Overview of the historical presence and impact of the Jewish people in India
"Hodi" redirects here. For the Serbian rock group Van Gogh's album, see
Hodi
(album)
. For the indigenous people in the Venezuelan Amazon, see
Hodi
.
The
history of the Jews in India
dates back to
antiquity
.
[1]
[2]
[3]
Judaism
was one of the first foreign religions to arrive in the
Indian subcontinent
in
recorded history
.
[4]
Desi Jews
are a small religious minority who have lived in the region since ancient times. They were able to survive for centuries despite persecution by Portuguese colonizers and nonnative antisemitic inquisitions.
[5]
The better-established ancient Jewish communities have assimilated many of the local traditions through
cultural diffusion
.
[6]
While some Indian Jews have stated that their ancestors arrived during the time of the Biblical
Kingdom of Judah
, others claim descent from the
Ten Lost Tribes
of the pre-Judaic
Israelites
who arrived in India earlier.
[7]
Still some other
Indian
Jews contend that they descend from the Israelite
Tribe of Manasseh
, and they are referred to as the
Bnei Menashe
.
The Jewish population in
British India
peaked at around 20,000 in the mid-1940s, according to some estimates, with others putting the number as high as 50,000,
[8]
but the community declined rapidly due to emigration to the newly formed
Israel
after the
Partition of Palestine
at the end of the British Mandate in 1948.
[9]
The Indian Jewish community now comprises 4,429 people according to the latest census.
[10]
Jewish groups in India
[
edit
]
In addition to Jewish expatriates
[11]
and recent immigrants, there are seven Jewish groups in India.
- Among the many theories noted by
Shalva Weil
as to the origin of
Malabar
Cochin Jews
, they claim to have first arrived in India together with the Hebrew King
Solomon
's merchants. The fair-complexioned component is of European-Jewish descent, both Ashkenazi and
Sephardi
.
[12]
[13]
- Madras Jews: The
Spanish and Portuguese Jews
,
Paradesi Jews
and
British Jews
arrived at
Madras
during the 16th century. They were diamond businesspeople
[14]
and of
Sephardi
and
Ashkenazi
heritage. Following expulsion from
Iberia
in 1492 by the
Alhambra Decree
, a few families of
Sephardic Jews
eventually made their way to Madras in the 16th century. They maintained trade connections to Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim mostly spoke
Ladino
(i.e. Spanish or Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned Tamil and Judeo-Malayalam from the
Malabar Jewish
.
[15]
- Nagercoil Jews: The
Syrian Jews
,
Musta'arabi Jews
were Arab Jews who arrived at
Nagercoil
and
Kanyakumari District
in 52 CE along with the arrival of
St. Thomas
. Most of them were merchants and had also settled around the town of
Thiruvithamcode
.
[16]
By the turn of the 20th century, most of the families made their way to Cochin and eventually migrated to Israel. In their early days, they maintained trade connections to Europe through the nearby ports of Colachal and Thengaipattinam, and their language skills were useful to the Travancore Kings.
[17]
As historians Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennett cited, the reason for the Jews selecting Nagercoil as their settlement was the town's salubrious climate and its significant Christian population.
[18]
- The
Jews of Goa
: These were
Sephardic Jews
from Spain and Portugal who fled to
Goa
after the commencement of the
Inquisition
in those countries. The community consisted mainly of Jews who had falsely converted to Christianity but wanted to continue taking advantage of being Portuguese subjects, instead of immigrating to countries where they could practice Judaism openly (e.g. Morocco, Ottoman Empire).
[19]
They were the primary targets of the
Goa Inquisition
. As a result, its members fled to parts of India that were not under Portuguese control.
[20]
- The Main branch of Native
Bene Israel
Community is said to be arrived at Konkan Coast in ancient times they are completely mingled in native culture. They believes that their ancestors fled
Judea
during the persecution under
Antiochus Epiphanes
and arrived on Indian soil after seven people survived a shipwreck near the Nagaon village on the
Konkan coast
in 175 BCE.
[21]
- Another branch of the
Bene Israel
community resided in Karachi until the
Partition of India
in 1947, when they fled to India (in particular, to Mumbai).
