930. p. 11.
ISSN
0140-0460
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge Plan Revived".
The Times
. No. 53304. 20 August 1955. p. 3.
ISSN
0140-0460
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge Act 2013"
.
legislation.gov.uk
.
The National Archives
on behalf of
HM Government
. Retrieved
22 June
2018
.
The Humber Bridge Act 1959 established the Humber Bridge Board ("the Board") and conferred powers on it to construct and maintain a bridge across the river Humber, together with approach roads and other works
- ^
Millward, David (7 April 2010).
"Humber Bridge set to be electoral bribe again"
.
The Daily Telegraph
. Retrieved
22 June
2018
.
- ^
"Songs for Humberside"
. Retrieved
13 November
2022
.
- ^
"Bernard Wex; British Bridge Designer"
.
Los Angeles Times
. 27 August 1990
. Retrieved
6 October
2015
.
- ^
a
b
c
Simpson, Dave (17 September 2012).
"How we made the Humber Bridge"
.
The Guardian
.
ISSN
0261-3077
. Retrieved
22 January
2019
.
- ^
"Bernard Wex".
The Times
. No. 63784. 14 August 1990. p. 12.
ISSN
0140-0460
.
- ^
"Engineering Timelines ? Humber Bridge"
. engineering-timelines.com
. Retrieved
6 October
2015
.
- ^
"Cleveland Bridge wins major contract to refurbish Humber Bridge"
.
Gazette Live
. 12 March 2019
. Retrieved
18 September
2021
.
- ^
″Bridging the Humber″
ISBN
0 9501098 6 X
[
full citation needed
]
[
page needed
]
- ^
"Bonby, North Lincolnshire ? Problem with your input"
. bonby.org. Archived from
the original
on 7 October 2015.
- ^
"Machine layed mastic asphalt for Humber Bridge"
.
The Highway Engineer
. July 1981. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 6 October 2015.
- ^
"Humber Bridge given Grade I listed status"
.
BBC News
. 17 July 2017
. Retrieved
17 July
2017
.
- ^
Historic England
.
"The Humber Bridge (1447321)"
.
National Heritage List for England
. Retrieved
9 January
2019
.
- ^
Collins, John; Smith, Daniel (August 2016).
"A-frame rocker bearing replacement at Humber Bridge, UK"
.
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers ? Civil Engineering
.
169
(3): 113?120.
doi
:
10.1680/jcien.15.00066
.
- ^
Kershaw, Ronald (25 June 1981). "At a cost of £91m, the Humber Bridge opens".
The Times
. No. 60963. p. 32.
ISSN
0140-0460
.
- ^
a
b
"Construction History"
. The Humber Bridge Board. Archived from
the original
on 6 February 2006
. Retrieved
17 February
2010
.
- ^
a
b
"40 years since work began on Humber Bridge"
. ITV News. 27 July 2012
. Retrieved
2 September
2017
.
- ^
Kershaw, Ronald (11 November 1980). "Not such a white elephant".
The Times
. No. 60773. p. 17.
ISSN
0140-0460
.
- ^
"The Humber Bridge"
. Visit Grimsby
. Retrieved
17 July
2016
.
- ^
Murray, Ian (17 March 1994). "Humberside pays £1.42 a second for bridge too far".
The Times
. No. 64904. p. 7.
ISSN
0140-0460
.
- ^
"Cycling the Bridge"
. Archived from
the original
on 5 September 2010
. Retrieved
25 August
2010
.
[
dubious
–
discuss
]
- ^
"Humber Bridge Half Marathon Hull, East Yorkshire"
. humber-half.org.uk
. Retrieved
7 January
2008
.
- ^
"Hull Marathon"
. .hullmarathon.co.uk
. Retrieved
12 April
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Humber Bridge Toll project website"
. Archived from
the original
on 4 November 2014
. Retrieved
4 November
2014
.
- ^
"More than 100 near misses as drivers try to reverse out of wrong lane"
.
The Yorkshire Post
. 25 October 2017
. Retrieved
22 June
2018
.
