The
National Football League
(NFL) has had a long and complicated history in
Los Angeles
, the second-largest
media market
in the United States. Los Angeles became the first city on the
West Coast
to host an NFL team when the
Cleveland Rams
moved to Los Angeles in 1946; they played at the
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
from 1946 until 1979. In 1960, a charter
American Football League
franchise, the
Los Angeles Chargers
, began playing in the Coliseum.
[1]
The Chargers moved to
San Diego
after their inaugural season, where they eventually joined the NFL as part of the
AFL-NFL merger
. The Rams moved to suburban
Anaheim, California
, in 1980. A surprising move in 1982 brought the Oakland Raiders to the Coliseum to become
Los Angeles Raiders
.
A combination of a split fan base and
1994 Northridge earthquake
damage prompted both teams to leave Los Angeles before the
1995 season
. The Raiders returned to their original home of
Oakland
while the Rams moved to
St. Louis
,
Missouri
. This left Los Angeles as the largest media market in the country without an NFL team?and enabled owners of smaller-market teams to threaten to move there unless their home city
gave them money to improve or replace their stadium
.
The league's absence from Los Angeles ended in early 2016, when the
Rams
received approval to return to the area beginning at the start of the
2016 season
.
Los Angeles is now the home of the
NFL
's
Los Angeles Rams
and the
Los Angeles Chargers
, who announced their intent to return to Los Angeles from San Diego in January
2017
. The two teams now share
SoFi Stadium
in
Inglewood
, which opened in 2020.
In addition to the NFL, Los Angeles has been represented by teams in almost every other high-level professional football league: the
PCPFL
's
Los Angeles Bulldogs
, the
AAFC
's
Los Angeles Dons
, the original 1960s
AFL
's
Los Angeles Chargers
(the same team that are currently in the NFL), the
COFL
's
Orange County Ramblers
, the
WFL
's
Southern California Sun
, the original
USFL
's
Los Angeles Express
, the
Arena Football League
's
Anaheim Piranhas
,
Los Angeles Cobras
,
Los Angeles Avengers
and
LA KISS
, and the
Los Angeles Xtreme
and
LA Wildcats
in both the
original
and
current
incarnations of the XFL.
The first NFL team to name itself after the city of Los Angeles was the
Los Angeles Buccaneers
in
1926
. However, this was a
road team
, based in
Chicago
, made up of Californians, primarily
University of California
and
University of Southern California
alumni. Historian Michael McCambridge said that the Buccaneers became a road team because the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission had banned pro teams from its stadium.
[2]
However, the difficulty of transcontinental travel in the era before modern air travel was likely also a major factor in the decision to base the team in the Midwest.
[3]
The upstart
American Football League
(the first league to bear that name) also featured a similar Midwest-based road team of West Coast players, the
Los Angeles Wildcats
. Both Los Angeles teams performed respectably on the field but folded after their sole seasons in 1926 amid league-wide overextension. The teams played each other in what would be both franchise's final games in an exhibition in San Francisco in January 1927.
[4]
The first major professional football team to reside in Los Angeles were the
Los Angeles Bulldogs
, formed for the fall 1937 season in the AFL, taking the place of the Cleveland Rams. They operated both as an independent and as a member of several other leagues from approximately 1937 to 1948. The Bulldogs played most of their tenure at
Gilmore Stadium
, a stadium on the site of what is now
(CBS) Television City
. The NFL would hold its first two
All-Star Games
in Los Angeles following the 1938 and 1939 seasons.
In 1946, the
Los Angeles Dons
of the
All-America Football Conference
started play, lasting four years before folding with the demise of the AAFC. In
1960
, the
American Football League
(AFL) was formed, with a franchise at the region, the
Los Angeles Chargers
. After the inaugural season, the team moved to
San Diego
to become the
San Diego Chargers
, who joined the NFL during the
NFL-AFL merger
in 1970. The
Continental Football League
, a second-tier professional league active in the late 1960s, included the
Orange County
Ramblers
among its teams (as well as, for one game, the
Long Beach Admirals
).
NFL in Los Angeles: 1946?1994
[
edit
]
Los Angeles Rams
[
edit
]
In
1946
, the defending NFL champions, the
Cleveland Rams
moved to Los Angeles.
[5]
The other league owners were not pleased with the move, but the league relented due in large part to concern that Los Angeles could potentially become the nucleus of a rival league. The Rams played home games at the
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
, at the time shared with two NCAA teams ? the
USC Trojans
and the
UCLA Bruins
? and an AAFC franchise, the Los Angeles Dons. It was the establishment of the Rams in Los Angeles that prompted the league to lift its moratorium on
African-American players
that had been in place since the early 1930s: terms of the Rams' lease on the Coliseum required the team to integrate, and to do so, the Rams signed former
UCLA
stars
Kenny Washington
and
Woody Strode
. When the AAFC folded in 1950, the Dons went out of business, but the AAFC's
San Francisco 49ers
were admitted to the NFL. This provided the NFL with a workable pair of West Coast cities for travel.
Another AAFC franchise which moved over to the NFL in 1950 was the
Cleveland Browns
, who were based in the city the Rams had deserted. The Browns and the Rams met in three NFL championship games in six seasons?in Cleveland in
1950
(Browns won 30?28) and in Los Angeles in
1951
(Rams won 24?17) and
1955
(Browns won 38?14).
The Rams quickly became established as an NFL power, winning 7 straight NFC West titles from 1973 to 1979, with top quarterbacks like
Roman Gabriel
and the legendary
Fearsome Foursome
, consisting of
Rosey Grier
,
Lamar Lundy
,
Merlin Olsen
and
Deacon Jones
.
Rams move to Anaheim
[
edit
]
By 1979 the Rams were a successful franchise, and made it to their first
Super Bowl
that year. However, they had long been dissatisfied with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. For most of the Rams' tenure there, it was the largest stadium in the NFL, with over 90,000 seats. However, even in the Rams' best years, the cavernous venue sold out very infrequently, causing blackouts of Rams games on local TV. Additionally, it was located in
South Central Los Angeles
, which was perceived as being one of the city's more dangerous neighborhoods, a sentiment that had begun in the 1960s and had since grown. The Coliseum also lacked adequate nearby parking. At various times they shared the stadium with both the
USC Trojans
and
UCLA Bruins football
teams. Ownership (
Carroll Rosenbloom
, followed by his widow
Georgia Frontiere
) was unable to persuade the city to build a new stadium in Los Angeles, so they decided to move out of the Coliseum to
Anaheim
(28 miles southeast of downtown L.A.) in
Orange County
, which was then experiencing an enormous boom in population and construction.
Beginning in 1980, the Rams played in
Anaheim Stadium
, which already had a football press box built into the upper deck when it opened in 1966.