[22]
Many of them also
moved to Israel
. The Jews from the
Sindh
,
Punjab
and
Pathan
areas are often incorrectly called Bani Israel Jews. The Jewish community who used to reside in other parts of what became Pakistan (such as
Lahore
or
Peshawar
) also fled to India in 1947, similarly to the larger Karachi Jewish community.
[
citation needed
]
- The
Baghdadi Jews
arrived in the city of Surat from Iraq (and other Arab states), Iran and Afghanistan about 250 years ago, in the mid 18th and 19th centuries.
[3]
[23]
- The
Bnei Menashe
meaning "Sons of Manassah" in Hebrew, are
Mizo
and
Kuki
tribesmen in
Manipur
and
Mizoram
who are recent converts to the modern form of Judaism, but claim ancestry reaching back to one of the lost ten tribes of Israel; specifically, one of the sons of Joseph.
[24]
- Similarly, the small
Telugu
-speaking group, the
Bene Ephraim
(meaning "Sons of Ephraim" in Hebrew) also claim ancestry from Ephraim, one of the sons of Joseph and a lost tribe of ancient Israel. Also called "Telugu Jews", their observance of modern Judaism dates to 1981.
- European Jewish immigrants to India escaping persecution during World War II account for a small portion of Jewish Indians today. From 1938 to 1947, about 2,000 Jews fled from Europe and sought asylum in India.
[25]
Over seventy years later, the descendants of these Jewish migrants have made their own Jewish-Indian mixed community and culture within India.
Cochin Jews
[
edit
]
The oldest of the Indian Jewish communities was in the erstwhile
Cochin Kingdom
.
[2]
[26]
The traditional account is that traders of
Judea
arrived at Cranganore, an ancient port near Cochin in 562 BCE, and that more Jews came as exiles from Israel in the year 70 CE, after the destruction of the
Second Temple
.
[27]
Many of these Jews' ancestors passed on the account that they settled in India when the Hebrew King Solomon was in power. This was a time that teak wood, ivory, spices, monkeys, and peacocks were popular in trade in Cochin.
[28]
There is no specific date or reason mentioned as to why they arrived in India, but Hebrew scholars date it to up to around the early Middle Ages. Cochin is a group of small tropical islands filled with markets and many different cultures such as Dutch, Hindu, Jewish, Portuguese, and British.
[28]
The distinct Jewish community was called
Anjuvannam
. The still-functioning
synagogue in Mattancherry
belongs to the
Paradesi Jews
, the descendants of
Sephardim
that were expelled from Spain in
1492
,
[27]
although the Jewish community in Mattancherry adjacent to Fort Cochin had only six remaining members as of 2015.
[29]
Central to the history of the Cochin Jews is their close relationship with Indian rulers, and this was eventually codified on a set of copper plates granting the community special privileges. The date of these plates, known as "Sasanam",
[30]
is contentious. The plates themselves provide a date of 379 CE, but in 1925, tradition was setting it as 1069 CE,
[31]
Joseph Rabban
by Bhaskara Ravi Varma, the fourth ruler of Maliban granted the copper plates to the Jews. The plates were inscribed with a message stating that the village of Anjuvannam belonged to the Jews and that they were the rightful lords of Anjuvannam and it should remain theirs and be passed on to their Jewish descendants "so long as the world and moon exist". This is the earliest document that shows that the Jews were living in India permanently. It is stored in Cochins main synagogue.
[32]
The Jews settled in
Kodungallur
(Cranganore) on the
Malabar Coast
, where they traded peacefully, until 1524. The Jewish leader Rabban was granted the rank of prince over the Jews of Cochin, given the rulership and tax revenue of a pocket
principality
in
Anjuvannam
, near Cranganore, and rights to seventy-two "free houses".
[33]
The Hindu king gave permission in perpetuity (or, in the more poetic expression of those days, "as long as the world and moon exist") for Jews to live freely, build
synagogues
, and own property "without conditions attached".
