US investigative committee, 1938?1975
Chairman Martin Dies
of the House Un-American Activities Committee proofreads his October 26, 1938 letter replying to
President Roosevelt
's attack on the committee.
The
House Committee on Un-American Activities
(
HCUA
), popularly the
House Un-American Activities Committee
(
HUAC
), was an investigative
committee
of the
United States House of Representatives
, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having
communist
ties. It became a standing (permanent) committee in 1946, and from 1969 onwards it was known as the
House Committee on Internal Security
. When the House abolished the committee in 1975,
[1]
its functions were transferred to the
House Judiciary Committee
.
The committee's anti-communist investigations are often associated with
McCarthyism
, although
Joseph McCarthy
himself (as a
U.S. Senator
) had no direct involvement with the House committee.
[2]
[3]
McCarthy was the chairman of the
Government Operations Committee
and its
Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
of the U.S. Senate, not the House.
History
[
edit
]
Precursors to the committee
[
edit
]
Overman Committee (1918?1919)
[
edit
]
Lee Slater Overman
headed the first congressional investigation of American communism back in 1919.
The
Overman Committee
was a subcommittee of the
Senate Judiciary Committee
chaired by
North Carolina
Democratic
Senator
Lee Slater Overman
that operated from September 1918 to June 1919. The subcommittee investigated German as well as "
Bolshevik
elements" in the United States.
[4]
This subcommittee was originally concerned with investigating pro-German sentiments in the American liquor industry. After
World War I
ended in November 1918, and the German threat lessened, the subcommittee began investigating Bolshevism, which had appeared as a threat during the
First Red Scare
after the
Russian Revolution
in 1917. The subcommittee's hearing into Bolshevik propaganda, conducted February 11 to March 10, 1919, had a decisive role in constructing an image of a radical threat to the United States during the first Red Scare.
[5]
Fish Committee (1930)
[
edit
]
U.S. Representative
Hamilton Fish III
(R-NY), who was a fervent anti-communist, introduced, on May 5, 1930, House Resolution 180, which proposed to establish a committee to investigate communist activities in the United States. The resulting committee, Special Committee to Investigate Communist Activities in the United States commonly known as the Fish Committee, undertook extensive investigations of people and organizations suspected of being involved with or supporting communist activities in the United States.
[6]
Among the committee's targets were the
American Civil Liberties Union
and communist presidential candidate
William Z. Foster
.
[7]
The committee recommended granting the
United States Department of Justice
more authority to investigate communists, and strengthening of immigration and deportation laws to keep communists out of the United States.
[8]
McCormack?Dickstein Committee (1934?1937)
[
edit
]
From 1934 to 1937, the committee, now named the Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities, chaired by
John William McCormack
(
D
-
Mass.
) and
Samuel Dickstein
(D-NY), held public and private hearings and collected testimony filling 4,300 pages. The Special Committee was widely known as the McCormack?Dickstein committee. Its mandate was to get "information on how foreign subversive propaganda entered the U.S. and the organizations that were spreading it." Its records are held by the
National Archives and Records Administration
as records related to HUAC.
[9]
In 1934, the Special Committee subpoenaed most of the leaders of the fascist movement in the United States.
[10]
Beginning in November 1934, the committee investigated allegations of a
fascist
plot to seize the
White House
, known as the "
Business Plot
". Contemporary newspapers widely reported the plot as a hoax.
[11]
While historians have questioned whether a coup was actually close to execution, most agree that some sort of "wild scheme" was contemplated and discussed.
[12]
It has been reported that while Dickstein served on this committee and the subsequent Special investigation Committee, he was paid $1,250 a month by the Soviet
NKVD
, which hoped to get secret congressional information on anti-communists and pro-fascists. A 1939 NKVD report stated Dickstein handed over "materials on the war budget for 1940, records of conferences of the budget subcommission, reports of the war minister, chief of staff and etc." However the NKVD was dissatisfied with the amount of information provided by Dickstein, after he was not appointed to HUAC to "carry out measures planned by us together with him." Dickstein unsuccessfully attempted to expedite the deportation of Soviet defector
Walter Krivitsky
, while the Dies Committee kept him in the country. Dickstein stopped receiving NKVD payments in February 1940.
[13]
Dies Committee (1938?1944)
[
edit
]
Texas Democrat
Martin Dies Jr.
served as chair of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities, predecessor to the permanent committee, for its entire seven-year duration.
