The
history of the Northwest Territories
covers the period from thousands of years ago to the present day. Prior to European colonization, the lands that encompass present-day
Northwest Territories
were inhabited for millennia by several
First Nations
. European explorers and fur traders began to explore the region since the late-16th century. By the 17th century, the British laid claim to both the
North-Western Territory
and
Rupert's Land
; and granted the
Hudson's Bay Company
a commercial fur trade monopoly over the latter region.
After the
Deed of Surrender
was enacted on 23 June 1870, the United Kingdom transferred the North-Western Territory and Rupert's Land to the
government of Canada
, with most all of the newly transferred territory administered as the
North-West Territories.
The hyphen was later dropped after the passing of the
Northwest Territories Act
in 1906.
[1]
The territory reached its largest size in 1880, after the
British Arctic Territories
were transferred from the United Kingdom to Canada, and incorporated into the North-West Territories. However, the size of the territory was reduced several times during the late 18th- and early 19th centuries. Major adjustments to the boundary of the territory during this period includes severing of its western portions to form the
Yukon Territory
in 1898, severing its south-western portions to form the provinces of
Alberta
and
Saskatchewan
in 1905, and transferring its remaining lands south of the
60th parallel north
and the
District of Ungava
to the provinces of
Manitoba
,
Ontario
, and Quebec in 1912.
During the
Cold War
era, a number of responsibilities were devolved from the federal to territorial government, with the territory's capital transferred from
Ottawa
to
Yellowknife
in 1967. During the 20th century, the federal government entered into land claim negotiations with the
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
. The resulting land claim negotiations saw the eastern portions of the territory separated from the rest, forming the territory of
Nunavut
in 1999.
Early history
[
edit
]
Long before the Europeans arrived, Inuit and First Nations peoples inhabited the land area which became the Northwest Territories. Native Inuit included the Mackenzie,
Copper
,
Caribou
, and
Central
nations. There were also many nations when the Europeans first arrived, among them the
Yellowknives
,
Chipewyan
,
Sekani
,
Beaver
,
Nahanni
,
Dogrib
, and
Slavey
.
[2]
Martin Frobisher
's expeditions in the 1570s were the first recorded visits to the Northwest Territories by a European. In 1610,
Henry Hudson
, while looking for the
Northwest Passage
, landed briefly on the western shore of the bay that bears his name. His discovery opened the interior of the continent to further exploration.
[2]
Other early explorers include
Luke Foxe
,
John Davis
,
Robert Bylot
,
Thomas Button
,
George Weymouth
,
Thomas James
, and
William Baffin
.
Fur trade (17th? and 18th century)
[
edit
]
In 1670, King
Charles II
granted a charter to the Governor and Company of Adventurers of England Trading into Hudsons Bay, known as the
Hudson's Bay Company
(HBC). It included the Hudson's Bay watershed.
[3]
By the 1700s, European trade in the North-West Territories was dominated by two fur-trading companies, the Hudson's Bay Company, based in London, England, and the
North West Company
based in Montreal.
[2]
Fur trade explorer
Peter Pond
lead the way through the
Methye Portage
into the vast territory of the north-west where the rivers flowed north rather than east.
[4]
In 1771,
Samuel Hearne
was the first European to reach the shore of the Arctic Ocean by an overland route via the Coppermine River. Further west and eighteen years later, in 1789,
Alexander Mackenzie
reached the Arctic Ocean. The river he navigated to get there now bears his name.
York Factory
later served as the Hudson's Bay Company's headquarters. The HBC depended on the furs coming to York Factory. The North West Company competed with the HBC by travelling throughout the territory obtaining furs as they did so. Some of these trader explorers kept journals and had them published. Public interest developed as a result.
As the Europeans increased their presence, they involved the First Nations as guides and suppliers of furs. The Chipewyan acted as middlemen. They brought to York Factory the furs of the western tribes. The
Cree
, Chipewyan, Beaver and Yellowknives obtained firearms. With this new advantage, they dominated their Athapaskan neighbours, i.e. the Slavey, Sekani, and Dogrib peoples.
[5]
1800?1870
[
edit
]
In the early 1800s, perhaps 1810, the North West Company established a post at
Tulita
(Fort Norman) at the junction of the Mackenzie and
Great Bear Rivers
. The site changed several times but the community of Tulita is located on the original site today.
