History of Jewish community in Penang, Malacca and Singapore
Ethnic group
Malaysian Jews
are Jews living in
Malaysia
, whether immigrants or those originally from the country. The state of
Penang
was once home to a Jewish community, until the latter part of the 1970s, by which time most had emigrated due to growing state-sanctioned
antisemitism
. Indications of the growing racial and religious hostility in the nation in response to the
Israeli?Palestinian conflict
has caused many Malaysian Jews to leave or flee the country.
[1]
The Malaysian Jewish community consists of Jews of
Sephardic
origin who live discreetly amongst the
Kristang people
(Malacca-Portuguese),
[2]
[3]
Mizrahi Jews
(the majority of whom are
Baghdadi Jews
),
Malabar Jews
and
Ashkenazi
Jews.
[4]
History
[
edit
]
Jews could be found well into the 18th century in the cosmopolitan bazaars of Malacca. Malacca was the first and largest Jewish settlement in Malaysian Jewish history.
[5]
Due to persecution by the
Portuguese Inquisition
in the region, many of the Jews assimilated into the
Kristang
community during the period.
[6]
The arrival of Baghdadi Jews in Penang probably occurred at the turn of the 19th century as the fledgling British-ruled
entrepot
grew and attracted Jewish trading families such as the
Sassoons
and Meyers from India. There was also significant emigration of Jews from the
Ottoman
province of
Baghdad
as a result of the persecutions of the governor,
Dawud Pasha
, whose rule lasted from 1817 to 1831.
[5]
The first Baghdadi Jew known by name to have settled in Penang was Ezekiel Aaron Manasseh, who emigrated from
Baghdad
in 1895. Menasseh claimed to have been the only practising Jew in Malaya for 30 years until after World War I, when a significant number of Baghdadi Jews began to settle in Malaya.
[7]
Statistics from the same period showed a somewhat different picture:
[8]
General Census of Jewish settlers in Penang (1881?1941)
Year
|
Males
|
Females
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Total
|
1881
|
14
|
9
|
5
|
4
|
32
|
1891
|
47
|
64
|
14
|
30
|
155
|
1899
|
83
|
41
|
33
|
15
|
172
|
1901
|
16
|
17
|
8
|
4
|
45
|
1941
|
11
|
8
|
6
|
5
|
30
|
During the
Japanese invasion of Malaya
, the Penang Jewish community was evacuated to
Singapore
, and many were interned by the
Japanese
during the subsequent occupation of both
Malaya
and
Singapore
. After the war, a majority had emigrated to Singapore, Australia, Israel and the United States.
[9]
By 1963, only 20 Penang Jewish families remained in the country.
Penang's only synagogue, located on 28, Nagore Road, was opened in 1929 but closed down in 1976 as the community could no longer fulfill the
minyan
, a quorum of ten or more adult Jews assembled for purposes of fulfilling a public religious obligation.
[4]
In 2008, it was reported that approximately 100 Jewish refugees from
Russia
were residing in Malaysia.
[10]
The original Penang Jewish community ceased to exist with the death of Mordecai (Mordy) David Mordecai on 15 July 2011.
[11]
The rest of the Penang Jews have either embraced Christianity or else have emigrated to other countries, especially with the rise of
anti-semitic
sentiments related to
anti-Israel policies
in reaction to the
conflict in Palestine
pursued by the Malaysian government since the 1970s.
[1]
Yahudi Road (or Jew Road) in Penang, where the majority of the Penang Jewish population lived, has since been renamed Jalan Zainal Abidin, erasing another legacy of the Jewish presence in Malaysia. The only significant presence remaining is the Jewish cemetery and the old synagogue, previously occupied by a photo studio whose owner, aware of the building's historical significance, had undertaken to preserve the exterior.
[12]
Many of the descendants of the Penang Jews are mainly seen in
Singapore
(such as late Chief Minister
David Marshall
, a Baghdadi Jew). Marshall was an instrumental figure in the negotiations leading up to the independence of Malaya. Many also reside in Australia,
Canada
, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, especially in New York, but their numbers are unknown. The majority of Penang Jews spoke
Malay
and English, whilst the rest spoke mainly
Yiddish
,
Persian
,
Hebrew
and also
Arabic
.
[
citation needed
]
In 2021, the book
The Last Jews of Penang
by Zayn Gregory with illustrations by Arif Rafhan was released by Matahari Books chronicling snapshots of Jewish life in
George Town
.
[13]
[14]
Penang Jewish Cemetery
[
edit
]
The Penang Jewish Cemetery, established in 1805, is believed to be the oldest single
Jewish cemetery
in the country.
[10]
It forms a 38,087 square feet (3,538.4 m
2
) cleaver-shaped plot of land situated alongside Jalan Zainal Abidin (formerly Yahudi Road), a small link road located between
Burmah
and
Macalister
Roads in
George Town
. The cemetery used to be a green lung, but much of the lawn has been cemented over.