On May 26, 1938, the House Committee on Un-American Activities was established as a special investigating committee, reorganized from its previous incarnations as the Fish Committee and the McCormack?Dickstein Committee, to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having communist or fascist ties; however, it concentrated its efforts on communists.
[14]
[15]
It was chaired by
Martin Dies Jr.
(D-Tex.), and therefore known as the Dies Committee. Its records are held by the
National Archives and Records Administration
as records related to HUAC.
In 1938,
Hallie Flanagan
, the head of the
Federal Theatre Project
, was subpoenaed to appear before the committee to answer the charge the project was overrun with communists. Flanagan was called to testify for only a part of one day, while an administrative clerk from the project was called in for two entire days. It was during this investigation that one of the committee members,
Joe Starnes
(D-Ala.), famously asked Flanagan whether the English
Elizabethan era
playwright
Christopher Marlowe
was a member of the Communist Party, and mused that ancient Greek tragedian "
Mr. Euripides
" preached
class warfare
.
[16]
In 1939, the committee investigated people involved with pro-Nazi organizations such as
Oscar C. Pfaus
and
George Van Horn Moseley
.
[17]
[18]
Moseley testified before the committee for five hours about a "Jewish Communist conspiracy" to take control of the US government. Moseley was supported by Donald Shea of the
American Gentile League
, whose statement was deleted from the public record as the committee found it so objectionable.
[19]
The committee also put together an argument for the
internment of Japanese Americans
known as the "Yellow Report".
[20]
Organized in response to rumors of Japanese Americans being coddled by the
War Relocation Authority
(WRA) and news that some former inmates would be allowed to leave camp and
Nisei
soldiers to return to the West Coast, the committee investigated charges of
fifth column
activity in the camps. A number of anti-WRA arguments were presented in subsequent hearings, but Director
Dillon Myer
debunked the more inflammatory claims.
[21]
The investigation was presented to the 77th Congress, and alleged that certain cultural traits ? Japanese loyalty to the Emperor, the number of Japanese fishermen in the US, and the Buddhist faith ? were evidence for Japanese espionage. With the exception of Rep.
Herman Eberharter
(D-Pa.), the members of the committee seemed to support internment, and its recommendations to expedite the impending
segregation
of "troublemakers", establish a system to investigate applicants for leave clearance, and step up Americanization and assimilation efforts largely coincided with WRA goals.
[20]
[21]
In 1946, the committee considered opening investigations into the
Ku Klux Klan
, but decided against doing so, prompting white supremacist committee member
John E. Rankin
(D-Miss.) to remark, "After all, the KKK is an old American institution."
[22]
Instead of the Klan, HUAC concentrated on investigating the possibility that the
American Communist Party
had infiltrated the
Works Progress Administration
, including the
Federal Theatre Project
and the
Federal Writers' Project
. Twenty years later, in 1965?1966, however, the committee did conduct an investigation into Klan activities under chairman
Edwin Willis
(D-La.).
[23]
Standing Committee (1945?1975)
[
edit
]
Democrat
Francis E. Walter
of Pennsylvania was chair of HUAC from 1955 until his death in 1963.
The House Committee on Un-American Activities became a standing (permanent) committee on January 3, 1945.
[24]
Democratic Representative
Edward J. Hart
of New Jersey became the committee's first chairman.
[25]
Under the mandate of Public Law 601, passed by the
79th Congress
, the committee of nine representatives investigated suspected threats of subversion or propaganda that attacked "the form of government as guaranteed by our
Constitution
".
[26]
Under this mandate, the committee focused its investigations on real and suspected communists in positions of actual or supposed influence in the United States society. A significant step for HUAC was its investigation of the charges of espionage brought against
Alger Hiss
in 1948. This investigation ultimately resulted in Hiss's trial and conviction for perjury, and convinced many of the usefulness of congressional committees for uncovering communist subversion.
[27]
The chief investigator was
Robert E. Stripling
, senior investigator
Louis J. Russell
, and investigators
Alvin Williams Stokes
,
Courtney E. Owens
, and Donald T. Appell. The director of research was
Benjamin Mandel
.