[6]
In 1821, the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company merged under the name of the latter. By 1825, Sir
George Simpson
advanced from the junior governor in charge of the company's Northern Department to be the head of this new company. Simpson travelled throughout the north-west. For forty years he led the company. For most of that time, he made at least one major journey by canoe every year.
[7]
Exploration expeditions
[
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]
Franklin's
Coppermine expedition
of 1819?1822 had as its goal the exploration of the northern coast of Canada, which was accessed by way of the
Coppermine River
. The
British
expedition was organised by the
Royal Navy
as part of its attempt to discover and map the
Northwest Passage
. It was the first of three
Arctic
expeditions to be led by
John Franklin
, and also included
George Back
and
John Richardson
, both of whom would become significant
Arctic explorers
in their own right.
In 1825, Franklin set out on his second expedition to the Canadian North. He travelled to the mouth of the
Mackenzie River
and then spent the winter at
Fort Franklin
, now
Deline
, on
Great Bear Lake
.
Franklin's fateful
third expedition
began in 1845 and was never heard from again. A massive search followed, at first finding little trace of the expedition but resulting in the mapping of much of the Arctic coastline. It was eventually learned that Franklin had died in 1847, and the remains of the expedition's two ships were finally found in 2014 and 2016.
George Back
, a British naval officer, naturalist and artist, served under John Franklin in his first expedition to the Arctic in 1818. On Franklin's inland Coppermine expedition of 1819?1822, Back was responsible for all the surveying and chart making. Then on the Mackenzie River expedition in 1824?1826, Back was promoted to lieutenant and then to commander.
Canadian Confederation and the late 19th century
[
edit
]
After the
Deed of Surrender
was enacted, the United Kingdom transferred ownership of Rupert's Land and the
North-Western Territory
from the Hudson's Bay Company to the
government of Canada
. However, integration of the territories into
Canadian Confederation
was delayed by the
Red River Rebellion
around the
Red River Colony
. Eventually the territories were admitted into Canadian Confederation on 15 July 1870 as the
North-West Territories
; barring the area around the Red River Colony, which was admitted into Canadian Confederation as the province of
Manitoba
.
In 1880, the
British Arctic Territories
was transferred from the United Kingdom to government of Canada, and was administered as a part of the North-West Territories.
Late 19th century
[
edit
]
The first North-West Territories government sat in 1872 after the
Temporary North-West Council
was appointed. The first North-West Territories government sat inside the territories at
Fort Livingstone
for the first time in 1876. Now in Saskatchewan. The government moved to
Battleford
in 1878.
[8]
The first territorial election took place in 1881. French was abolished as an official language in 1892.
During the late-19th century, the boundaries of the territories were redefined a number of times. In 1886, the
District of Keewatin
's south-western border was adjusted. In 1889, the disputed area between
Manitoba
and
Ontario
was generally granted to Ontario, with some going to the District of Keewatin, and Manitoba getting none. In 1898, following the
Klondike Gold Rush
, the Yukon stopped being part of the North-West Territories. A separate
Yukon Territory
is created from the western North-West Territories.
Treaty No. 8
[
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]
In June 1899, negotiation began on
Treaty No. 8
, which covered 840,000 square kilometres in the North-West Territories. It was an agreement between the Canadian Government and the
Dene
groups in the area in question; in return for their willingness to share their land with non-Natives, the Dene would receive medical and educational assistance, as well as treaty payments. The Canadian Government and the various Dene groups, including
Yellowknives
and Tł?ch? under chief Drygeese with headmen Benaiyah and Sek'eglinan, signed the treaty in 1900 at
Fort Resolution
(called by the Tł?ch?
?ndaa
) . After the signing, the group that signed the treaty was called the
"Yellowknife B Band"
(Helm, 7: 1994). At that point in history, Treaty No. 8 was the largest land settlement the Canadian Government had ever made (PWNHC, Historical).
[9]
20th century
[
edit
]
In 1901, the borders of Yukon Territory were changed, gaining area from the North-West Territories.
Alberta
and
Saskatchewan
separated from the territories in 1905. Although the
District of Keewatin
was given back to the territories, the population dropped from approx 160,000 to 17,000, of which 16,000 were aboriginal and had no right to vote under Canadian law.
[10]
The government of the North-West Territories defaulted back to its 1870 constitutional status, and once again came under federal control, governed from
Ottawa
.
In 1906, the official name dropped the hyphen, changing to "Northwest Territories".
[11]
[12]
On May 15, 1912, parts of the Northwest Territories were given to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec.