[6]
Further renovations included enclosing the facility by extending the stadium's three decks (the stadium, built mostly with baseball in mind, had previously been open to the outside), and building luxury suites in the
mezzanine
"club" level.
Los Angeles Raiders
[
edit
]
The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum next received an NFL team in
1982
, when the
Oakland Raiders
moved to Los Angeles to become the Los Angeles Raiders. Team owner
Al Davis
moved there without the approval of his fellow owners or NFL commissioner
Pete Rozelle
. One major factor for Davis in moving to the Coliseum?despite its flaws as a football stadium?was his assumption that the NFL would eventually approve
pay-per-view
telecasts for its games; such a move would potentially have given the Raiders a virtual TV monopoly in Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest TV market. Davis also counted on being able to persuade the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission to renovate the facility, particularly by installing scores of
luxury boxes
. The UCLA Bruins moved their home to the
Rose Bowl Stadium
in response to the Raiders' arrival.
[7]
The Raiders continued the success they had in
Oakland
after the move south, winning
Super Bowl XVIII
in January 1984?which was the only Super Bowl-winning team under the city of Los Angeles until 2022?and reaching the
AFC Championship Game
in the
1990
season. Even with this on-field success, the team gained a controversial reputation off the field, as its silver and black colors became associated with L.A.'s notorious
street gangs
. More importantly, the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission never gave Davis the lucrative package of amenities he had been promised, and the NFL's broadcast contracts never instituted pay-per-view. Additionally, due to concerns about the area around Exposition Park and the Raiders' difficulty in selling out their home games (resulting in television blackouts in Los Angeles), the NFL scheduled all of the Raiders' appearances on
Monday Night Football
as road games after 1985,
[8]
and would not even consider letting them play Monday night games in Anaheim. Eventually, Davis lost patience and entertained an offer from
Irwindale, California
(east of downtown L.A.) in
1987
, but did not move there.
[9]
[10]
1995: Both Los Angeles franchises leave
[
edit
]
Rams move to St. Louis
[
edit
]
In the early 1990s, Rams owner
Georgia Frontiere
began to shop around for a new home for her team, which was falling behind other NFL teams in luxury-box and other non-shared revenue. By the end of the
1994
season, talks had begun with
St. Louis
and
Baltimore
, two cities that had lost their original NFL franchises (the
Cardinals
and
Colts
, respectively), and had both been unsuccessful in efforts to obtain an expansion franchise the previous year; meanwhile, she was hoping that
Anaheim
and/or
Orange County
would also make an attractive offer. Anaheim, going through a recession, could not agree on a tax package to pay for the improvements that Frontiere insisted on, so they dropped out of the bidding. Rams fans, bothered by Frontiere talking to other cities about moving the franchise, voiced their anger by asking for her to sell the team, booing her and starting derogatory chants at games directed at her. Attendance began dwindling, due to frustration by the fans over ownership and the performance by the team on the field. Eventually, St. Louis gave Frontiere the offer she wanted, a brand-new $280 million domed stadium called the
Trans World Dome
(now known as
the Dome at America's Center
) with a long-term lease and over 100 luxury boxes. The move was announced in February 1995 and approved by NFL owners that April. The Rams played their last game in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve in 1994, losing 24?21 to the
Washington Redskins
in front of only 25,750 fans in attendance at Anaheim Stadium. During the 2009 offseason, following Frontiere's death, it was announced the Rams were for sale. It was considered possible that the next owner of the Rams could potentially move the team back to Los Angeles;
[11]
however, this prospect was at the time thought to have become much less likely when then-minority owner
Stan Kroenke
, a Missouri native and resident, acquired complete control in August 2010.
[12]
Raiders return to Oakland
[
edit
]
In May 1995 after the departure of the Rams for
St. Louis
, the owners of the National Football League teams approved with a 27?1 vote with two abstentions, a resolution supporting a plan to build a $200 million, privately financed stadium on property owned by
Hollywood Park
for the Raiders. Al Davis balked and refused the deal over a stipulation that he would have had to accept a second team at the stadium.
[13]
Ultimately in 2016, this became the location for
SoFi Stadium
.
Due in no small part to this and the decision by the Los Angeles Sports Commission to halt further planned renovations to the Coliseum due to repair costs generated by the 1994
Northridge earthquake
, Al Davis gave up on Los Angeles, and decided to accept a new stadium renovation offer from
Oakland, California
and to return to his team's former home. The renovation expanded the
Oakland Coliseum
to 63,000 seats and added 86 luxury boxes and thousands of club seats. The deal was announced on June 23,
1995
and approved by league owners on August 9 of that year. The Raiders, like the Rams, played their last game in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve in 1994, losing 19?9 to the
Kansas City Chiefs
in front of 64,130 in attendance at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.
Two decades without a team
[
edit
]
Los Angeles remained without an NFL franchise from 1995 to 2015.
[14]
One key sticking point had been that a new team needed to play in the outdated Coliseum or Rose Bowl, or a lower capacity NFL-specific stadium needed to be built in the area.
[15]
Attempted Seahawks move to Los Angeles
[
edit
]
In March 1996,
Seattle Seahawks
owner
Ken Behring
moved office equipment and some athletic gear to the Juliette Low Elementary School in Anaheim that once held Rams practices, hoping to get approval for a permanent move to Southern California.
[16]
The plan was for the relocated Seahawks to play at the
Rose Bowl
while an NFL stadium was built in either Anaheim or Los Angeles. The Seahawks planned move was announced at a time when the
Cleveland Browns
had announced their
move to Baltimore
, and the
Houston Oilers
moved to Nashville. The league passed a resolution in the previous year that a return to Los Angeles would be controlled by the league (i.e. the 30 teams collectively).
[17]
Because the Seahawks did not get permission to move and the announcement was around the same time as other controversial franchise moves giving the league an image of instability, the league fined the team $500,000 for every day the team was in Anaheim, Behring halted the process and moved the equipment back to
Seattle
.
[18]
Eventually, Puget Sound resident
Paul Allen
bought the team, and kept it in Seattle. Public funds were used to build Seahawks Stadium, now known as
Lumen Field
, which opened in 2002.
[19]
Expansion team bid
[
edit
]
Perhaps the closest Los Angeles came to regaining the NFL during this period was in 1999, when the NFL approved a new franchise, the league's 32nd, for Los Angeles, in March on the condition that the city and NFL agree on a stadium site and stadium financing by September 15, 1999. Those agreements were never reached, and on October 6, 1999, the franchise was awarded to a
Houston
ownership group instead, which formed the
Houston Texans
, who would begin play in
2002
.