The oldest Jewish tombstone is dated 9 July 1835 dedicated to a Mrs. Shoshan Levi and is believed to mark the grave of the English Jewish benefactress who donated the land where the current cemetery stands. Most of the graves take the form of a triangular vaulted-lid casket, resembling
ossuaries
commonly found in
Israel
. There are approximately 107 graves located in the cemetery, with the most recent tombstone dated 2011, incidentally the grave of the last ethnic Jew on the island. It is the only cemetery established solely for the once small and thriving Jewish community in Peninsular Malaysia, although there may be a few Jewish graves in other non-Jewish cemeteries.
[5]
The graves of the
Cohens
are located separately from the main group of graves on the north-eastern corner of the cemetery and it includes the grave of Eliaho Hayeem Victor Cohen, a
Lieutenant
with the 9th
Jat Regiment
of the
British Indian Army
killed in an accident on 10 October 1941. It is the only grave in the cemetery that is maintained by the
Commonwealth War Graves Commission
.
[4]
The cemetery is still officially open for burials,
[15]
and is itself managed by a
board of trustees
established and registered in 1885.
[5]
Malaysian Jews
[
edit
]
- David Marshall
- although he spent much of his life in
Singapore
, he played a pivotal role in Malayan independence talks, and was briefly a Malaysian citizen when Singapore was part of Malaysia from 1963 to 1965. He was also present at the
Baling Talks
of 1955 between the Federal Malayan Government and the Malayan Communist Party.
- Gary Braut - primary Jewish contact in Malaysia, died at Prince Court Specialist Centre, in
Kuala Lumpur
on 21 January 2013. Buried at Beth Moses Cemetery,
New York City
.
- Charles Ephraim ? one of the last Penang born Jews
[4]
- Ezekiel Menasseh ? the earliest verified Jewish resident in Penang.
[7]
- Modi Mordecai - last permanent Jewish resident of Penang died in 2011.
[16]
- Zayn Gregory -
America
-born data analyst, academic for
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
and television host, author of "The Last Jews of Penang".
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
The entrance to the Penang Jewish Cemetery facing Jalan Zainal Abidin (formerly Yahudi Road)
-
A view of the Penang Jewish Cemetery
-
Tombstones at the Penang Jewish Cemetery
-
Commemorative plaque indicating the year of establishment of the Penang Jewish Cemetery
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Parfitt, Tudor (1987).
The Jews of Africa and Asia: Contemporary Anti-Semitism and other pressures
. Singapore: Minority Rights Group. pp. 9?10.
ISBN
0-946690-56-1
.
- ^
"Kristang-Eurasian Jewish History"
. Retrieved
22 February
2011
.
- ^
Fishchel, Walter (April 1950). "New Sources for the History of the Jewish Diaspora in Asia in the 16th Century".
The Jewish Quarterly Review
.
40
(4): 380.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Bhatt, Himanshu (2 February 2002).
"The Jews of Penang"
.
Fourth Colloquium of 'The Penang Story'
. Retrieved
27 June
2008
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Che-Ross, Raimy (April 2002).
A Penang Kaddish: The Jewish Cemetery in Georgetown ? A case study of the Jewish Diaspora in Penang (1830s?1970s)
. The Penang Story ? International Conference 2002.
Penang
, Malaysia. Archived from
the original
(Word Document)
on 19 August 2008
. Retrieved
28 June
2008
.
- ^
Humanistic & Secular Jews Build Communities and Congregations Worldwide: Malaysia
"Worldwide"
. Archived from
the original
on 27 October 2010
. Retrieved
4 December
2010
.
- ^
a
b
Cohen, Israel (1925).
The Journal of a Jewish Traveller
. London: John Lane & The Bodley Head Ltd.
- ^
Nathan, Ezekiel (1986).
The History of Jews in Singapore (1830?1945)
. Singapore: Herbilu Editorial & Marketing Services. p. 173.
ISBN
9971-84-429-X
.
- ^
"History"
.
Jewish Welfare Board, Singapore
. Archived from
the original
on 22 April 2008
. Retrieved
27 June
2008
.
- ^
a
b
"The Jewish Virtual History Tour ? Malaysia"
.
Jewish Virtual Library
. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
. Retrieved
27 June
2008
.
- ^
New Straits Times (Northern Edition) article on 18 July 2011 entitled: "Uncle Mordy laid to rest"
- ^
"The last Jew to leave Penang"
. Archived from
the original
on 19 February 2015
. Retrieved
5 December
2013
.
- ^
Blumberg-Kason, Susan (6 December 2021).
"
"The Last Jews of Penang" by Zayn Gregory"
. Asian Review of Books
. Retrieved
8 June
2024
.
- ^
Tan Gim Ean (27 March 2022).
"Founder of Matahari Books Amir Muhammad on his inspiration for 'The Last Jews of Penang'
"
. Options.
The Edge
.
- ^
Penang Jewish Cemetery official website
- ^
David, Jono (2007).
"MALAYSIA, Penang. Modi Mordecai; the last permanent Jewish resident of Penang (passed away on July 15, 2011, aged 89). (2007)"
. HaChayim HaYehudim Jewish Photo Library
. Retrieved
17 March
2018
.
Literature
[
edit
]
- Khoo Salma Nasution.
More Than Merchants: A History of the German-speaking Community in Penang, 1800s?1940s
. Areca Books. (2006).
ISBN
978-983-42834-1-4
(pg. 33)
External links
[
edit
]