Interwar period (1918?1939)
[
edit
]
Twenty years after Treaty No. 8 was signed, oil was discovered in the
Mackenzie River Valley
. Upon the discovery, the Canadian Government proposed another treaty that would clear the way for miners and development of the area. The treaty was greatly debated, as the Natives did not want to lose their right to hunt, fish, gather, and trap in the area. They also opposed being "confined to
Indian reserves
." Many Dene felt that Treaty No. 8 was not honoured by the Canadian Government, and some were afraid that this treaty would turn out similarly. Nevertheless,
Treaty No. 11
was signed by the Tłı?ch? trading chief Monfwi in the summer of 1921. The Tłı?ch? groups that signed this treaty were then known as the "Dog Rib Rae Band" (Helm, 7: 1994), constituting the majority of the Tł?ch? population. Both Treaty No. 8 and Treaty No. 11 overlap in several of their boundaries, and continue to cause conflict between the two separate treaty bands (nowadays two First Nations).
In 1925, based upon the Sector Principle, Canada became the first country to extend its
maritime boundaries
northward to the
North Pole
. The Northwest Territories gained in size to 3.3 million km
2
. This was about one third of Canada's landmass.
[13]
In the summer of 1935, nearly 1000 men grouped into 188 surveying parties covered a wide range of Canada looking for precious minerals. The most valuable discovery was made in the Yellowknife district where nearly 3,000 square miles of good gold prospecting territory was located.
[14]
This brought about the town of
Yellowknife
. Thirty-two years later, when the Government of the Northwest Territories came North from Ottawa, Yellowknife became the new capital.
[15]
World War II
[
edit
]
During
World War II
, the Canadian company
Eldorado Gold Mines Ltd.
, which produced uranium as a byproduct of gold and radium production using ore from its mine at
Port Radium
in the Northwest Territories, was recruited by the Canadian government to assist in procuring uranium for the
Manhattan Project
. The ores were shipped from the
Eldorado Mine
to
Port Hope
, Ontario, to be processed.
Between 1942 and 1946, forty thousand American military and civilian personnel came to the Canadian north-west; invited by the Canadian government. Plans called for the
Alaska Highway
to connect
Edmonton
, Alberta, with
Fairbanks
, Alaska and for a pipeline to run from the oil fields of
Norman Wells
to the Pacific Coast. Major work commenced. Canada's north-west infrastructure developed quickly and the social impact of 40,000 military people affected lives throughout.
[16]
Brigadier General James O'Connor, the military officer in charge of building the highway, described the difficulty of the work. "Engineer troops worked 10?12 hours a day through temperatures that ranged down to 70 below, hacking their way through forests, plunging into icy streams in life-preservers to sink bridge pilings, sweating through steaming summer days amid plagues of mosquitoes and 'no-see-ums,' to push the road through."
[17]
Early Cold War era (1945?1970)
[
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]
Elections returned in 1951, but rather than being fully elected body, the Councils and Assemblies were a mix of elected and appointed members.
In 1953?1955, during the
Cold War
, Canada sent
Inuit
families to the far north in the
High Arctic relocation
, partly to establish territoriality.
[18]
In 1967, the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, the Honourable
Arthur Laing
, announced that Yellowknife would be the capital of the Northwest Territories. On September 18, 1967, the Government of the Northwest Territories relocated from Ottawa to Yellowknife. Commissioner
Stuart Milton Hodgson
, and eighty-one employees of the Government of the Northwest Territories, arrived in Yellowknife on board a chartered DC-7.
In 1969, A special committee of the
Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
chose a new
flag for the territory
. Robert Bessant's design was chosen among entries to a Canada-wide contest. The government also introduced the popular
polar bear
license plate
in 1970.
Late 20th century (1971?2000)
[
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]
In 1975, the territorial government once again became a fully elected body. In 1984, the Canadian Government agreed to transfer the responsibility for naming places to the territories.
[19]
This power was already devolved to the provinces in 1961, but originally not to Canadian territories.
In April 1982, a majority of Northwest Territories' residents voted in favour of a division of the area, and the federal government gave a conditional agreement seven months later. After a long series of land claim negotiations between the
Inuit Tapirisat of Canada
and the federal government (begun earlier in 1976), an agreement was reached in September 1992. In June 1993, the
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act
and the
Nunavut Act
were passed by the Canadian Parliament, and the transition to the new territory of
Nunavut
was completed on April 1, 1999.