[34]
[35]
A link back to Rabban, "the king of Shingly" (another name for Cranganore), was a sign of both purity and prestige. Rabban's descendants maintained this distinct community until a chieftainship dispute broke out between two brothers, one of them named
Joseph Azar
, in the 16th century. The Jews lived peacefully for over a thousand years in Anjuvannam. After the reign of the Rabban's, the Jewish people no longer had the protection of the copper plates. Neighboring princes of Anjuvannam intervened and revoked all privileges that the Jewish people were given. In 1524, the Jews were attacked by the Moors brothers (Muslim Community) on a suspicion that they were tampering with the pepper trade and the homes and synagogues belonging to them were destroyed. The damage was so extensive that when the Portuguese arrived a few years later, only a small amount of impoverished Jews remained. They remained there for 40 more years only to return to their land of Cochin.
[32]
Today it also attracts tourists as a historic site. Cochin synagogue at Ernakulum operates partly as a shop by one of few remaining Cochin Jews. It is recorded that currently only 26 Jews lives in Kerala, who is located in different parts of
Kerala
such as
Cochin
,
Kottayam
and
Thiruvalla
. John Jacob is one of the Kerala most senior Jews, who currently lives in
Kaviyoor
village,
Thiruvalla
,
Pathanamthitta
District.
In Mala,
Thrissur
District, the Malabar Jews have a Synagogue and a cemetery, as well as in
Chennamangalam
,
Parur
and
Ernakulam
.
[36]
There are at least seven existing
synagogues in Kerala
, although not serving their original purpose anymore.
Madras Jews
[
edit
]
Jews also settled in
Madras (now Chennai)
soon after its founding in 1640.
[37]
Most of them were coral merchants from
Livorno
, the Caribbean, London, and Amsterdam who were of Portuguese origin and belonged to the Henriques De Castro, Franco, Paiva or Porto families.
[37]
Jacques de Paiva
, originally from the
Amsterdam Sephardic community
of Amsterdam, was an early Jewish arrival and the leader of Madras Jewish community. He built the
Madras Synagogue
and
Jewish Cemetery Chennai
in Peddanaickenpet, which later became the south end of
Mint Street
.
[38]
De Paiva established good relations with those in power and bought several mines to source
Golconda diamonds
. Through his efforts, Jews were permitted to live within
Fort St. George
.
[39]
De Paiva died in 1687 after a visit to his mines and was buried in the Jewish cemetery he had established in Peddanaickenpet, which later became north Mint Street.
[39]
[a]
In 1670, the Portuguese population in Madras numbered around 3000.
[41]
Before his death he established "The Colony of Jewish Traders of Madraspatam" with Antonio do Porto, Pedro Pereira and Fernando Mendes Henriques.
[39]
This enabled more Portuguese Jews from Livornp, the Caribbean, London and Amsterdam, to settle in Madras.
[42]
Coral Merchant Street was named after the Jews' business.
[43]
Three Portuguese Jews were nominated to be aldermen of the
Madras Corporation
.
[44]
Three - Bartolomeo Rodrigues, Domingo do Porto and Alvaro da Fonseca - also founded the largest trading house in Madras. The large tomb of Rodrigues, who died in Madras in 1692, became a landmark in Peddanaickenpet, but was later destroyed.
[45]
Samuel de Castro came to Madras from Curacao and Salomon Franco came from Leghorn.
[39]
[46]
In 1688, there were three Jewish representatives in the Madras Corporation.
[37]
Most Jewish settlers resided in the Coral Merchants Street in Muthialpet.
[37]
They also had a
cemetery
, called
Jewish Cemetery Chennai
in the neighbouring Peddanaickenpet.
[37]
-
Rabbi Salomon Halevi (last Rabbi of Madras Synagogue) and his wife Rebecca Cohen, Paradesi Jews of Madras
-
Mr. Cohen, his German wife, and children, Paradesi Jews of Madras
Bene Israel
[
edit
]
Foreign notices of the
Bene Israel
go back at least to 1768, when
Rahabi Ezekiel
wrote to a Dutch trading partner that they were widespread in Maharatta Province, and observed two Jewish observances, recital of the
Shema
and observation of
Shabbat
rest.