Hollywood blacklist
[
edit
]
In 1947, the committee held nine days of hearings into alleged communist propaganda and influence in the
Hollywood
motion picture industry. After conviction on
contempt of Congress
charges for refusal to answer some questions posed by committee members, "
The Hollywood Ten
" were
blacklisted
by the industry. Eventually, more than 300 artists ? including directors, radio commentators, actors, and particularly screenwriters ? were boycotted by the studios. Some, like
Charlie Chaplin
,
Orson Welles
,
Alan Lomax
,
Paul Robeson
, and
Yip Harburg
, left the U.S or went underground to find work. Others like
Dalton Trumbo
wrote under
pseudonyms
or the names of colleagues. Only about ten percent succeeded in rebuilding careers within the entertainment industry.
[
citation needed
]
In 1947, studio executives told the committee that wartime films?such as
Mission to Moscow
,
The North Star
, and
Song of Russia
?could be considered pro-Soviet
propaganda
, but claimed that the films were valuable in the context of the Allied war effort, and that they were made (in the case of
Mission to Moscow
) at the request of White House officials. In response to the House investigations, most studios produced a number of anti-communist and anti-Soviet propaganda films such as
The Red Menace
(August 1949),
The Red Danube
(October 1949),
The Woman on Pier 13
(October 1949),
Guilty of Treason
(May 1950, about the ordeal and trial of
Cardinal
Jozsef Mindszenty
),
I Was a Communist for the FBI
(May 1951, Academy Award nominated for best documentary 1951, also serialized for radio),
Red Planet Mars
(May 1952), and
John Wayne
's
Big Jim McLain
(August 1952).
[28]
Universal-International Pictures
was the only major studio that did not purposefully produce such a film.
Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss
[
edit
]
Whittaker Chambers
in 1948
Alger Hiss
in 1950
On July 31, 1948, the committee heard testimony from
Elizabeth Bentley
, an American who had been working as a Soviet agent in
New York
. Among those whom she named as communists was
Harry Dexter White
, a senior U.S. Treasury department official. The committee subpoenaed
Whittaker Chambers
on August 3, 1948. Chambers, too, was a former Soviet spy, by then a senior editor of
Time
magazine.
[29]
Chambers named more than a half dozen government officials including White as well as
Alger Hiss
(and Hiss' brother Donald). Most of these former officials refused to answer committee questions, citing the
Fifth Amendment
. White denied the allegations, and died of a heart attack a few days later. Hiss also denied all charges; doubts about his testimony though, especially those expressed by freshman Congressman
Richard Nixon
, led to further investigation that strongly suggested Hiss had made a number of false statements.
Hiss challenged Chambers to repeat his charges outside a Congressional committee, which Chambers did. Hiss then sued for libel, leading Chambers to produce copies of State Department documents which he claimed Hiss had given him in 1938. Hiss denied this before a grand jury, was indicted for perjury, and subsequently convicted and imprisoned.
[30]
[31]
The present-day House of Representatives website on HUAC states, "But in the 1990s, Soviet archives conclusively revealed that Hiss had been a spy on the Kremlin's payroll."
[32]
However, in the 1990s, senior Soviet intelligence officials, after consulting their archive, stated they found nothing to support that theory.
[33]
In 1995, the
National Security Agency
's
Venona
papers have been alleged to have provided overwhelming evidence that he was a spy, but the same evidence is also judged to be not only not overwhelming but entirely circumstantial.
[34]
As a result, and also given how many documents remain classified, it is unlikely that a truly conclusive answer will ever be reached.
[35]
Decline
[
edit
]
Democrat
Richard Howard Ichord Jr.
of Missouri was chair of the renamed House Internal Security Committee from 1969 until its termination in January 1975.
In the wake of the downfall of McCarthy (who never served in the House, nor on HUAC; he was a U.S. Senator), the prestige of HUAC began a gradual decline in the late 1950s. By 1959, the committee was being denounced by former President
Harry S. Truman
as the "most un-American thing in the country today".
[36]
[37]
In May 1960, the committee held hearings in
San Francisco City Hall
which led to the infamous riot on May 13, when
city police officers
fire-hosed protesting students from the
UC Berkeley
,
Stanford
, and other local colleges, and dragged them down the marble steps beneath the rotunda, leaving some seriously injured.