[20]
From 2000 onward
[
edit
]
Then-Governor
Arnold Schwarzenegger
championed a new football stadium in Anaheim in tandem with a new L.A. Coliseum in 2006.
[21]
There were reports, however, that NFL owners would not approve a return to the L.A. area until two teams committed to play in a single new stadium (similar to the
New York Giants
and
New York Jets
, first in
Giants Stadium
and since 2010 in
MetLife Stadium
).
[22]
In response to rising cost estimates for a new stadium, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell said that returning the NFL to Los Angeles would require the league to consider unspecified "alternative solutions."
[23]
In November 2007, the then-Los Angeles Mayor
Antonio Villaraigosa
declared that the policy of requiring the NFL to move to the Coliseum would change and other options would be explored.
[24]
During the absence of teams in this era the NFL still maintained a presence in the Los Angeles market through
NFL Network
, the league's in-house
cable
and
satellite
network which was founded in 2003, and was originally headquartered in nearby
Culver City
before moving to
Inglewood
upon the NFL returning and building a campus there. The very first episode of
NFL Total Access
had
Rich Eisen
say "welcome to the NFL in Los Angeles".
[25]
The Coliseum was part of the 2005 opening weekend celebration,
[26]
and was home of the
NFL Players Association
's "Rookie Premiere", in which first-year athletes pose for
trading card
pictures;
[27]
The
Dallas Cowboys
also hosted their
training camp
in the Los Angeles suburb of
Oxnard
on a rotating basis during this period.
[28]
Los Angeles as a bargaining chip
[
edit
]
During the two decades, many NFL teams used Los Angeles as a bargaining chip to get their cities to build new stadiums in their existing cities.
[29]
Owners expressed interest in moving and visited Los Angeles to encourage their city councils.
[19]
By 2015 more than half the league had threatened to move there,
[30]
during negotiations for new or renovated stadiums, which cost hundreds of millions of dollars,
[31]
[32]
[33]
and 27 NFL stadiums had been built or received at least $400 million in renovations.
[31]
According to
NBC News
,
The threat of moving a team to Los Angeles is more valuable for the NFL than actually placing a team there. It's the perfect bargaining chip for the league: Why would a franchise stay in, say, cold-weather, small-market Minnesota without a new stadium when big-market, celebrity-studded L.A. beckons?
[29]
Sports economist John Vrooman of
Vanderbilt University
stated:
It is entirely possible that the L.A. football market has been more valuable to the N.F.L. empty than if it had been occupied since 1995 ... It is standard operating procedure for the N.F.L. commissioner and other concerned owners to drop the not-so-veiled threat of relocation to L.A.
[34]
and a
Yahoo! Sports
contributor observed that:
The NFL doesn't necessarily use Los Angeles as a bargaining chip with other cities, but whenever there is a stadium issue in another city, that team suddenly ends up on a list of franchises that could relocate to sunny Southern California. Convenient.
[35]
Furthermore, some said efforts to move were a "way of playing with fanbases' feelings". In July 2015,
HBO
's
Last Week Tonight with John Oliver
had a segment on stadiums that looked at one of San Diego Chargers' fans
attempts
to collect public money to build a new stadium.
[36]
In December 2015,
Drew Magary
wrote:
They’ve pit... [an NFL team] against one another (sometimes encouraging them to forge alliances and gang up on each other) in an effort to secure the optimal L.A. deal, plus taxpayer-funded stadiums for whoever stays behind. They’ve unveiled stadium designs... It's been a slow, open, agonizing process, with the NFL dripping out rumors and veiled demands and "leaders in the clubhouse" to their lapdog beat reporters every Sunday morning like clockwork to help speed the process along, with no interest in the emotional impact of these potential relocations... None of this is new or surprising, of course... Pro sports teams have been more interested in exploiting fan loyalty than appreciating it.
[37]
Supporters of a Los Angeles NFL team agreed that their city had been, as
Los Angeles City Councilman
Bernard Parks
said, "used as a pawn". He added, "L.A. always comes into the equation whenever a city is looking for a new stadium. Lo and behold, shockingly, the stadium gets built and L.A. is not in the equation."
[31]
Fred Rosen
said, "It's like the rabbit at the dog track. L.A.'s always chasing the rabbit, and the NFL has also used L.A. as the rabbit."
[38]
The lack of an NFL-quality stadium also made moving a team to Los Angeles risky because of the possibility of being forced to play in the obsolete Coliseum or Rose Bowl, but building a stadium without a team would be financially and politically very difficult.
[31]
In 2021, after the Rams and the Chargers moved to Los Angeles, Conor Orr of
Sports Illustrated
noted that the loss of the
Los Angeles metropolitan area
as an open market had forced NFL teams to increasingly use other, less appealing metropolitan areas in their attempts to secure taxpayer funding for stadiums. (The Bills, for example, reportedly tried to get a
new stadium built in the Buffalo area
by threatening a move to
Austin, Texas
, which has no other teams in the Big Four major professional sports leagues). Orr argued that such ultimatums have reduced the teams' leverage, as both local governments and the general public become more aware of the benefits and drawbacks of such expensive projects, and the negative effects that such moves, if realized, would have on the
public relations
of both the individual teams and the NFL as a whole.
[39]
Civic disinterest
[
edit
]
Everybody I know who moves out here, I go, Would you ever move back to
Boston
? and they go, "Never."
Philly
? "Never."
Chicago
? "Never." But who do you root for? "
Boston
...
Philadelphia
..
Chicago
."
The NFL remained popular on television in Los Angeles even in the absence of local teams; 18 of the 20 most-popular programs from September 2014 to early November were NFL games. Residents could usually watch the most appealing games each week;
sports bars
show many games at once, and patrons and employees wear varying apparel. It was thought that a Los Angeles team might lower TV ratings.
[34]
[41]
[40]
Residents choose teams around the country to support; David Carter, sports business professor at USC, compared area fans to "the NFL's version of the
United Nations
".
[41]
Many are from elsewhere in the United States and tend to support teams from their previous cities.
[31]
[41]
[40]
As of February 2015
[update]
10% of Los Angeles County residents who followed NFL
Tweets
followed the 49ers, 9% the Raiders, and 7% the Dallas Cowboys. In Orange County, the Chargers and
Green Bay Packers
were in second and third place. By contrast, in
San Diego County
47% of NFL Twitter users followed the Chargers and no other team had more than 4.5%,
[41]
despite the area having many loyal NFL fans of other teams (notably the
Pittsburgh Steelers
) due to the numerous military bases in the area.
[42]
Whether fans of other teams would support a new or moved NFL team in Los Angeles was unclear.
[41]
[40]
The area already has very popular
USC Trojans
and
UCLA Bruins
football games, with much greater attendance than the Raiders had during the team's time in Los Angeles.
