Subculture defined by claims to authenticity and uniqueness
Ironic (or
post-ironic
) usage of vintage elements is popular in hipster fashion. Ironic moustaches and moustache tattoos were also popular.
The 21st-century
hipster
is a
subculture
(sometimes called
hipsterism
).
[1]
[2]
Fashion is one of the major markers of hipster
identity
.
[3]
Members of the subculture typically do not self-identify as hipsters,
[1]
and the word
hipster
is often used as a pejorative for someone who is pretentious or overly concerned with appearing trendy.
[4]
The subculture is often associated with
indie
and
alternative
music. In the United States, it is mostly associated with perceived
upper-middle-class
white young adults who
gentrify
urban areas.
[2]
[3]
[5]
[6]
The subculture has been critiqued as lacking authenticity, promoting conformity and embodying a particular ethic of
consumption
that seeks to
commodify
the idea of
rebellion
or
counterculture
.
[7]
[8]
The term
hipster
in its present usage first appeared in the 1990s and became widely used in the late 2000s and early 2010s,
[9]
being derived from the earlier
hipster movements of the 1940s
.
[10]
Globally, hipster culture had become a "global phenomenon"
[11]
during the early-mid 2010s,
[12]
before declining from the mainstream by 2016?2017.
[13]
[14]
History
[
edit
]
In early 2000, both
The New York Times
and
Time Out New York
(
TONY
) ran profiles of
Williamsburg, Brooklyn
, referring to "
bohemians
"
[15]
and "arty
East Village
types,"
[16]
respectively. By 2003, when
The Hipster Handbook
was published by Williamsburg resident
Robert Lanham
, the term
hipster
(originally referring to the
1940s subculture
) had come into widespread use in relation to Williamsburg and similar neighborhoods.
The Hipster Handbook
described hipsters as young people with "
mop-top haircuts
, swinging retro
pocketbooks
, talking on
cell phones
, smoking European
cigarettes
... strutting in
platform shoes
with a
biography
of
Che Guevara
sticking out of their bags."
[17]
Lanham further describes hipsters: "You graduated from a liberal arts school whose football team hasn't won a game since the
Reagan administration
[,]" and "you have one
Republican
friend who you always describe as being your 'one Republican friend.
'
"
[10]
Mark Greif dates the initial phase of the revival of the term
hipster
to refer to this subculture from 1999 to 2003. While hipsters usually come from affluent white families, they can come from a multitude of backgrounds. A running theme of hipsters is having parents who are supporters of former President
Ronald Reagan
.
[2]
A similar phenomenon occurred in the United Kingdom, with young, comparatively affluent workers in the media and digital industries moving into traditionally working class areas of London such as
Hoxton
,
Spitalfields
, and, particularly,
Shoreditch
with the subsequent gentrification of these areas. The subculture was parodied in the magazine
Shoreditch Twat
(1999) and the television sitcom
Nathan Barley
[18]
(2005). The series, about a self-described "self-facilitating media node,"
[19]
led to the term
Nathan Barleys
being used pejoratively in London for the subculture it parodied.
[20]
In 2008,
Utne Reader
magazine writer Jake Mohan described "
hipster rap
" as "consisting of the most recent crop of MCs and DJs who flout conventional hip-hop fashions, eschewing baggy clothes and gold chains for tight jeans, big sunglasses, the occasional
keffiyeh
, and other trappings of the hipster lifestyle." He notes that the "old-school hip-hop website Unkut, and
Jersey City
rapper Mazzi" have criticized mainstream rappers whom they deem to be
posers
"for copping the
metrosexual
appearances of hipster fashion."
[21]
Prefix Mag
writer Ethan Stanislawski argues that there are racial elements to the rise of hipster rap. He claims that there "have been a slew of angry retorts to the rise of hipster rap," which he says can be summed up as "white kids want the funky otherness of hip-hop...without all the scary black people."
A 2009
Time
magazine article described hipsters as follows: "take your grandmother's sweater and
Bob Dylan
's
Wayfarers
, add jean shorts,
Converse All-Stars
and a can of
Pabst
and bam ? hipster."
[10]
Hipsters are the friends who sneer when you cop to liking
Coldplay
. They're the people who wear t-shirts silk-screened with quotes from movies you've never heard of and the only ones in America who still think
Pabst Blue Ribbon
is a good beer. They sport cowboy hats and berets and think
Kanye West
stole their sunglasses. Everything about them is exactingly constructed to give off the vibe that they just don't care.