[47]
They claim that they descend from 14 Jewish men and women, equally divided by gender, who survived the shipwreck
[23]
of refugees from persecution or political turmoil, and came ashore at Navagaon near
Alibag
, 20 miles south of Mumbai, some 17 to 19 centuries ago.
[47]
They were instructed in the rudiments of normative Judaism by Cochin Jews.
[47]
Their Jewishness is controversial, and initially was not accepted by the Rabbinate in Israel.
[47]
Since 1964 however they intermarried throughout Israel and are now considered Israeli and Jewish in all respects.
[48]
They are divided into sub-castes which do not intermarry: the dark-skinned "Kala" and fair-skinned "Gora." The latter are believed to be lineal descendants of the shipwreck survivors, while the former are considered to descend from concubinage of a male with local women.
[47]
They were nicknamed the
shaniv?r tel?
("Saturday oil-pressers") by the local population as they abstained from work on Saturdays. Bene Israel communities and synagogues are situated in
Pen
, Mumbai, Alibag, Pune and Ahmedabad with smaller communities scattered around India. The largest synagogue in Asia outside Israel is in Pune, the
Ohel David Synagogue
.
Mumbai had a thriving Bene Israel community until the 1950s to 1960s, when many families from the community immigrated to Israel, where they are known as Hodi'im (Indians).
[47]
The Bene Israel community has risen to many positions of prominence in Israel.
[49]
In India, the Bene Israel community has shrunk considerably with many of the old synagogues in disuse.
Unlike many parts of the world, Jews have historically lived in India with relatively little
anti-Semitism
from the local majority populace, the
Hindus
.
[50]
However, Jews were persecuted by the
Portuguese
during their control of Goa.
[51]
Mumbai
[
edit
]
Baghdadi Jews
[
edit
]
The first known Baghdadi Jewish immigrant to India, Joseph Semah, arrived in the port city of
Surat
in 1730. He and other early immigrants established a synagogue and cemetery in Surat, though most of the city's Jewish community eventually moved to Bombay (
Mumbai
), where they established a new
synagogue
and cemetery. They were traders and quickly became one of the most prosperous communities in the city. As philanthropists, some donated their wealth for public building projects. The
Sassoon Docks
and
David Sassoon Library
are some of the famous landmarks still standing today.
The synagogue in Surat was eventually razed; the cemetery, though in poor condition, can still be seen on the Katargam-Amroli road. One of the graves within is that of Moseh Tobi, buried in 1769, who was described as 'ha-Nasi ha-Zaken' (The Elder Prince) by
David Solomon Sassoon
in his book
A History of the Jews in Baghdad
(Simon Wallenburg Press, 2006,
ISBN
184356002X
).
Baghdadi Jewish populations spread beyond Bombay to other parts of India, with an important community forming in Calcutta (
Kolkata
). Scions of this community did well in trade (particularly
jute
and
tea
), and in later years contributed officers to the army. One, Lt-Gen
J. F. R. Jacob
PVSM
, became state governor of
Goa
(1998?1999), then
Punjab
, and later served as administrator of
Chandigarh
.
Pramila (Esther Victoria Abraham)
became the first ever
Miss India
, in 1947.
Bnei Menashe
[
edit
]
The Bnei Menashe are a group of more than 9,000 people from the northeastern Indian states of
Mizoram
and
Manipur
[24]
who practice a form of biblical Judaism and claim descent from one of the
Lost Tribes of Israel
, the tribe of Menasseh.
[52]
[50]
About 7,000 of the Bnei Menashe immigrated to Israel in 2011.
[53]
Bene Ephraim
[
edit
]
The Bene Ephraim are a small group of
Telugu
-speaking Jews in eastern
Andhra Pradesh
whose recorded observance of Judaism, like that of the Bnei Menashe, is quite recent, dating only to 1991.
[54]
There are a few families in
Andhra Pradesh
who follow Judaism. Many among them follow the customs of
Orthodox Jews
, like wearing long beards by men and using head coverings (men) and hair coverings (women) all the time.
[55]
Delhi Jewry
[
edit
]
Judaism in Delhi is primarily focused on the expatriate community who work in Delhi, as well as Israeli diplomats and a small local community. In
Paharganj
,
Chabad
has set up a synagogue and religious center in a backpacker area regularly visited by Israeli tourists.