[29]
John C. Phillips of the
University of the Pacific
stated that "People in Los Angeles really do not have that sense of community and identity with sports teams. In Cleveland and Buffalo, people identify with the city; in Los Angeles, they don't".
[43]
During the
Cleveland Browns' move to Baltimore
in 1996 owner
Art Modell
received death threats. NBC News wrote that by contrast, "when the Raiders and Rams departed in 1994, Angelenos yawned before going surfing."
[29]
In
2001
, a proposal was floated for a new stadium near
Staples Center
. The stadium and team would have been owned by billionaire
Phillip Anschutz
and
Hollywood
scion
Casey Wasserman
, and the stadium would have been built with private funding. That died down quickly when it failed to get the support of the city council. In particular,
Mark Ridley-Thomas
, whose district includes the Coliseum, never supported it.
In 2005, then-
Dodgers
owner
Frank McCourt
showed interest in a plan in which a new NFL stadium would be built next to
Dodger Stadium
. However, city officials expressed their displeasure with his idea in part to their favoritism of the repeatedly defunct Coliseum plan. McCourt stated that his idea was suitable if the most recent Coliseum plan were to fail. In addition, the NFL was also rumored to favor the Dodger Stadium proposal to the countless Coliseum ideas in the past.
[44]
Even after return of the Chargers and Rams, Los Angeles residents who are fans of other NFL teams often pack their home venues. Many of them became fans of other teams during the NFL's absence. The Rams have tried to keep out 49er fans by restricting purchases to Greater Los Angeles Area residents, which has been less than successful. Crowd noise from 49er fans have resulted in the use of a silent count by the Rams, as if they were playing an away game.
[45]
[46]
The same has occurred with the Chargers against the Raiders.
[47]
[48]
Interested parties
[
edit
]
- On December 1, 2009, in an interview for
KTTV (Fox 11)
, John Semcken of
Majestic Realty Co.
—(the developer for the
Los Angeles Stadium
in Industry)—stated that there was a 50/50 chance of a team returning for the
2010 season
and a 100% chance for the
2011 season
. The teams explicitly mentioned in the interview were the
Jacksonville Jaguars
,
San Diego Chargers
,
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
,
Buffalo Bills
, and
St. Louis (formerly Los Angeles) Rams
. The interview occurred shortly after the
California State Legislature
and the
governor
approved plans for the stadium, but several months before
Stan Kroenke
became sole owner of the Rams.
[49]
- In March 2012,
Yahoo! Sports
reported on a meeting between the league management and
Anschutz Entertainment Group
(AEG), in which it became clear that none of the NFL's owners were willing to agree to the AEG's demands to move a team to Los Angeles. Neither AEG nor the league confirmed the meeting, which, if true, would jeopardize the project unless AEG were to make concessions.
[50]
At the same time, the
new owners
of the
Los Angeles Dodgers
expressed interest in bringing the NFL to
Chavez Ravine
, current location of
Dodger Stadium
.
[51]
- In mid-season of 2011, news regarding several teams involved in potential expansion broke. It was reported that
Malcolm Glazer
, then the owner of the
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
, a franchise located in
a metropolitan area
with some of the lowest attendance figures in multiple pro sports, including football, had talked with officials in L.A. Nothing was made official, and Glazer also had ties to England (before his death in 2014, he also owned
Manchester United
, and his sons inherited his interests in both clubs), where there was a small but growing conversation about potential NFL moves. Meanwhile, Jacksonville Jaguars owner
Wayne Weaver
sold the team to
Shahid Khan
; Khan had unsuccessfully attempted to buy the Rams. Khan gave a verbal, but non-binding, commitment to keep the team in Jacksonville.
- On April 18, 2012, after a
Minnesota Legislature
committee rejected a public financing proposal for
proposed new Minnesota Vikings stadium
, the league met with
Vikings
owner
Zygi Wilf
and
Minnesota governor
Mark Dayton
to discuss the potential sale and move of the Vikings franchise.
[52]
Soon after, Wilf met with Los Angeles mayor
Antonio Villaraigosa
regarding the same topic, and indicated he would not renew the Vikings' lease on the Metrodome without a plan for a new stadium.
[53]
After a re-vote, the
Minnesota House of Representatives
passed a stadium financing bill on May 8, albeit with less money than the Vikings were seeking.
[54]
The
Senate
passed the bill May 10, at which point the Vikings indicated they would be willing to accept the terms. This effectively eliminated the Vikings from the threat of moving.
[55]
- In August 2014, it became known that multibillionaire
Eli Broad
was one of at least two Los Angeles-based parties to consider placing a bid on the
Buffalo Bills
with the intent of moving the team to Los Angeles. Broad declined to place a bid, determining that the league would never approve of moving the Bills and such a move would bring too much scrutiny from politicians.
[56]
The team was later sold to
Buffalo Sabres
owner and billionaire
Terry Pegula
, who planned to keep the team in Buffalo long-term.
Pegula's wife
, 17 years younger, also owns a significant portion of the team and has lived in
Western New York
since childhood, likely keeping the team put for several decades.
Potential league expansion
[
edit
]
In 2012, NFL Commissioner
Roger Goodell
appeared on
Costas
Live
on
NBC Sports Network
to discuss a possibility of football in Los Angeles. Goodell said that he wouldn't like any team to move to the city. The commissioner said that if Los Angeles were to get a team, the league would have to expand to 34 teams.
[57]
With no other non-NFL markets in the United States anywhere close to Los Angeles in size (the second-largest media market without an NFL team is Orlando, Florida, ranked #18, and even that market is within 75 miles of the
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
), adding two expansion teams simultaneously in Los Angeles was one solution that had been explored. The perceived benefits of such a solution included the possibility of two owners being able to share the costs for a new stadium (similar to what was done for New York's two teams), in addition, adding two teams to Los Angeles at the same time would have precluded the possibility of one team having to pay any sort of territorial indemnity to the other.
2016: The NFL returns
[
edit
]
Three franchises apply to move
[
edit
]
On January 31, 2014, the
Los Angeles Times
and the
St. Louis Post-Dispatch
reported that Rams owner Stan Kroenke had purchased about 60 acres of land next to the
Forum
in
Inglewood, California
. Kroenke subsequently announced plans to build an NFL stadium on the site, in connection with the owners of the adjacent 238-acre Hollywood Park site,
Stockbridge Capital Group
.
[58]
On January 5, 2015, the
Los Angeles Times
reported that Stan Kroenke and Stockbridge Capital Group were jointly developing a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke. Later that month on January 30, 2015, NFL Commissioner
Roger Goodell
held a press conference two days before the
Super Bowl
. In his press conference, Goodell said that multiple teams had expressed an interest in moving to Los Angeles, but that the league had made "no determination" about any particular team moving to Los Angeles in the future.