Slate
writer Brandon Stosuy noted that "
Heavy metal
has recently conquered a new frontier, making an unexpected crossover into the realm of hipsterdom." He argues that the "current revival seems to be a natural mutation from the hipster fascination with post-punk, noise, and no wave," which allowed even the "nerdiest indie kids to dip their toes into jagged, autistic sounds." He argues that a "byproduct" of this development was an "investigation of a musical culture that many had previously feared or fetishized from afar."
[22]
In his 2011 book
HipsterMattic
, author
Matt Granfield
described hipster culture:
[23]
While mainstream society of the 2000s (decade) had been busying itself with reality television, dance music, and locating the whereabouts of Britney Spears's underpants, an uprising was quietly and conscientiously taking place behind the scenes. Long-forgotten styles of clothing, beer, cigarettes and music were becoming popular again.
Retro
was cool, the environment was precious, and old was the new 'new'. Kids wanted to wear
Sylvia Plath
's cardigans and
Buddy Holly
's glasses?they revelled in the irony of making something so
nerdy
so cool. They wanted to live sustainably and eat organic gluten-free grains. Above all, they wanted to be recognised for being different?to diverge from the mainstream and carve a cultural niche all for themselves. For this new generation, style wasn't something you could buy in a department store, it became something you found in a thrift shop, or, ideally, made yourself. The way to be cool wasn't to look like a television star: it was to look like as though you'd never seen television.
Fashion
[
edit
]
Plaid shirts
, decorative
pashminas
or
scarfs
,
horn-rimmed glasses
and
beards
are associated with the stereotypical 21st-century hipster.
[24]
Stereotypical fashion elements include
vintage clothes
,
alternative fashion
, or a mixture of different fashions, often including
skinny jeans
,
checked
shirts,
knit beanies
, a
full beard
or deliberately attention-grabbing
moustache
, and
thick-rimmed
or
lensless glasses
.
[25]
Full beards, vintage clothes, and retro electronics, such as the
Casio F-91W
watch pictured, are associated with hipster subculture.
Fixed-gear bicycles
are associated with the hipster subculture.
Slate
calls the bikes an "increasingly common hipster accessory."
[26]
[27]
An association of hipsters with an increasing popularity of full beards dates from before 2010.
[24]
[28]
[29]
[30]
In 2016, historian Alun Withey remarked that "The hipster beard, or lumberjack beard, is going to be the defining facial hair of this generation."
[31]
The
undercut
hairstyle also became popular among hipsters in the 2010s. Other hipster trends in the 2010s have included
knitting
,
photography
,
horticulture
,
urban beekeeping
,
specialty coffee
,
craft beer
,
taxidermy
,
[32]
fedoras
,
[33]
and printing and bookbinding classes.
[34]
By region
[
edit
]
Fred Armisen
and Pacific northwest native
Carrie Brownstein
parody American hipsters on
Portlandia
.
Tampere
in
Pirkanmaa
,
Finland
is popular with hipsters.
[35]
In 2017, the British logistics and marketing firm
MoveHub
published a "Hipster Index" for the United States. This first study drew from five data points:
microbreweries
,
thrift stores
,
vegan
restaurants and
tattoo parlors
, and they compounded this data with cities' rent inflation in the previous year.
[36]
In the following year,
MoveHub
came out with a similar study, this time measuring the most Hipster cities in the world. The metrics were slightly different for this study: they measured vegan eateries, coffee shops, tattoo studios, vintage boutiques, and record stores. For the global study, they also limited their search to larger cities, with populations above 150,000 residents.
[37]
For this reason, many American cities which ranked highly on the U.S. study in 2017 were not eligible for the 2018 study.
iHeartRadio
, a media and entertainment company, then took
MoveHub
's 2018 study, and narrowed it down to the Canadian cities.
[38]
All three of these tables are referenced in the following sections about regions which have large hipster cultures. Top of the world list is the city of
Brighton
in the UK, whose
MP
Caroline Lucas
was the sole
Green Party
MP voted into the British Parliament in the
2010
,
2015
and
2017 general elections
.