[38]
[39]
Soviet affairs expert
William Mandel
, who had been subpoenaed to testify, angrily denounced the committee and the police in a
blistering statement
which was aired repeatedly for years thereafter on
Pacifica Radio
station
KPFA
in
Berkeley
. An
anti-communist
propaganda film,
Operation Abolition
,
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
was produced by the committee from subpoenaed local news reports, and shown around the country during 1960 and 1961. In response, the Northern California
ACLU
produced a film called
Operation Correction
, which discussed falsehoods in the first film. Scenes from the hearings and protest were later featured in the Academy Award-nominated 1990 documentary
Berkeley in the Sixties
.
[
citation needed
]
The committee lost considerable prestige as the 1960s progressed, increasingly becoming the target of political satirists and the defiance of a new generation of political activists. HUAC subpoenaed
Jerry Rubin
and
Abbie Hoffman
of the
Yippies
in 1967, and again in the aftermath of the
1968 Democratic National Convention
. The Yippies used the media attention to make a mockery of the proceedings. Rubin came to one session dressed as a Revolutionary War soldier and passed out copies of the
United States Declaration of Independence
to those in attendance. Rubin then "blew giant gum bubbles, while his co-witnesses taunted the committee with
Nazi salutes
".
[44]
Rubin attended another session dressed as
Santa Claus
. On another occasion, police stopped Hoffman at the building entrance and arrested him for wearing the United States flag. Hoffman quipped to the press, "I regret that I have but one shirt to give for my country", paraphrasing the last words of revolutionary patriot
Nathan Hale
; Rubin, who was wearing a matching
Viet Cong
flag, shouted that the police were communists for not arresting him as well.
[45]
In 1965, Klan violence prompted President
Lyndon B. Johnson
and Georgia congressman
Charles L. Weltner
to call for a congressional probe of the Ku Klux Klan. The resulting investigation resulted in numerous Klansmen remaining silent and giving evasive answers. The House of Representatives voted to cite seven Klan leaders, including
Robert Shelton
, for contempt of Congress for refusing to turn over Klan records. Shelton was found guilty, and was sentenced to one year in prison, plus a $1,000 fine. Following his conviction, three other Klan leaders, Robert Scoggin,
Bob Jones
, and Calvin Craig, also pleaded guilty. Scoggin and Jones were each sentenced to one year in prison, while Craig was fined $1,000.
[46]
The charges against Marshall Kornegay, Robert Hudgins, and George Dorsett, were later dropped.
[47]
Hearings in August 1966 called to investigate anti-Vietnam War activities were disrupted by hundreds of protesters, many from the
Progressive Labor Party
. The committee faced witnesses who were openly defiant.
[48]
[49]
According to
The Harvard Crimson
:
In the fifties, the most effective sanction was terror. Almost any publicity from HUAC meant the 'blacklist'. Without a chance to clear his name, a witness would suddenly find himself without friends and without a job. But it is not easy to see how in 1969, a HUAC blacklist could terrorize an
SDS
activist. Witnesses like Jerry Rubin have openly boasted of their contempt for American institutions. A subpoena from HUAC would be unlikely to scandalize Abbie Hoffman or his friends.
[50]
In an attempt to reinvent itself, the committee was renamed as the Internal Security Committee in 1969.
Termination
[
edit
]
The House Committee on Internal Security was formally terminated on January 14, 1975, the day of the opening of the 94th Congress.
[52]
The committee's files and staff were transferred on that day to the House Judiciary Committee.
[52]
Chairmen
[
edit
]
Source:
[53]
Notable members
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Frum, David
(2000).
How We Got Here: The '70s
. New York: Basic Books. p.
265
.
ISBN
978-0-465-04195-4
.
- ^
For example, see
Brown, Sarah (February 5, 2002).
"Pleading the Fifth"
.
BBC News
.
McCarthy's House Un-American Activities Committee
- ^
Patrick Doherty, Thomas.
Cold War, Cool Medium: Television, McCarthyism, and American Culture
. 2003, pp. 15?16.
- ^
Schmidt, p. 136
- ^
Schmidt, p. 144
- ^
"Complete Digitized Testimonies: The U.S. Congress Special Committee on Communist Activities in Washington State Hearings (1930)"
. Communism in Washington State History and Memory Project
. Retrieved
August 21,
2012
.
- ^
Memoirs
, pp. 41?42
- ^
"TO SEEK ADDED LAW FOR CURB ON REDS; Fish Committee Will Propose Strengthening Powers of Justice Department"
.