[59]
On February 24, 2015, Inglewood City Council approved plans for the stadium with construction planned to begin in December 2015, with or without a commitment from the Rams, and avoiding a public vote on June 2 in the process. On December 21, 2015, Construction was officially underway at the Hollywood Park site.
[60]
[61]
[62]
Almost one year later, on January 4, 2016, the three NFL franchises who previously played in the
Greater Los Angeles Area
applied to move to the area amid stadium issues and proposals of building new arenas in Southern California. They were the
St. Louis Rams
(who played in Los Angeles and Anaheim from 1946 to 1994), the
Oakland Raiders
(played in Los Angeles from 1982 to 1994), and the
San Diego Chargers
(had its inaugural AFL season in L.A.).
[63]
[64]
[65]
[66]
The Rams planned to build on the 60-acre (24 ha) tract in
Inglewood
between
The Forum
and
Hollywood Park
that Kroenke had already began work on,
[67]
[68]
[69]
and the Raiders and Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in
Carson, California
, if they were to move to the Los Angeles market.
[70]
Both teams said they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.
[71]
All three teams had year-to-year stadium leases with escape clauses.
[72]
The Rams' were triggered because
The Dome at America's Center
, then known as Edward Jones Dome, had to be among the NFL's eight best by the end of the 2014 season. Under the terms of the agreement, the St. Louis CVC was required to improve the Edward Jones Dome in 2005. However, then-owner
Georgia Frontiere
waived the provision in exchange for cash that served as a penalty for the city's noncompliance. The minor renovations, which cost about $70 million, did not bring the stadium within the specifications required under the lease agreement; thus, keeping the Dome in a state of uncertainty.
[73]
In 2012, the St. Louis Convention and Visitors Commission proposed a $124 million upgrade; the Rams countered with a $700 million proposal. An arbitrator ruled in favor of the Rams in February 2013, and the commission soon announced that it would not pursue any upgrade, leading to speculation about owner
Stan Kroenke
's plans for the team.
[74]
Publicly, city, county and state officials had expressed no interest in providing further funding to the Edward Jones Dome in light of those entities, as well as taxpayers, continuing to owe about $300 million more on that facility. As such, if a resolution was not reached by the end of the
2014 NFL season
and the City of St. Louis remained non-compliant in its obligations under the lease agreement, the Rams would be free to nullify their lease and go to a year-to-year lease. Months later, the Rams scheduled to
play in London
, which violated the Edward Jones Dome's terms of lease.
[75]
Once
Carol
and
Mark Davis
inherited the Raiders in 2012, they acknowledged negotiations with the L.A. groups, but were dissatisfied with both of the proposals; the city still remained an option along with
San Antonio, Texas
.
[76]
Chargers owner
Dean Spanos
said in 2014 that adding a Los Angeles team "would really be harmful to us", given that "25 to 30% of our business comes from the L.A./Orange County areas".
[77]
However, despite problems with
Qualcomm Stadium
, Spanos refused to exercise the escape clause ever since the opportunity was offered in 2007.
[78]
In March 2015, Goodell said that, despite the stadium proposals, the league was "not focused" on bringing NFL back to Los Angeles for the
2016 NFL season
, and any Los Angeles team in 2016 would "have to play in a temporary facility."
[79]
He added one month later that only one of the two proposals would be greenlighted by the league.
[80]
By June 2015, the NFL had sent requests regarding the possibility of temporarily hosting football games to five venues: the
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
and
Dodger Stadium
in Los Angeles;
Rose Bowl
in
Pasadena
;
Angel Stadium
in Anaheim; and
StubHub Center
in
Carson
. Refusals were issued by both Angel Stadium, for conflicts with the
Major League Baseball
season,
[81]
and the Rose Bowl, expressing more interest in a music festival.
[82]
On October 23, 2015, Mark Fabiani, spokesperson for the Chargers, confirmed that the team planned to officially notify the NFL about its intentions to move to Los Angeles in January during the timetable when teams can request to move.
[83]
All three teams filed the required paperwork to move on January 4.
[63]
[64]
The Rams return
[
edit
]
Weeks later, the NFL owners gathered in Houston for a meeting on January 12 and January 13, a meeting that decided the end of the Los Angeles race. A few days before the scheduled owners meeting,
Dallas Cowboys
owner
Jerry Jones
suggested that the
St. Louis Rams
and
San Diego Chargers
should share Stan Kroenke's
SoFi Stadium
. This suggestion was taken as a possible option discussed in the Houston meetings. During the Los Angeles meeting, the Committee on Los Angeles Opportunities, which consists of six NFL owners, favored the Carson project over the Rams' Inglewood project. However, in the first round of voting during the meeting, the Rams and the Inglewood proposal got the greater number of votes than the Carson project with the former receiving 21 votes and the latter receiving 11 votes. As the Rams and the Inglewood proposal did not meet the required 24 votes a second round of voting was undertaken. In the second round of voting, the Rams' Inglewood project received 20 votes with the Chargers and Raiders Carson proposal only having 12. Eventually, the Inglewood proposal received 30 votes and the Carson proposal receiving only two; meaning that, after 21 consecutive seasons without an NFL franchise, Los Angeles finally had an NFL team.
[84]
After hours of finding a compromise, the Rams moved to Los Angeles, with the Chargers having the option to join them (had the Chargers declined to exercise that option, the Raiders would have also had this option). The league had set a moving fee of $550 million for any team approved to move. The Rams played seven home games per season at the
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
from 2016 until 2019 (as part of the deal, the Rams agreed to host one game in London per year as part of the
NFL International Series
) and then moved to their new stadium, SoFi Stadium in Inglewood for the 2020 season.
[65]
The Chargers return
[
edit
]
After the conclusion of the 2016 season, the Chargers officially announced they too would exercise the option they had to move and would return to Los Angeles; the Chargers moved to
Dignity Health Sports Park
(then known as StubHub Center) beginning in 2017 and played there until 2019. They then moved to SoFi Stadium for 2020 and are co-tenants with the Rams.