Top cities list
[
edit
]
United States cities (2017)
|
|
Global cities (2018)
|
|
Canadian cities (2018)
|
1
|
Vancouver
|
Washington
|
|
1
|
Brighton and Hove
|
England, UK
|
|
1
|
Montreal
|
Quebec
|
2
|
Salt Lake City
|
Utah
|
|
2
|
Portland
|
Oregon, U.S.
|
|
2
|
Kelowna
|
British Columbia
|
3
|
Cincinnati
|
Ohio
|
|
3
|
Salt Lake City
|
Utah, U.S.
|
|
3
|
St. Catharines
|
Ontario
|
4
|
Boise
|
Idaho
|
|
4
|
Seattle
|
Washington, U.S.
|
|
4
|
Vancouver
|
British Columbia
|
5
|
Richmond
|
Virginia
|
|
5
|
Lisbon
|
Portugal
|
|
5
|
Regina
|
Saskatchewan
|
6
|
Tacoma
|
Washington
|
|
6
|
Fort Lauderdale
|
Florida, U.S.
|
|
6
|
Halifax
|
Nova Scotia
|
7
|
Spokane
|
Washington
|
|
7
|
Miami
|
Florida, U.S.
|
|
7
|
Windsor
|
Ontario
|
8
|
Atlanta
|
Georgia
|
|
8
|
Orlando
|
Florida, U.S.
|
|
8
|
Oshawa
|
Ontario
|
9
|
Grand Rapids
|
Michigan
|
|
9
|
Helsinki
|
Finland
|
|
9
|
Calgary
|
Alberta
|
10
|
Rochester
|
New York
|
|
10
|
Spokane
|
Washington, U.S.
|
|
10
|
London
|
Ontario
|
11
|
Orlando
|
Florida
|
|
11
|
Tampa
|
Florida, U.S.
|
|
11
|
Barrie
|
Ontario
|
12
|
Portland
|
Oregon
|
|
12
|
Eugene
|
Oregon, U.S.
|
|
12
|
Kingston
|
Ontario
|
13
|
Knoxville
|
Tennessee
|
|
13
|
Minneapolis
|
Minnesota, U.S.
|
|
13
|
Kitchener
|
Ontario
|
14
|
Tucson
|
Arizona
|
|
14
|
Atlanta
|
Georgia, U.S.
|
|
14
|
Winnipeg
|
Manitoba
|
15
|
Santa Rosa
|
California
|
|
15
|
San Francisco
|
California, U.S.
|
|
15
|
Saskatoon
|
Saskatchewan
|
16
|
Birmingham
|
Alabama
|
|
16
|
Rochester
|
New York, U.S.
|
|
16
|
Saguenay
|
Quebec
|
17
|
Tampa
|
Florida
|
|
17
|
Bordeaux
|
France
|
|
17
|
Ottawa
|
Ontario
|
18
|
Reno
|
Nevada
|
|
18
|
Pittsburgh
|
Pennsylvania, U.S.
|
|
18
|
Edson
|
Alberta
|
19
|
Albuquerque
|
New Mexico
|
|
19
|
Las Vegas
|
Nevada, U.S.
|
|
19
|
Hamilton
|
Ontario
|
20
|
Seattle
|
Washington
|
|
20
|
Richmond
|
Virginia, U.S.
|
|
20
|
Trois-Rivieres
|
Quebec
|
Pacific Northwest
[
edit
]
In the above global index put out by
MoveHub,
three of the ten most hipster-centric cities around the world were listed as being in either Oregon or Washington state:
Portland
,
Seattle
, and
Spokane
.
[37]
Of the top 20 hipster cities in the U.S., six of them were in the Pacific Northwest. This includes, in order:
Vancouver
, Washington;
Boise
, Idaho;
Tacoma
, Washington;
Spokane
, Washington;
Portland
, Oregon; and
Seattle
, Washington.
[39]
[40]
While Canada as a whole is often known for their liberal philosophy and openness towards alternative living, some of the listed hipster cities in Canada are in the Canadian province of
British Columbia
, which is just north of Washington state, and this included three of the five top-ranking cities?Victoria, Kelowna, and Vancouver.
[38]
Southwestern U.S.
[
edit
]
Young adults (
Millennials
) are increasingly
[
citation needed
]
influencing culture in a number of cities throughout the Southwest and Rocky Mountain region. These cities are gaining a distinctive artsy, alternative atmosphere which is strongly associated with the term "hipster", forming havens for alternative, liberal lifestyles and politics in the midst of regions which normally have a strong association with the
GOP
and very traditional,
conservative
values.