21st century
[
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]
In summer 2023, the territory was beset by some 230
wildfires
, causing massive disruption. Some 70% of the territory's population had to be evacuated from their homes, including to other parts of Canada. This included 87% of the population of Yellowknife, including Premier
Caroline Cochrane
, as the fires approached less than 15 km from the capital.
[20]
[21]
See also
[
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]
People
[
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]
Places
[
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]
Initiatives
[
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]
References
[
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]
- ^
"Territorial Evolution of the Northwest Territories"
.
- ^
a
b
c
"Northwest Territories"
.
Canadian Heritage
. Government of Canada. 2013
. Retrieved
20 September
2013
.
- ^
"The Royal Charter for incorporating The Hudson's Bay Company, A.D. 1670"
.
Pre-Confederation Documents
. William F. Maton. 2001
. Retrieved
20 September
2013
.
- ^
Calverley, Dorthea,
"Peter Pond, Methye Portage and the First Northern Alberta Trading Post"
,
History is Where You Stand: A History of Peace
, South Peace Historical Society, archived from
the original
on 21 September 2013
, retrieved
28 June
2008
- ^
Fumoleau, Rene (2004) [First published 1975].
As Long as this Land Shall Last: A History of Treaty 8 and Treaty 11, 1870?1939
. Northern Lights series. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary Press with the Arctic Institute of North America.
ISBN
978-1-55238-063-5
.
- ^
"Tulita"
.
The Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
. Archived from
the original
on 21 September 2013
. Retrieved
20 September
2013
.
- ^
"Sir George Simpson, Persons of National Historic Significance"
.
Parks Canada, National Historic Sites in the Mountain National Parks
. 2009. Archived from
the original
on 26 September 2013
. Retrieved
23 September
2013
.
- ^
"Fort Livingstone National Historic Site of Canada"
.
National Historic Sites
. Parks Canada. 22 February 2011
. Retrieved
25 September
2013
.
- ^
"The Dogrib"
. Milwaukee Public Museum. Archived from
the original
on 3 May 2012
. Retrieved
24 September
2013
.
- ^
"The Northwest Territories"
.
Canadian Confederation
. 14 December 2001. Archived from
the original
on 11 February 2006.
- ^
"History of the Name of the Northwest Territories"
.
Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
. Retrieved
17 October
2015
.
- ^
c.62, RSC 1906
- ^
McKitterick, T. E. M. (1939). "The Validity of Territorial and Other Claims in Polar Regions".
Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law
.
21
(1): 89?97.
JSTOR
754556
.
- ^
"Canada opens gold diggings, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"
.
Painesville Telegraph
. Vol. 114, no. 227. Painesville, Ohio: Telegraph Republican. 9 April 1936. p. 5
. Retrieved
26 September
2013
.
- ^
Farquharson, Duart (19 January 1967).
"Yellowknife now capital of N.W.T."
Edmonton Journal
. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. p. 1
. Retrieved
26 September
2013
.
- ^
Coates, K. S.; Morrison, W. R. (1992).
The Alaska Highway in World War II: The U.S. Army of Occupation in Canada's Northwest
. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. pp.
309
.
ISBN
978-0-80205-023-6
. Retrieved
20 September
2013
.
- ^
Cassidy, Morley (5 June 1943).
"Building Alaska highway described by Gen. O'Connor"
.
Edmonton Journal
. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. p. 5
. Retrieved
26 September
2013
.
- ^
Dussault, Rene; Erasmus, George (1994).
"The High Arctic Relocation- A Report on the 1953?55 Relocation (Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples)"
. Canadian Government Publishing. p. 190. Archived from
the original
on 1 October 2009.
- ^
"Gazetteer of the Northwest Territories"
(PDF)
.
NWT Cultural Places Program, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
. Northwest Territories Education, Culture and Employment. July 2013. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 27 September 2013
. Retrieved
25 September
2013
.
- ^
Bennett, Dean; Rabson, Mia (22 August 2023).
"Territoires du Nord-Ouest: Pres de 70 % des gens ont du fuir leur domicile a cause des incendies"
.
La Presse
(in Canadian French). La Presse Canadienne
. Retrieved
29 August
2023
.
- ^
Graveland, Bill (19 August 2023).
"
'Most of the people are now gone': Yellowknife nearly emptied as fire fight continues"
.
CP24
. Retrieved
29 August
2023
.
Bibliography
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Further reading
[
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]
External links
[
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]