[85]
Battle of Los Angeles
[
edit
]
NFL results between Los Angeles teams
[
edit
]
Raiders vs. Rams
[
edit
]
Season
|
Date
|
Away team
|
Score
|
Home team
|
Venue
|
1982
|
December 18
|
Los Angeles Rams
|
31?37
|
Los Angeles Raiders
|
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
|
1985
|
December 23
|
Los Angeles Raiders
|
16?6
|
Los Angeles Rams
|
Anaheim Stadium
|
1988
|
September 18
|
Los Angeles Rams
|
22?17
|
Los Angeles Raiders
|
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
|
1991
|
October 20
|
Los Angeles Rams
|
17?20
|
Los Angeles Raiders
|
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
|
1994
|
November 13
|
Los Angeles Raiders
|
20?17
|
Los Angeles Rams
|
Anaheim Stadium
|
Chargers vs. Rams
[
edit
]
SoFi Stadium
[
edit
]
SoFi Stadium
is located in
Inglewood, California
on the site of the former
Hollywood Park Racetrack
. It is the home of the
Los Angeles Rams
, the
Los Angeles Chargers
, and the
LA Bowl
. It also hosted
Super Bowl LVI
in February 2022, as well as the
College Football Playoff National Championship
in January 2023. The sole NFL venue in the Los Angeles area, construction began in 2016 and was completed in 2020. The stadium can seat 70,240 spectators for most events, and 30,000 more for larger events, for a total of 100,240.
[87]
In addition to the main stadium there is a connected performance venue called the
YouTube Theater
with a capacity of 6,000 seats that opened in 2021.
The venue is part of a larger
Hollywood Park
development on the former racetrack property that aside from the stadium includes the
Hollywood Park Casino
, the headquarters of NFL Media which includes the
NFL Network
,
NFL RedZone
,
NFL.com
and the NFL
app
, and a master-planned neighborhood with over 8.5 million square feet (790,000 m
2
) for
office space
and
condominiums
, a 12-screen
Cinepolis
movie theater
,
ballrooms
, outdoor spaces for community programming, retail, a fitness center, a lake with a
waterfall
fountain
, a
luxury hotel
, a brewery, high-scale
restaurants
and an open-air
shopping and entertainment complex
.
[88]
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
[
edit
]
The
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
was built in 1923, and is both the largest stadium in
California
and the
ninth largest in the United States
. It has been home of the
NCAA
's
USC Trojans
since its inauguration, and also hosted the
UCLA Bruins
from 1928 to 1981. All NFL franchises from
Southern California
have used the Coliseum: the Rams held home games from their arrival in 1946 to their move to
Anaheim, California
in 1980 and returned in 2016 playing there through the 2019 season using the stadium as an interim home while their permanent home of
SoFi Stadium
was under construction; the Raiders were headquartered there during their Los Angeles years, from 1982 to 1994; and the Chargers played the
1960 AFL season
at the Coliseum, moving to San Diego the following year. The Coliseum also hosted the 1967 AFL-NFL Championship Game, retroactively known as
Super Bowl I
.
The Coliseum was problematic as an NFL venue. At various times in its history, it was either the largest or one of the largest stadiums in the NFL, making it difficult to sell out. Since the NFL's
blackout rule
(in place until 2015) barred games from being televised locally unless they were sold out 72 hours before kickoff, this meant Rams (and later Raiders) games were often blacked out in Southern California.
Prior to 1993, the Coliseum Commission approved multiple changes to enhance the stadium as a football facility: Capacity was reduced to around 68,000, the field was lowered, the surrounding running track was removed,
bleachers
were replaced by single seats, and locker rooms and fan restrooms were upgraded.
[89]
Proposals were raised for Coliseum renovations, where the refurbished stadium would have seated 63,300 for most major events, expanding to about 80,000 for Super Bowls and
University of Southern California
(USC) home games. The Coliseum would have retained the peristyle section and columns that are part of the current stadium, in a design similar to
Soldier Field
in
Chicago
, which is the home of the NFL's
Chicago Bears
. This stadium was supported by then-California governor
Arnold Schwarzenegger
and the
Los Angeles City Council
approved a preliminary
financing
plan and
environmental impact report
in 2006. But the
Exposition Park
area still carries safety concerns among some fans.
In October 2006, a new doubt was cast over the Coliseum's future as a possible venue, as reports surfaced that the Coliseum Commission was negotiating to hand over control of the stadium to USC, which could preclude any plans to renovate the stadium for the NFL.
[90]
[91]
Pat Lynch, the Coliseum's general manager, claimed in a panel discussion in December 2006 that the true cost of a new Coliseum would be closer to $650 million.
[92]
Anaheim Stadium
[
edit
]
Anaheim Stadium, known since 2004 as
Angel Stadium
of Anaheim, is approximately 25 miles (40 km) south east of
Downtown Los Angeles
, at the city of
Anaheim
. It was built by
Major League Baseball
's California Angels ? currently
Los Angeles Angels
? and opened in 1966. The stadium was renovated in 1980, adding an enclosed upper deck to accommodate the Rams, who were looking for a more modern venue than the aging LA Coliseum. Rams' former owner
Carroll Rosenbloom
was also in search of a venue fit to accommodate a sizeable crowd to avoid TV blackouts. About 23,000 seats were added for football games. Three teams had previously played home games in Anaheim Stadium prior to the Rams' move: the
Southern California Sun
of the
World Football League
and the now-defunct football programs at
Cal State Fullerton
and
Long Beach State
.
After the Rams left California in 1995, Angel Stadium was extensively renovated to be reverted to a baseball-only configuration in 1997. The stadium only hosts occasional high school football games as it can no longer supply the needs of national TV football broadcasts.
[93]
Rose Bowl
[
edit
]
The Rose Bowl in
Pasadena
, ten miles (16 kilometers) northeast of downtown Los Angeles, was built in 1922. It is used by the NCAA's
UCLA Bruins football
team since 1982, but has never been a permanent home for an NFL team. The Rose Bowl instead has hosted the
Super Bowl
as it was considered more suitable than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for this high-profile event, and with five editions (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII) has the
third most games of any venue
. During the two decades without the NFL in Los Angeles, a renovated Rose Bowl was a strong candidate to host a relocated or expansion team. However, after many years of varying offers, no deal could be struck between the NFL owners, the stadium's owner, and the City of Pasadena.
[94]
On November 7, 2006, Pasadena voters overwhelmingly (72% opposition) rejected a financing package that would have allocated money for a renovation of the stadium that would have accommodated an NFL team in fear of greatly increased traffic.
[95]
While in 2012, Pasadena officials approved a proposal which could allow an NFL team to temporarily play in the Rose Bowl,
[96]
[97]
once the NFL asked in 2015 whether the Rose Bowl was open to being a temporary home for an NFL team, the stadium operators declined the offer.
[82]
Dignity Health Sports Park
[
edit
]
Dignity Health Sports Park
is located on the campus of
California State University, Dominguez Hills
in
Carson, California
, approximately 13 miles (19 km) south of Downtown Los Angeles. While a
soccer-specific stadium
, it receives high school, college gridiron, and minor pro football hosting
California Interscholastic Federation
finals and the
NFLPA Collegiate Bowl
.