One of these cities is
Austin
, Texas, well known as the home of the
South by Southwest Music Festival
. Texas is well known for its loyalty to the
Republican party
, but Austin is one of the few locales in Texas that reliably vote Democratic. There are also several
organic foods
and cosmetics companies based out of the city. The neighborhood of East Austin is an especially popular neighborhood for hipster-types to live in.
[41]
Another example of a liberal enclave in a conservative state is
Salt Lake City
, Utah. In the
2016 Presidential Election
, a majority of voters chose Democrat
Hillary Clinton
in only two Utah counties, both located right around Salt Lake City. On the aforementioned
MoveHub
list of the 20 most hipster cities in America, Salt Lake City placed No. 2 in the whole nation.
[39]
In a state known for its Mormon faith, Salt Lake City has become a favorite residence of LGBT people, and has sprouted an impressive host of microbreweries. The city also has many vegan stores and hiking trails.
[40]
Denver
is another often-cited example of a famous pilgrimage destination for Millennials.
[
citation needed
]
Denver has a burgeoning reputation for its microbreweries. The city is also well known as a
hiking
and
skiing
destination. The city reportedly has one of the most active and "fit" populations in the U.S.
[42]
The city is one of the 10 most dog-friendly cities in America, and has the highest number per-capita of dog walkers and pet sitters.
[43]
In the music industry, one of the most famous venues for concerts, and one which many bands profess as being their favorite to perform at, is
Red Rocks Amphitheatre
. Bands sometimes have to book popular dates as far as five years in advance.
[44]
Other locales in the Southwest region which made MoveHub's list of the 20 Most Hipster Cities include
Tucson
, Arizona;
Santa Rosa
, California;
Reno
, Nevada; and
Albuquerque
, New Mexico.
[39]
[40]
New York City
[
edit
]
As hipsters?"young creatives" priced out of
Bohemian
urban neighborhoods in
Brooklyn
such as
Williamsburg
,
Park Slope
, and
Greenpoint
?moved into
suburbs
near New York City,
The New York Times
coined the
neologism
"Hipsturbia" to describe the hip lifestyle as lived in suburbia.
Hastings-on-Hudson
,
Dobbs Ferry
,
Irvington
, and
Tarrytown
, all in nearby
Westchester County
, were cited.
[45]
A minor trend of cross acculturation of Chabad Hasidism and Hipster subculture appeared within the
New York Jewish community
, beginning in the late 2000s. A significant number of members of the
Chabad
Hasidic
community, mostly residing
Crown Heights, Brooklyn
, appear to now have adopted various cultural affinities as the local hipster subculture. These cross-acculturated Hasidim have been dubbed "
Chabad hipsters
" or "Hasidic hipsters."
[46]
The
Soho Synagogue
, established by Chabad emissaries in
SoHo, Manhattan
, have branded themselves as a "hipster synagogue."
[47]
The trend of Chabad Hasidic hipsters stands in contrast to the tensions experienced between the
Satmar Hasidic community
in Williamsburg and local hipsters.
[46]
The 2014 song "
Brooklyn Baby
" by
Lana Del Rey
is notable for containing satirical elements targeting the New York hipster subculture:
[48]
its chorus highlights "a stable of cliches about hipsters, Brooklyn, millennials and other things Del Rey herself is known to idolize."
[49]
These elements include: having a boyfriend in a band, drug use (of
amphetamines
and
hydroponic
marijuana
), obsession with
Lou Reed
and
Beat Generation poetry
, wearing feathers in hair, collecting
jazz
records, playing different musical instruments, and self-proclaiming coolness.
There has been a parallel movement within the
American Muslim
community with members termed "
mipsters
."
[50]
Russia
[
edit
]
The Soviet equivalent of the hipster or
beatnik
, known as
stilyagi
, first appeared during the
mid 1950s
and identified with the modern
jazz
scene.
[51]
Their outfits were exaggerated caricatures of the costumes worn by western actors and musicians and typically incorporated bright colors,
slim-fit pants
,
thick-soled shoes
,
vintage clothing
from the 1920s and earlier, brightly colored socks, and plaid
sportcoats
.
[52]
[53]
Following the release of a
cult film
in 2008,
[54]
modern hipsters in
Moscow
and
Saint Petersburg
revived some aspects of this subculture.
