U.S. non-profit social justice organization
The
Highlander Research and Education Center
, formerly known as the
Highlander Folk School
, is a social justice leadership training school and cultural center in
New Market, Tennessee
. Founded in 1932 by activist
Myles Horton
, educator
Don West
, and
Methodist
minister
James A. Dombrowski
, it was originally located in the community of Summerfield in
Grundy County, Tennessee
, between
Monteagle
and
Tracy City
. It was featured in the 1937
short film
,
People of the Cumberland
, and the 1985 documentary film,
You Got to Move
. Much of the history was documented in the book
Or We'll All Hang Separately: The Highlander Idea
by Thomas Bledsoe.
Highlander provides training and education for emerging and existing movement leaders throughout the South, Appalachia, and the world. Some of Highlander's earliest contributions were during the
labor movement
in
Appalachia
and throughout the
Southern United States
. During the 1950s, it played a critical role in the
American Civil Rights Movement
. It trained civil rights leader
Rosa Parks
prior to her historic role in the
Montgomery bus boycott
, as well as providing training for many other movement activists, including members of the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC),
Septima Clark
,
Anne Braden
,
Martin Luther King Jr.
,
James Bevel
,
Hollis Watkins
,
Bernard Lafayette
,
Ralph Abernathy
and
John Lewis
in the mid- and-late 1950s. Backlash against the school's involvement with the Civil Rights Movement led to the school's closure by the state of Tennessee in 1961.
Staff reorganized and moved to
Knoxville, Tennessee
, where they rechartered Highlander under the name "Highlander Research and Education Center." Highlander has been in its current (and longest consecutive) home in
New Market, Tennessee
, since 1971. Highlander's archives reside at the
Wisconsin Historical Society
and the
Louis Round Wilson Library
at the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
.
History
[
edit
]
Early years
[
edit
]
The Highlander Folk School was originally established in Grundy County, Tennessee, on land donated for this purpose by educator
Lilian Wyckoff Johnson
.
[1]
When Highlander was founded in 1932, the United States was in the midst of the
Great Depression
. Workers in all parts of the country were met with major resistance by employers when they tried to organize
labor unions
, especially in the South. Against that backdrop, Horton, West and Dombrowski created the Highlander School "to provide an educational center in the South for the training of rural and industrial leaders, and for the conservation and enrichment of the indigenous cultural values of the mountains." Horton was influenced by observing
rural adult education schools
in
Denmark
started in the 19th century by Danish Lutheran Bishop
N. F. S. Grundtvig
.
[2]
During the 1930s and 1940s, the school's main focus was labor education and the training of labor organizers. In the 1930s,
Myra Page
taught here.
[3]
Civil rights
[
edit
]
In the 1950s, Highlander turned its energies to the rising issues of
civil rights
and
desegregation
. In addition to
Myles Horton
,
Zilphia Horton
, and others, a key figure during this period was John Beauchamp Thompson, a minister and educator who became one of the principal fund-raisers and speakers for the school. Highlander worked with
Esau Jenkins
of
Johns Island
to develop a literacy program for Blacks who were prevented from registering to vote by literacy requirements. The Citizenship Education Schools coordinated by
Septima Clark
with assistance from Bernice Robinson spread widely throughout the South and helped thousands of Blacks register to vote.
[4]
Later, the program was transferred to the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC), led by
Martin Luther King Jr.
, because the state of Tennessee was threatening to close the school.
Civil rights activists, most notably King, Bevel, Bernard Lafayette, Rosa Parks, John Lewis, and
Julian Bond
, came to the Center at different times. Lewis revealed later that he had his first meal in an integrated setting at Highlander. "I was a young adult, but I had never eaten a meal in the company of Black and white diners," the congressman wrote. He continued, "Highlander was the place that Rosa Parks witnessed a demonstration of equality that helped inspire her to keep her seat on a Montgomery bus, just a few weeks after her first visit. She saw Septima Clark, a legendary black educator, teaching side-by-side with (Highlander founder Myles) Horton. For her it was revolutionary. She had never seen an integrated team of equals working together, and it inspired her."
[5]
The civil rights anthem, "
We Shall Overcome
", was adapted from a
gospel
song, by Highlander music director
Zilphia Horton
, wife of Myles Horton, from the singing of striking tobacco factory workers from the
1945?1946 Charleston Cigar Factory strike
. Shortly afterward, it was published by
folksinger
Pete Seeger
in the
People's Songs
bulletin. It was revived at Highlander by
Guy Carawan
, who succeeded Zilphia Horton as Highlander's music director in 1959.