[98]
While the Chargers and Raiders planned a football stadium in Carson, they visited Dignity Health Sports Park (then known as the StubHub Center) regarding using the facilities for training.
[99]
The Chargers ultimately agreed to use the stadium as their temporary home stadium until SoFi Stadium was complete.
Past proposals
[
edit
]
Dodger Stadium site
[
edit
]
The
Dodger Stadium
parking lot was previously discussed by NFL owners, in private, as possibly being the best site in Southern California to build a new professional football stadium. Officials with the
Dodgers
and the NFL met in secret twice in 2005 to discuss the possibility of constructing a stadium and retail complex adjacent to Dodger Stadium. The 49ers' current home,
Levi's Stadium
, was built in the parking lot of an
amusement park
. After the
Boston Herald
reported the details of the plan, political pressure forced both the NFL and Dodgers owner
Frank McCourt
to deny that either party was aggressively pursuing the idea.
[100]
Carson
[
edit
]
On February 19, 2015, the Chargers and Raiders announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in
Carson, California
if they were to move to the Los Angeles market.
[70]
Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.
[71]
Due to television contracts, NFL bylaws, and both teams being in the same division, had both of the
longstanding division rivals
were to have moved to LA, one of the teams would have had to move to the
National Football Conference
and the
NFC West
, something that
Mark Davis
volunteered the Raiders to be willing to do. Davis's father and Raiders founder
Al Davis
was a staunch opponent of the NFL
[
clarification needed
]
before the
merger
. Had such a realignment occurred, one of the existing NFC West teams would have taken their spot in the
AFC West
, with either the
Arizona Cardinals
,
St. Louis Rams
, or
Seattle Seahawks
being the most likely candidates (the latter had been previously part of the
AFC West
until the 2002 realignment).
[101]
On April 22, 2015, the Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to public vote and approved the plan 3?0. On May 5, 2015, Carson City Council unanimously voted to issue $50 million to finish environmental cleanup on the site. On May 19, 2015, the Chargers and Raiders announced that they finalized a land deal to secure land in Carson which was transferred to the joint powers authority in Carson after the 157-acre site was purchased by Carson Holdings a company set up by the two teams.
[102]
In May 2015,
Carmen Policy
was hired to spearhead the project.
On November 11, 2015,
Bob Iger
(
Disney
CEO) was hired as non-executive chairman of Carson Holdings. in addition, Iger had an option to buy a stake in the Chargers or Raiders had the Carson proposal been approved.
On January 12, 2016, the Inglewood proposal and the Rams return to Los Angeles was approved 30-2 thus effectively rejecting and killing the Carson proposal. The Carson proposal was later repurposed by the Raiders for
Allegiant Stadium
in
Paradise, Nevada
when the team moved to the
Las Vegas metropolitan area
in 2020.
City of Industry
[
edit
]
Edward P. Roski
, a part-owner of the
Los Angeles Lakers
and
Los Angeles Kings
, announced plans for a new stadium on the northern side of the interchange of State Routes
57
and
60
(almost 22 miles (35 km) east of downtown LA) with the purpose of attracting a team to the Los Angeles region. Roski, who built the
Staples Center
, stated that the new 75,000-seat stadium, a part of a 600-acre entertainment and retail project, would all be privately financed and be the centerpiece of a new entertainment complex in the
City of Industry
.
[103]
[104]
[105]
[106]
[107]
In June 2008, reports surfaced that the City of Industry could become the home of the 49ers or Raiders by as early as 2010 when both teams' stadium leases expired, or could become home to another team.
[108]
The project was cleared to begin construction, though it kept waiting on the negotiations of the NFL's commitment to move a team (or possibility two) to Los Angeles.
Downtown Los Angeles
[
edit
]
Casey Wasserman
and
Tim Leiweke
investigated the probability of building a 72,000-seat stadium behind
Staples Center
, where the West Hall of the Los Angeles Convention Center now sits. In December 2010, Leiweke set a deadline anticipating a cleared negotiation with Los Angeles over control of the current convention center and ownership of the land and an agreement with the NFL over the likelihood of a team moving to Los Angeles.
[109]
AEG owner
Philip Anschutz
discussed a potential move with three teams: former Los Angeles teams:
San Diego Chargers
,
St. Louis Rams
, and
Oakland Raiders
. The
Buffalo Bills
,
Jacksonville Jaguars
,
Minnesota Vikings
, and
San Francisco 49ers
were also considered as candidates for a move.
[110]
[111]
On August 9, 2011, the LA City Council approved plans to build Farmers Field in a 12?0 vote, with a plan to open a stadium as early as 2016.
[112]
On March 9, 2015, AEG announced it would not seek an extension to the deadline for an agreement with a team set for April 17 that year, effectively shutting down the proposal.
[113]
- The
Southern California Sun
of the
World Football League
played two seasons in Anaheim from 1974 to 1975, playing their games at
Anaheim Stadium
.
- The Coliseum briefly fielded another professional football team, the
Los Angeles Express
of the
United States Football League
(USFL), from 1983 to 1985. The league played in the springtime, avoiding conflicts with the NFL and the Raiders for the use of the
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
. Because of dwindling financial fortunes, the team played its final game at John Shepard Stadium on the campus of
Los Angeles Pierce College
.
- The
Arena Football League
has featured four teams representing the Los Angeles metropolitan area since its launch:
- The
Spring Football League
, a league that lasted only two weeks in 2000, included as one of its four teams the Los Angeles Dragons.
- The
Los Angeles Xtreme
won the only championship in the brief history of the original
XFL
, in 2001, playing its games at the
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
.
- The
United Football League
had committed to a Los Angeles franchise (possibly with
Mark Cuban
as its owner) for its
2009 season
and, when the league cut back the number of teams it planned to launch from six to four, had planned to have the team that became the
Las Vegas Locomotives
play one of its home games in the Home Depot Center (now
Dignity Health Sports Park
) in preparation for a full-time Los Angeles team in 2010. However, the league later dropped their plan to play at the Center in 2009 and, by the time the league failed in October 2012, had never established a team in the city as promised.
- The
Los Angeles Temptation
of the league now known as the
Extreme Football League
(originally the Lingerie Football League, and later the Legends Football League) played its first two full seasons (2009 and 2010) in the city (specifically the LA Memorial Coliseum) before moving to the
Inland Empire
in 2011. The Temptation still referred to themselves as a Los Angeles team until their folding in 2013.
- Los Angeles was one of the eight markets that hosted teams in the
second XFL
, being home to the
LA Wildcats
who played at Dignity Health Sports Park, occupying the facilities built at the stadium for the Chargers' temporary stay.