The New York Times
. November 18, 1930. p. 21
. Retrieved
March 4,
2021
.
- ^
"House Un-American Activities Committee"
.
www2.gwu.edu
. Retrieved
September 14,
2022
.
- ^
Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew Nemiroff (2000).
Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort
. Guilford Press.
ISBN
978-1-57230-562-5
.
- ^
"Credulity Unlimited"
.
The New York Times
. November 22, 1934
. Retrieved
March 3,
2009
.
- ^
Fox (2007).
The Clarks of Cooperstown
. Knopf.
ISBN
978-0-307-26347-6
.
- ^
Weinstein, Allen
; Vassiliev, Alexander (March 14, 2000).
The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America ? The Stalin Era
. New York: Modern Library. pp. 140?150.
ISBN
978-0-375-75536-1
.
- ^
Finkelman, Paul (October 10, 2006).
Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties
. CRC Press. p. 780.
ISBN
978-0-415-94342-0
. Retrieved
May 25,
2011
.
- ^
"House Un-American Activities Committee"
.
Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site
. National Park Service. Archived from
the original
on May 29, 2010
. Retrieved
May 25,
2011
.
- ^
Nightingale, Benedict (September 18, 1988).
"Mr. Euripides Goes To Washington"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
May 4,
2010
.
- ^
"Saturday, October 21, 1939"
.
Investigation of Un-American Propaganda Activities in the United States: Hearings Before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Seventy-fifth Congress, Third Session-Seventy-eighth Congress, Second Session, on H. Res. 282, &c
. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1939. p. 6204.
- ^
Levy, Richard S., ed. (2005).
"Moseley, George Van Horn (1874?1960)"
.
Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution
. Vol. 1 A?K. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 471.
ISBN
978-1-85109-439-4
.
- ^
"The News of the Week in Review"
.
New York Times
. June 4, 1939
. Retrieved
March 4,
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Myer, Dillon S. (1971).
Uprooted Americans
. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. 19.
- ^
a
b
Niiya, Brian.
"Dies Committee"
. Densho Encyclopedia
. Retrieved
August 21,
2014
.
- ^
Newton, Michael (2010).
The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi A History
. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. p. 102.
- ^
Newton, p. 162.
- ^
"Congressional Record, January 3, 1945, page 10-15"
.
- ^
Goodman, Walter (1968).
The Committee
. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- ^
"University of Kentucky archive"
(PDF)
.
- ^
Doug Linder,
The Alger Hiss Trials ? 1949?50
Archived
August 30, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine
, 2003.
- ^
Dan Georgakas, "
Hollywood Blacklist
", in:
Encyclopedia Of The American Left
, 1992.
- ^
"Alger Hiss"
.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
. Retrieved
April 27,
2023
.
- ^
Chambers, Whittaker (1952).
Witness
. Random House.
ISBN
978-0-89526-571-5
.
- ^
Weinstein, Allen (2013).
Perjury
. Hoover Institution Press.
ISBN
978-0-8179-1225-3
.
- ^
"Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives"
. Archived from
the original
on September 16, 2012
. Retrieved
July 15,
2012
.
- ^
Hartshom, Lewis.
Alger Hiss, Whittaker Chambers and the Case That Ignited McCarthyism
. Oxford University Press. p. viii.
- ^
Bird, Kai; Chervonnaya, Svetlana (Summer 2007).
"The Mystery of Ales"
.
American Scholar
.
- ^
Anthony Summers,
The Arrogance of Power: The Secret World of Richard Nixon
(New York, London: Penguin-Putnam Inc, 2000), p. 77
.
- ^
Whitfield, Stephen J. (1996).
The Culture of the Cold War
. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^
"Harry S. Truman Lecture at Columbia University on the Witch-Hunting and Hysteria"
. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. April 29, 1959
. Retrieved
April 2,
2021
.
- ^
"The Sixties: House Un-American Activities Committee"
at PBS.org
- ^
Carl Nolte (May 13, 2010).
"
'Black Friday', birth of U.S. protest movement"
.
San Francisco Chronicle
.
- ^
"Operation Abolition", 1960
on
YouTube
- ^
"The Investigation: Operation Abolition"
.
Time
. 1961
. Retrieved
March 4,
2021
.
- ^
Operation Abolition (1960)
on
YouTube
- ^
Ramishvili, Levan
(August 19, 2010).