Holocaust Refugees
[
edit
]
Between 1938 and 1947, roughly 2,000 Jews illegally immigrated from Haslev in Denmark to India to escape persecution by the Nazi regime. Most of these refugees arrived in India at the start of World War II and consequently were better positioned to find employment and shelter than many European Jews who were forced to leave in the midst of war. Jewish refugees in British India were able to secure jobs in the arts and the service industry while a disproportionately large percentage of the migrants found employment in the medical field. Alongside the adoption of various Indian societal practices and customs, these jobs helped Jewish immigrants create a sense of their unique cultural place and identity as Jews within British India.
Immigration policy within the British Empire in the late 1930s and early 1940s often complicated Jewish entry into British India. One requirement of wartime migrants entering British India was for their passports to be "valid for return," where British officials could repatriate refugees if they were deemed burdensome. The
annexation of Austria in 1938
saw the replacement of Austrian passports with German documents, meaning that Austrian Jews attempting to flee with Austrian passports no longer met British immigration requirements. Still, Jewish aid organizations in India (most prominently the Council for German Jewry and the Jewish Relief Association) helped to form policies that benefited Jewish immigrants and regulated how Jews were resettled in India.
Since most Jewish refugees spoke German and originated from Germany or its neighboring countries, British officials and Indian locals often found the migrants indistinguishable from their non-Jewish counterparts. By 1940, many Jewish refugees were suspected of being Nazi sympathizers or agents passing as Jewish.
[56]
Today
[
edit
]
The majority of Indian Jews have "made
Aliyah
" (migrated) to
Israel
since the creation of the modern state in 1948. Over 70,000 Indian Jews now live in Israel (over 1% of Israel's total population).
[
citation needed
]
Of the remaining 5,000, the largest community is concentrated in
Mumbai
, where 3,500 have remained from the 30,000 Jews registered there in the 1940s, divided into
B'nei
and
Baghdadi Jews
,
[57]
though the Baghdadi Jews refused to recognize the B'nei Israel as Jews, and withheld dispensing charity to them for that reason.
[47]
There are reminders of Jewish localities in Kerala still left such as synagogues. The majority of Jews from the old British-Indian capital of Calcutta (Kolkata) have also migrated to Israel over the last six decades.
[
citation needed
]
Notable Jews of Indian descent
[
edit
]
- Esther Victoria Abraham
, also known as Pramila, first
Miss India
- Firoza Begum
, Indian actress born as 'Erin Daniels'
- Eli Ben-Menachem
(b. 1947), Israeli politician
- Jacqueline Bhabha
(b. 1951), lecturer at Harvard Law School and Harvard Kennedy School of Government
- Ranjit Chaudhry
(1955?2020), Bollywood actor
- David Abraham Cheulkar
(1908?1982), Bollywood actor
- Lila Irene Clerides
,
First Lady of Cyprus
(1993?2003) and wife of
Glafcos Clerides
, president of the
Republic of Cyprus
- Ruby Daniel
, Israeli author of Cochin Jewish origin
- Esther David
(b. March 17, 1945), Jewish-Indian author, an artist and a sculptor
[58]
- Karen David
(b. 1979), British-Canadian actress
- Reuben David
(1912?1989) zoologist
[59]
- Fleur Ezekiel
- Bene Israel model, chosen as Miss India World in 1959
- Nissim Ezekiel
, poet, playwright, editor and art-critic
- Lieutenant General
J F R Jacob
, former Chief of Staff of the Indian Army's Eastern Command, and former Governor of Punjab and Goa
- Gerry Judah
, artist and designer
- Ellis Kadoorie
, philanthropist
- Elly Kadoorie
, philanthropists
- Horace Kadoorie
, philanthropist
- Anish Kapoor
, artist
[60]
- Aditya Roy Kapur
(b. 1985), Indian actor
- Isaac David Kehimkar
(b. 1957),
lepidopterist
, butterfly expert based in Navi Mumbai.