The open road system, which was introduced in 2015, allows people to pay tickets electronically via the HumberTag website.
- ^
"HumberTAG"
. The Humber Bridge Board. Archived from
the original
on 22 June 2018
. Retrieved
22 June
2018
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge road deck failure"
.
BBC Humberside
. October 2008
. Retrieved
17 March
2013
.
- ^
"Bridge jump attempts prevented"
.
BBC News
. 13 June 2007
. Retrieved
25 February
2010
.
- ^
"All in the Same Boat"
.
Hull in print
. Hull City Council
. Retrieved
21 February
2007
.
- ^
"Pair recover from bridge plunge"
.
BBC News
. 12 June 2006
. Retrieved
4 September
2006
.
- ^
"Body discovered after bridge jump"
.
BBC News
. 29 April 2006
. Retrieved
4 September
2006
.
- ^
"Bridge-fall son unlawfully killed"
.
BBC News
. 11 August 2006
. Retrieved
26 February
2010
.
- ^
"New Humber Bridge fence to stop suicide bids"
.
Hull and East Riding Mail
. 26 December 2009. Archived from
the original
on 5 May 2013
. Retrieved
17 March
2013
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge 'urban explorers' prompts security review"
.
BBC News
. 17 May 2017
. Retrieved
17 May
2017
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge closes footpaths for 'an indefinite period'
"
.
BBC News
. 3 April 2021
. Retrieved
3 April
2021
.
- ^
Standley, Nathan (3 April 2021).
"Humber Bridge footpaths closed indefinitely after 'recent incident'
"
.
HullLive
. Retrieved
3 April
2021
.
- ^
Riley, Anna (29 March 2021).
"Thousands sign Humber Bridge petition for suicide safety measures"
.
HullLive
. Retrieved
3 April
2021
.
- ^
"The measures to close off Humber Bridge as move divides opinion"
.
GrimsbyLive
. 4 April 2021.
ISSN
0307-1235
. Retrieved
4 April
2021
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge footpaths to reopen on Thursday"
.
BBC News
. 5 May 2021
. Retrieved
6 May
2021
.
- ^
"MP in Commons move to exempt hospital patients from bridge toll"
.
Yorkshire Post
. 20 January 2006. Archived from
the original
on 10 August 2006
. Retrieved
13 June
2007
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge Bill (Failed Bill 2005?06 session)"
. ePolitix.com. 4 August 2005. Archived from
the original
on 30 September 2007
. Retrieved
21 March
2007
.
- ^
"Protest over Humber Bridge tolls"
.
BBC News
. 1 September 2007
. Retrieved
10 September
2007
.
- ^
"Humber-Bridge ? epetition reply"
.
Official 10 Downing Street Website
. Archived from
the original
on 17 January 2008
. Retrieved
15 January
2008
.
- ^
"No rise for Humber Bridge tolls"
.
BBC News
. 30 July 2009
. Retrieved
6 February
2010
.
- ^
"No bridge toll rise for 18 months"
.
BBC News
. 27 October 2009
. Retrieved
6 February
2010
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge toll rise bid prompts public inquiry"
.
BBC News
. 30 September 2010
. Retrieved
31 January
2011
.
- ^
"Inquiry into Humber Bridge toll increase plan"
.
BBC News
. 8 March 2011
. Retrieved
14 March
2011
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge 11% toll increase approved"
.
BBC News
. 14 June 2011
. Retrieved
14 June
2011
.
- ^
"Toll Prices"
. Severn River Crossing PLC. Archived from
the original
on 27 September 2011
. Retrieved
1 October
2011
.
- ^
"Government agrees to halve Humber Bridge tolls"
.
BBC News
. 29 November 2011
. Retrieved
29 November
2011
.
- ^
"Humber Bridge tolls to be halved"
.
BBC News
. 29 February 2012
. Retrieved
1 March
2012
.
External links
[
edit
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Road bridges in Yorkshire
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East Riding of Yorkshire
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North Yorkshire
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South Yorkshire
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West Yorkshire
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