"Operation Abolition"
(blog post)
. Retrieved
March 4,
2021
.
- ^
Youth International Party
, 1992.
- ^
Rubin, Jerry.
"A Yippie Manifesto"
. Archived from
the original
on July 16, 2011.
- ^
"Article clipped from Chicago Tribune"
.
Chicago Tribune
. November 19, 1966. p. 14
. Retrieved
February 24,
2024
.
- ^
Harold Weisberg.
Ku Klux Klan
. Michael Best. The Weisberg Archive, Beneficial-Hodson Library, Hood College.
- ^
John Herbers (August 17, 1966).
"War Foes Clash With House Panel in Stormy Session After Judges Lift Hearing Ban"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
December 11,
2016
.
- ^
Jim Dann and Hari Dillon.
"The Five Retreats: A History of the Failure of the Progressive Labor Party CHAPTER 1: PLP AT ITS PRIME 1963?1966"
.
Marxists.org
. Retrieved
December 11,
2016
.
PLP brought 800 people for 3 days of the sharpest struggle that Capital Hill had seen in 30 years. PL members shocked the inquisitors when they openly proclaimed their communist beliefs and then went on into long sharp detailed explanations, which didn't spare the HUAC Congressmen being called every name in the book.
- ^
Geogheghan, Thomas
(February 24, 1969).
"By Any Other Name. Brass Tacks"
.
The Harvard Crimson
. Retrieved
May 25,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
Charles E. Schamel,
Records of the US House of Representatives, Record Group 233: Records of the House Un-American Activities Committee, 1945?1969 (Renamed the) House Internal Security Committee, 1969?1976.
Washington, DC: Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records, July 1995; p. 4.
- ^
Eric Bentley,
Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from Hearings Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1938?1968.
New York: The Viking Press 1971; pp. 955?957.
Works cited
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
Archives
[
edit
]
- Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives (1938?1944), Volumes 1?17 with Appendices.
University of Pennsylvania online gateway to Internet Archive and Hathi Trust.
- United States House Committee on Internal Security
University of Pennsylvania online gateway to Internet Archive and Hathi Trust.
- Schamel, Gharles E. Inventory of records of the Special Committee on Un-American activities, 1938?1944 (the Dies committee). Center for Legislative Archives,
National Archives and Records Administration
. Washington, D.C., July 1995.
- Schamel, Gharles E.
Records of the House Un-American Activities committee, 1945?1969, renamed the House Internal Security committee, 1969?1976.
Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration. Washington, D.C., July 1995.
- Ship, Reuben (2000).
"From the Archives: The Investigator (1954): A Radio Play by Reuben Ship"
.
The Journal for MultiMedia History
.
3
.
Books
[
edit
]
- Bentley, Eric
, ed. (2002) [1971, Viking Press].
Thirty Years of Treason: Excerpts from Hearings Before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 1938?1968
. Nation Books.
ISBN
978-1-56025-368-6
.
- Buckley, William F.
(1962).
The Committee and Its Critics; a Calm Review of the House Committee on Un-American Activities
. Putnam Books.
- Caballero, Raymond.
McCarthyism vs. Clinton Jencks.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019.
- Chambers, Whittaker
(1952).
Witness
. Random House.
ISBN
978-0-89526-571-5
.
- Donner, Frank J. (1967).
The Un-Americans
. Ballantine Books.
- Gladchuk, John Joseph (2006).
Hollywood and Anticommunism: HUAC and the Evolution of the Red Menace, 1935?1950
. Routledge.
ISBN
978-0-415-95568-3
.
- Schmidt, Regin (2000).
Red Scare: FBI and the Origins of Anticommunism in the United States, 1919?1943
. Museum Tusculanum Press.
ISBN
9788772895819
.
- U.S. 86th Congress ? House Committee on Un-American Activities (December 1959),
Facts on Communism ? Volume I, The Communist Ideology
, House Document No. 336, p. 166,
OCLC
630998985
, retrieved
October 6,
2013
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
→75
Stat.
965
- U.S. 87th Congress ? House Committee on Un-American Activities (December 1960),
Facts on Communism ? Volume II, The Soviet Union, from Lenin to Khrushchev
, House Document No. 139, p. 408,
OCLC
80262328
, retrieved
October 6,
2013
{{
citation
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
→75
Stat.
961
Articles
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External links
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International
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