- Samson Kehimkar
, musician
- Lillian
, Indian film actress
- Ezekiel Isaac Malekar
,
Bene Israel
rabbi
- Ruby Myers
, Bollywood actress of the 1920s known as Sulochana
- Nadira
(1932?2006), Bollywood actress
- Madhura Naik
, actress
- Pearl Padamsee
, theatre personality
- Sheila Singh Paul
, paediatrician, founder and director of Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi; pioneer in polio vaccination
- Joseph Rabban
, the first Israeli king of
Shingly
was given copper plates of special grants from the
Chera
ruler Bhaskara Ravivarman II from
Kerala
- Ezekiel Rahabi
(1694?1771), chief Jewish merchant of the Dutch East India Company in Cochin (Kochi) for almost 50 years
- David and Simon Reuben
, businessmen
- Lalchanhima Sailo
, rabbi and founder of Chhinlung Israel People's Convention
- Abraham Barak Salem
(1882?1967),
Cochin Jewish
Indian nationalist leader
- Vice Admiral
Benjamin Abraham Samson
, Indian Navy Admiral, former
Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet
- Leela Samson
, dancer, choreographer, and actress
- Albert Abdullah David Sassoon
, British Indian merchant
- David Sassoon
, businessman
- Sassoon David Sassoon
, philanthropist and benefactor of greater Indian Jewish community
- Jael Silliman
, Baghdadi Indian Jewish author based in Kolkata
- Bensiyon Songavkar
, Indian cricket, silver medalist at the
2009 Maccabiah Games
- Solomon Sopher
, Jewish community leader in
Mumbai
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
A synagogue once also existed at Mint Street.
[40]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Sohoni, Pushkar; Robbins, Kenneth X. (2017).
Jewish Heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the Northern Konkan and Pune
. Mumbai: Deccan Heritage Foundation; Jaico.
ISBN
9789386348661
.
- ^
a
b
The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities
by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27.
ISBN
965-278-179-7
.
- ^
a
b
Weil, Shalva.
India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art, and Life-Cycle
. Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.]. 2009.
- ^
Weil, Shalva. "Indian Judaic Tradition" in Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds)
Religions in South Asia
, London: Palgrave Publishers, 2006. pp. 169?183.
- ^
Saraiva, Antonio Jose (2001).
The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765
. BRILL.
ISBN
978-90-04-12080-8
.
- ^
Weil, Shalva. "Bene Israel Rites and Routines" in Shalva Weil (ed.)
India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle
, Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. [first published in 2002]; 3Arts, 54(2): 26?37.
- ^
Weil, Shalva. (1991) "Beyond the Sambatyon: the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes." Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.
- ^
Kashi, Anita Rao.
"The surprising landscape of Indian Jewish food"
.
www.bbc.com
. Retrieved
2022-04-25
.
- ^
Hutchison, Peter (14 January 2018).
"Netanyahu trip highlights India's tiny Jewish community"
.
Times of Israel
. Retrieved
17 July
2018
.
- ^
"C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011"
. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
- ^
Weil, Shalva. "From Persecution to Freedom: Central European Jewish Refugees and their Jewish Host Communities in India" in Anil Bhatti and Johannes H. Voigt (eds)
Jewish Exile in India 1933-1945
, New Delhi: Manohar and Max Mueller Bhavan,1999. pp. 64-84.
- ^
Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Judith Baskin (ed.)
Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture
, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.
- ^
"Foreword - The Last Jews of Cochin: Jewish Identity in Hindu India"
. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
. Retrieved
2019-08-14
.
- ^
S. Muthiah (September 30, 2002).
"Will Chennai's Jews be there?"
.
The Hindu
. Archived from
the original
on March 12, 2003
. Retrieved
2017-01-12
.
- ^
Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973.
- ^
CafeKK, Team.
"Arapalli - The Temple that St. Thomas Built"
.
www.cafekk.com
.
- ^
Wolff, Joseph (July 28, 1835).
Researches and missionary labours among the Jews, Mohammedans, and other sects
. J. Nisbet. p.
469
– via Internet Archive.
nagercoil jews.
- ^
Tyerman, Daniel (July 28, 1841).
Voyages and Travels Round the World: By the Rev. Daniel Tyerman and George Bennett, Esq. : Deputed from the London Missionary Society to Visit Their Various Stations in the South Sea Islands, China, India, Madagascar, and South Africa Between the Years 1821 and 1829
. John Snow. p.