[55]
Racism
[
edit
]
Hipster racism
is engaging in behaviors typically regarded as
racist
and defending them as being performed
ironically
or
satirically
. Rachel Dubrofsky and Megan W. Wood have described it as being supposedly "too hip and self-aware to actually mean the racist stuff one expresses."
This might include wearing
blackface
and other performances of stereotyped
African Americans
, use of the word
nigger
, and
appropriating cultural dress
.
[57]
[58]
Talia Meer argues that hipster racism is rooted in what she calls "hipster exceptionalism," meaning "the idea that something ordinarily offensive or prejudiced is miraculously transformed into something clever, funny and socially relevant, by the assertion that said ordinarily offensive thing is ironic or satirical."
[59]
As Leslie A. Hahner and Scott J. Varda described it, "those participating in acts of hipster racism understand those acts as racist when practiced by others, but rationalize their own racist performances through a presumed exceptionalism."
Hipsters and neo-Nazism
[
edit
]
Nipsters
are a right-wing
neo-Nazi
hipster movement that emerged in 2014. Nipsters have found ways to bypass the inhibition against right-wing extremist recruitment of adolescents in Germany through their indistinguishable similarity to and affiliation with the Hipster subculture. The media uses the term
Nipster
(a portmanteau of
Nazi
and Hipster) for people who combine Hipster style with right-wing and neo-Nazi extremism.
[61]
British neo-Nazi
terrorist
organisation
National Action
was said to have been a "mixture of hipsters and skinheads."
[62]
The National
, a Scottish newspaper, described the group as consisting of mostly
middle-class
hipster
neo-fascists
.
[63]
Sexism
[
edit
]
Hipster sexism
, also known as everyday sexism, or ironic sexism,
[64]
is defined by
Alissa Quart
in
New York
magazine's fashion blog
The Cut
as "the objectification of women but in a manner that uses mockery, quotation marks, and paradox."
[65]
It is a form of self-aware
sexism
that is deemed acceptable given that its perpetrators are conscious of the inherent sexism and objectification of women in whatever action or statement is being carried out by them. It is rooted in the idea that sexism is an outdated and archaic institution which people do not engage in anymore, thereby making the demonstration of sexism seem satirical and ironic.
[66]
Hipster sexism may be presented with derision and expressed as harmless.
[67]
Quart posits that hipster sexism "is a distancing gesture, a belief that simply by applying quotations, uncool, questionable, and even offensive material about women can be alchemically transformed."
[65]
She notes this form of sexism as having a particular public admissibility, saying that it perpetuates sexism in general due to a public tolerance based upon reasoning that instances of hipster sexism are humorous.
[65]
Distinguishing socially critiquing comedy from hipster sexism, feminist discourse discusses hipster sexism as humor which, rather than offering critique, employs an evasive methodology which maintains stereotypes and prejudice.
[68]
Psychology professor Octavia Calder-Dawe suggests that due to this, the practice of hipster sexism also unconsciously influences the idea that sexism should not be spoken of.
[69]
Hipster sexism relates to
postfeminism
in that it downplays sexism at large by casually normalizing it on the basis that sexism has been eradicated and thus is not appropriate for serious consideration or discussion.
[69]
A tenet of hipster sexism is the casual use of derogatory words such as "bitch" and "
slut
," on the basis that such use is intended as ironic.
[64]
Jessica Wakeman, a contributor to
The Frisky
, suggests that the label
hipster sexism
enables casual sexism as a means of being ironic, and thus being seen as an acceptable form of sexism.
[70]
Quart coined the term "hipster sexism" in 2012, partly as a comment on "
hipster racism
," a term coined by Carmen Van Kerckhove circa 2007
which had been popularized earlier in 2012.
[65]
She differentiated it from "classic sexism," which she describes as being "un-ironic, explicit, violent [and] banal."
[65]
Critical analysis
[
edit
]
2014 anti-hipster sticker in
Dresden, Germany
A 2016
literature review
in the
European Journal of Cultural Studies
summarised the hipster culture "as a translocal and layered phenomenon with contextually specific claims to authenticity".
[1]
While noting that the
identity
markers realised by hipsters are often localised, it states that
[1]
What is absolutely crucial ? and global ? in defining a hipster is the claim to authenticity, uniqueness and individuality. Being a true hipster is about 'being real', and not 'trying too hard'. 'Being real', however, demands identity work, and being a hipster comes with very strong and reoccurring identity discourses that all focus on authenticity, yet paradoxically form the basis of a very collective style.