[120]
In fiction
[
edit
]
In the season 7
Entourage
episode "Buzzed", the fictional Hollywood agent
Ari Gold
is offered to run an NFL franchise in Los Angeles after he impresses the NFL board, but fails to win the contract to sell the NFL media rights. Ari jokingly states he will name the team the "LA Gold".
In season 3 of
Psych
, an episode revolves around a death of a player on the fictional L.A. Thunderbirds NFL team that holds their training camp in Santa Barbara.
In the 1984 film
Against All Odds
,
Jeff Bridges
's character plays for a fictional team, the L.A. Outlaws.
The 1991 action film
The Last Boy Scout
revolves around a fictional team, the L.A. Stallions. The Colombo episode
A Bird in the Hand
also utilizes this same team, the L.A. Stallions.
The 2011 book
Between the Lies
by
Marv Levy
has a fictional NFL team from Los Angeles called the Los Angeles Leopards as one of the best teams in the NFL, along with the
Portland
Pioneers.
[121]
In the John Feinstein book
Cover-up: Mystery at the Super Bowl
the team is called the LA Dreams.
The 2008
Midway Games
video game
Blitz: The League II
featured a team called the L.A. Riot which played in Los Angeles and was the antagonist to the player-created team.
In the Mike Lupica book
Fantasy League
, the team in the book is the LA Bulldogs.
In "
Million Dollar Abie
", a season 17 episode of
The Simpsons
, Los Angeles is bidding against Springfield for a professional football team.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Notes
- ^
Dyer, Braven.
"Chargers nix Rose Bowl, plan games for Coliseum"
. Los Angeles Times. p. IV-1.
- ^
McCambridge, Michael (2005).
America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation
. New York: Random House. pp.
16?17
.
ISBN
0375504540
.
- ^
Although train travel (and car travel along the newly-commissioned
U.S. Route 66
) took days to get from one coast to another, it might have been feasible for the league to schedule contests in California since football games are usually played once a week. However, it is unlikely that a new team would have been able to field the costs required for this.
- ^
Schedules and scores of the teams in the 1926 American Football League
Archived
July 13, 2009, at the
Wayback Machine
? "Ghosts of the Gridiron"
- ^
DAN REEVES MOVES WEST
Archived
October 24, 2006, at the
Wayback Machine
The Coffin Corner Volume XX, 1998. Courtesy of The Pro Football Hall of Fame
- ^
"Picture of Anaheim Stadium"
. Archived from
the original
on May 17, 2006.
- ^
"A Gridiron Home"
.
UCLA Alumni
. August 18, 1982
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
"San Diego Chargers at Los Angeles Raiders - October 28th, 1985"
.
Pro-Football-Reference.com
.
- ^
"SPORTS PEOPLE; Ruling on Irwindale"
.
New York Times
. September 29, 1987. p. B10
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
Oliver, Myrna (December 10, 2005).
"Bill Robertson, 89; Labor Leader and Power Broker Helped Bring NFL's Raiders and Olympic Games to L.A."
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
"But an achievement he considered one of the proudest of his career was his role as chief negotiator in the $6.7-million deal in 1980 to bring the Raiders football team from Oakland to the Los Angeles Coliseum. He stepped in again later to persuade Raiders owner Al Davis to stay on and helped forge a public and private agreement to renovate the aging Coliseum. When the promised stadium reconfiguration bogged down, Davis announced in 1987 that he would move the Raiders to Irwindale. They returned to Oakland for the 1995 season. Robertson resigned from the Coliseum Commission, blaming the team's defection on what he called the "blind leadership" of his successor as commission president, Alexander Haagen.
- ^
Darnell, Matthew (June 1, 2009).
"For sale: NFL team (offensive line not included)"
.
Yahoo! Sports
. Retrieved
June 28,
2009
.
- ^
"Stan Kroenke is new Rams owner"
.
ESPN.com
. Associated Press. August 25, 2010
. Retrieved
December 13,
2010
.
- ^
"The day al Davis walked away"
. September 23, 2011.
- ^
Fenno, Nathan (February 20, 2015).
"A two-decade NFL-Los Angeles timeline"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
"Raiders' exodus … no crying in SoCal"
. June 23, 2005.
- ^
Farnsworth, Clare (February 1, 2006).
"Dark days: 10 years ago, the Seahawks nearly moved to California"
.
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
Stellino, Vito (February 2, 1996).
"Seahawks defy league, head for L.A. Move to Rose Bowl contrary to resolution; to share market's future; Impact on Browns unknown; Seattle says local aid out of the question"
.
Baltimore Sun
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
Restione, Dan (January 22, 2014).
"Seahawks history: Ken Behring and when we almost lost the Seattle Seahawks"
.
MyNorthwest
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
a
b
Neumann, Thomas (January 12, 2016).
"NFL in L.A.: A brief history of relocation threats"
.
ESPN.com
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
"Official Site of the Houston Texans"
.
www.houstontexans.com
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
Abrahamson, Alan (May 3, 2006).
"Governor, Mayors Make Pitch"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
Clayton, John
(May 24, 2006).
"New commish likely by fall; L.A. search to take longer"
.
ESPN
. Retrieved
June 3,
2011
.
- ^
Lev, Michael (October 25, 2006).
"$1 billion!"
.
Orange County Register
. Retrieved
January 19,
2017
.
- ^
Wharton, David; Farmer, Sam (November 29, 2007).
"Mayor benches NFL plan, wants Trojans in Coliseum"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
June 3,
2011
.
With USC threatening to move its home games to Pasadena's Rose Bowl,
Los Angeles Mayor
Antonio Villaraigosa
called for a long-term deal to keep the
Trojans
in the Memorial Coliseum, saying for the first time that he had given up hope of the National Football League returning to the aging stadium. "While I remain committed to bringing a professional team to Los Angeles, it is time to read the scoreboard", Villaraigosa said in a statement Wednesday. "The Coliseum is no longer a viable option for the NFL."
- ^
Hoffarth, Tom (November 7, 2013).
"NFL Network, 10 years later, remains league's only real L.A. presence"
.
Los Angeles Daily News
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
"
'NFL OPENING KICKOFF 2005' to Feature THE ROLLING STONES, GREEN DAY, SANTANA, MAROON 5 and KANYE WEST"
.
- ^
"Which NFL players are attending annual Rookie Premiere?"
.
al
. May 27, 2015.
- ^
George, Brandon (August 18, 2015).
"Dallas Cowboys have 'exclusive use' of training camp facilities in Oxnard through 2017"
.
Dallas Morning News
. Retrieved
February 20,
2024
.
- ^
a
b
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Deadspin
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February 20,
2024
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- Wickersham, Seth; Van Natta Jr., Don (February 11, 2016).
"The Wow Factor: Inside the NFL's wild return to LA"
.
ESPN
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February 20,
2024
.
External links
[
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