260
– via Internet Archive.
nagercoil jews.
- ^
LibraryOfCongress (2013-12-06),
Jews & New Christians in Portuguese Asia 1500-1700
, retrieved
2016-02-22
- ^
Limor, Ora; Stroumsa, Guy G. (1996-01-01).
Contra Iudaeos: Ancient and Medieval Polemics Between Christians and Jews
. Mohr Siebeck.
ISBN
9783161464829
.
- ^
Tudor Parfitt
, Yulia Egorova,
'Genetics, History and identity: The case of the Bene Israel and the Lemba Culture,'
Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
vol.29 pp193?224, 2005 p.206.
- ^
Weil, Dr. Shalva.
"Bene Israel of Mumbai, India"
. Retrieved
30 April
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Here is everything you need to know about Indian Jews"
.
The Indian Express
. 2017-07-05
. Retrieved
2022-04-26
.
- ^
a
b
Weil, Shalva. "Lost Israelites from North-East India: Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion among the Shinlung from the Indo-Burmese Borderlands."
The Anthropologist
, 2004. 6(3): 219-233.
- ^
Cronin, Joseph (November 2019). "Framing the Refugee Experience: Reflections on German-speaking Jews in British India, 1938?1947".
German Historical Institute London Bulletin
.
41
– via JSTOR.
- ^
Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds)
Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement
, New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.
- ^
a
b
Schreiber, Mordecai (2003).
The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia
. Rockville, MD: Schreiber Publishing. p. 125.
ISBN
1887563776
.
- ^
a
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, ed.,
Cafe Dissensus
, Issue 12: Indian Jewry, January 2015
- Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, "Community and Belonging in Indian Jewish Literature"
,
Himal Southasian
(
ISSN
1012-9804
), May 2014
- Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, "Absence of Jewish Studies in India: Creating A New Awareness"
,
Asian Jewish Life
(
ISSN
2224-3011
), Autumn 2010, pp. 31?34.
- Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, "Jewish-Muslim Relations in South Asia: Where Antipathy lives without Jews"
,
Asian Jewish Life
(
ISSN
2224-3011
), Issue 15, October 2014, pp. 13?16.
- Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, "The Attitudes of Lucknow's Muslims towards Jews, Israel and Zionism"
,
Cafe Dissensus
(
ISSN
2373-177X
), Issue 7, April 15, 2014
- Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, "History of India's Jewish Beauty Queens"
,
Yedioth Ahronoth
, August 3, 2013
- Aafreedi, Navras Jaat, "Hindi Novel Portrays Life of Indian Jews"
,
Yedioth Ahronoth
, May 23, 2013
- India's Bene Israel: A Comprehensive Inquiry and Sourcebook
Isenberg, Shirley Berry; Berkeley:
Judah L. Magnes Museum
, 1988
- Indian Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle
.
Shalva Weil
(ed). Mumbai: Marg Publications, 3rd ed. 2009
- Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: A Perspective from the Margin
, Katz N., Chakravarti, R., Sinha, B. M. and Weil, S., New York and Basingstoke, England:
Palgrave Macmillan
. 2007
- Karmic Passages: Israeli Scholarship on India
, Shulman, D. and Weil, S. New Delhi:
Oxford University Press
.2008
- The Last Jews of Kerala
, Edna Fernandes, Portobello Books, (
ISBN
978-1-84627-099-4
), 2008.
- Weil, S. 2018a 'Indian Judaic Traditions'. In: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby (eds)
Religions in South Asia: an Introduction
(second edition), New York and London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp.186-205.
- Weil, S. 2019 (ed.)
The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity
,
London and New York: Routledge.
- Weil, S. 2020a (ed.)
The Jews of Goa
, New Delhi: Primus Books
- Weil, S. 2020b. ‘Les Bene Israel’; ‘Paradesis et Malabaris: les Juifs de Cochin’. In: Edith Bruder (ed.)
Juifs d’aillleurs,
Paris: Albin Michel, pp. 245-251 & 252-257
External links
[
edit
]