Christian Lorentzen of
Time Out New York
argues that "hipsterism
fetishizes
the authentic" elements of all of the "fringe movements of the postwar era?Beat,
hippie
, punk, even grunge," and draws on the "cultural stores of every unmelted ethnicity" and "gay style," and then "regurgitates it with a winking inauthenticity." He claims that this group of "18-to-34-year-olds," who are mostly white, "have defanged, skinned and consumed" all of these influences.
[72]
Lorentzen says hipsters, "in their present undead incarnation," are "essentially people who think of themselves as being cooler than America," also referring to them as "the assassins of cool." He argues that
metrosexuality
is the hipster appropriation of
gay culture
, as a trait carried over from their "Emo" phase. He writes that "these
aesthetics
are assimilated?cannibalized?into a repertoire of meaninglessness, from which the hipster can construct an identity in the manner of a collage, or a shuffled playlist on an
iPod
."
[72]
He also criticizes how the subculture's original menace has long been abandoned and has been replaced with "the form of not-quite-passive aggression called
snark
."
[72]
In a
Huffington Post
article entitled "Who's a Hipster?," Julia Plevin argues that the "definition of 'hipster' remains opaque to anyone outside this self-proclaiming, highly-selective circle." She claims that the "whole point of hipsters is that they avoid labels and being labeled. However, they all dress the same and act the same and conform in their non-conformity" to an "iconic carefully created sloppy vintage look."
[73]
"You Win, Hipsters." Long-time Toronto, Canada, business relocates when hipsters adopt
The Junction
.
Rob Horning developed a critique of hipsterism in his April 2009 article "The Death of the Hipster" in
PopMatters
, exploring several possible definitions for the hipster. He muses that the hipster might be the "embodiment of
postmodernism
as a spent force, revealing what happens when pastiche and irony exhaust themselves as aesthetics," or might be "a kind of permanent cultural middleman in hypermediated late capitalism, selling out alternative sources of social power developed by outsider groups, just as the original 'white negros' evinced by
Norman Mailer
did to the original, pre-pejorative 'hipsters'?blacks." Horning also proposed that the role of hipsters may be to "appropriat[e] the new cultural capital forms, delivering them to mainstream media in a commercial form and stripping their inventors ... of the power and the glory."
[74]
Horning argues that the "problem with hipsters" is the "way in which they reduce the particularity of anything you might be curious about or invested in into the same dreary common denominator of how 'cool' it is perceived to be," as "just another signifier of personal identity." Furthermore, he argues that the "hipster is defined by a lack of authenticity, by a sense of lateness to the scene" or the way that they transform the situation into a "self-conscious scene, something others can scrutinize and exploit."
"Hipsters manage to attract a loathing unique in its intensity." ?Dan Fletcher,
Time Magazine
.
Dan Fletcher in
Time
seems to support this theory, positing that stores like
Urban Outfitters
have mass-produced hipster
chic
, merging hipsterdom with parts of mainstream culture, thus overshadowing its originators' still-strong alternative art and music scene.
[10]
According to Fletcher, "Hipsters manage to attract a loathing unique in its intensity. Critics have described the loosely defined group as smug, full of contradictions and, ultimately, the dead end of Western civilization."
[10]
Elise Thompson, an editor for the LA blog
LAist
, argues that "people who came of age in the 70s and 80s punk rock movement seem to universally hate 'hipsters'," which she defines as people wearing "expensive 'alternative' fashion[s]," going to the "latest, coolest, hippest bar...[and] listen[ing] to the latest, coolest, hippest band." Thompson argues that hipsters "don't seem to subscribe to any particular philosophy ... [or] ... particular genre of music." Instead, she argues that they are "
soldiers of fortune
of style" who take up whatever is popular and in style, "appropriat[ing] the style[s]" of past countercultural movements such as punk, while "discard[ing] everything that the style stood for."
[75]
Drawing from
Pierre Bourdieu
's work and
Thomas Frank
's theories of
co-optation
, Zeynep Arsel and Craig Thompson argue that in order to segment and
co-opt
the indie marketplace, mass media and marketers have engaged in commercial "mythmaking" and contributed to the formation of the contemporary discourse about hipsters.
[76]
They substantiate this argument using a historical
discourse analysis
of the term and its use in the popular culture, based on Arsel's dissertation that was published in 2007. Their claim is that the contemporary depiction of hipster is generated through mass media narratives with different commercial and ideological interests. In other words, hipster is less of an objective category, and more of a culturally- and ideologically-shaped and mass-mediated modern mythology that appropriates the
indie
consumption
field
and eventually turns into a form of
stigma
. Arsel and Thompson also interview participants of the indie culture (DJs, designers, writers) to better understand how they feel about being labeled as one. Their findings demonstrate three strategies for dissociation from the hipster
stereotype
: aesthetic discrimination, symbolic demarcation, and proclaiming sovereignty. These strategies, empowered by one's status in the indie field (or their
cultural capital
) enable these individuals to defend their field dependent cultural investments and tastes from devaluing hipster mythology.
Humorous "no hipsters" sign at the entrance to a bar in
Cape Town
Arsel and Thompson's work seeks to explain why people who are ostensibly fitting the hipster stereotype profusely deny being one: they argue that hipster mythology devalues their tastes and interests and thus they have to socially distinguish themselves from this cultural category and defend their tastes from devaluation. To succeed in denying being a hipster, while looking, acting, and consuming like one, Arsel and Thompson suggest that these individuals demythologize their existing consumption practices by engaging in rhetorics and practices that symbolically differentiate their actions from the hipster
stigma
.
[76]
Mark Greif
, a founder of
n+1
and an assistant professor at
The New School
, in a
New York Times
editorial, states that "hipster" is often used by youth from disparate economic backgrounds to jockey for
social position
. He questions the contradictory nature of the label, and the way that no one thinks of themselves as a hipster: "Paradoxically, those who used the insult were themselves often said to resemble hipsters?they wore the skinny jeans and big eyeglasses, gathered in tiny enclaves in big cities, and looked down on mainstream fashions and 'tourists'." He believes the much-cited difficulty in analyzing the term stems from the fact that any attempt to do so provokes universal anxiety, since it "calls everyone's bluff." Like Arsel and Thompson, he draws from
La Distinction
by
Pierre Bourdieu
to conclude that young, upper-middle-class graduates who move to urban centers are ridiculed as "
liberal arts college
grads with too much time on their hands"; although "ignored in the urban hierarchy," they have
cultural capital
. Members of the upper class ? ridiculed in turn as "trust fund hipsters" ? "convert real capital into 'cultural capital'." At the bottom are the lower-middle-class young, who "seem most authentic but are also often the most socially precarious." Without the capital of the other groups, they depend on their fashion sense to maintain a sense of superiority.
[77]
Greif's efforts puts the term "hipster" into a
socioeconomic
framework rooted in the
petit bourgeois
tendencies of a youth generation unsure of their future social status. The cultural trend is indicative of a social structure with heightened economic anxiety and lessened
class mobility
.
[77]
In 21st-century society, there are inevitably people who refuse to conform to the dominant culture and seek to do the exact opposite; given enough time, the anti-conformists will become more homogeneous with respect to their own subculture, making their behavior the opposite to any claims of
counterculture
. This synchronization occurs even if more than two choices are available, such as multiple styles of beard rather than whether or not to have a beard. Mathematician Jonathan Touboul of
Brandeis University
who studies how information propagation through society affects human behavior calls this the hipster effect.
[78]
[79]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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a
b
c
d
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Works cited
[
edit
]
- Current, Cheris Brewer; Tillotson, Emily (2015). "Hipster Racism and Sexism in Charity Date Auctions: Individualism, Privilege Blindness and Irony in the Academy".
Gender and Education
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External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Hipsters
.
Wikiquote has quotations related to
Hipster
.
- Robert Lanham deconstructs hipsters
in
The Morning News
- "The Sad Science of Hipsterism: The Psychology of Indie Bands, PBR and Weird Facial Hair"
in
Psychology Today
- Zev Borow,
"Will The Last Hipster Please Turn Out The Lights? New York cool dies its thousandth death. A satire
,"
New York
, May 21, 2005
- "Selling Out"
David McRaney
"You Are Not So Smart"
April 12, 2010
- The New Counterculture's Buying Power
- Schiermer, B. (2013),
"The late-modern hipsters: new tendencies in popular culture
,"
Acta Sociologica
57(2), 167?181.