Guy Carawan
taught the song to
SNCC
at their first convening at
Shaw University
. The song has since spread and become one of the most recognizable movement songs in the world.
[6]
Backlash
[
edit
]
Highlander has been the target of violence and suppression many times since being founded as the Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tennessee, in 1932.
In reaction to the school's work, during the late 1950s, Southern newspapers attacked Highlander for supposedly creating racial strife.
[7]
In 1957, the
Georgia
Commission on Education published a pamphlet titled "Highlander Folk School: Communist Training School, Monteagle, Tennessee".
[8]
A controversial photograph of Martin Luther King Jr. with writer, trade union organizer, civil rights activist and co-founder of the Highlander School Donald Lee West, was published. According to information obtained by the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
, West was the District Director of the Communist Party in North Carolina,
[9]
though West denied he had ever been a member of the Communist Party.
[10]
In 1961, the state of Tennessee revoked Highlander's charter, and confiscated and auctioned the school's land and property.
[11]
According to Septima Clark's autobiography,
Echo In My Soul
(page 225), the Highlander Folk School was closed, because it engaged in commercial activities in violation its charter. The Highlander Folk School was chartered by the State of Tennessee as a non-profit corporation without stockholders or owners. Once the State revoked its charter, no one could make a legal claim on any of the property. In 1961, the Highlander staff reincorporated as the Highlander Research and Education Center and moved to
Knoxville
. In 1971, it relocated to
New Market, Tennessee
.
Appalachian issues
[
edit
]
In the 1960s and 1970s, Highlander focused on worker health and safety in the coalfields of
Appalachia
. Its leaders, including its former president Mike Clark, played a role in the emergence of the region's
environmental justice
movement.
[12]
It helped start the Southern Appalachian Leadership Training (SALT) program, and coordinated a survey of land ownership in Appalachia. In the 1980s and 1990s, Highlander broadened their base into broader regional, national, and international
environmentalism
;
struggles
against the negative effects of
globalization
; grassroots leadership development in under-resourced communities. Beginning in the 1990s, became involved in
LGBT
issues, both in the U.S. and internationally. Youth-focused organizing is another aspect of Highlander's work.
[13]
Community-based and participatory research
[
edit
]
Highlander programming oftentimes incorporates community-led or participatory research projects. This approach can be traced back to Myles Horton and other founding figures in their mission to encourage communities to trust in and learn from their own experiences.
[14]
In the 1970s, Highlander staff began to plan and facilitate participatory projects surrounding topics that are often complex for non-expert audiences such as environmental risk and corporate land ownership.
[15]
This work has continued through collaborations that prioritize building relationships and networks so that people with shared stakes can find themselves in conversation with one another.
[16]
Popular education
[
edit
]
In line with its stated mission of "supporting [peoples'] efforts to take collective action to shape their own destiny,"
[17]
many Highlander projects incorporate popular education strategies.
Popular education
, which draws on the experiences and knowledges of a group of people, is often linked to participatory research initiatives. Highlander uses popular education tactics to develop shared leadership and to emphasize the expertise of lived experiences.
[18]
Since 2000
[
edit
]
Current focuses of Highlander include issues of
democratic participation
and
economic justice
, with a particular focus on
youth
,
immigrants
to the U.S. from Latin America,
African Americans
, LGBT, and
poor
white people. Highlander's work with immigrants focuses on uplifting immigrant and refugee leaders at local, state, and national levels. Their work with immigrant rights focuses on highlighting intersectionality with other social movements and increasing the presence of the US South in the movement.
[19]
In 2014, the Tennessee Preservation Trust placed the original Grundy County school building on its list of the ten most "endangered" historic sites in Tennessee.
[20]
On March 29, 2019, a fire destroyed a building that housed executive offices at the Highlander Center. Nobody was inside the building, but many items were lost, including decades of historic documents, speeches, artifacts, and memorabilia.
[21]
White supremacist
graffiti
, in the form of the
Iron Guard
symbol, was found at the site, and the county and state are both investigating whether
arson
was committed.
[22]
Directors
[
edit
]
The directors of Highlander have been:
- Myles Horton
, 1932?1969
- Frank T. Adams, 1970?1973
- Mike Clark, 1973?1978
- Helen Matthews Lewis
, 1978?79
- Mike Clark, 1979?1984
- Hubert E. Sapp, 1984?1993
- John Gaventa
, 1993?1996
- Jim Sessions, 1996?1999
- Suzanne Pharr
, 1999?2003
- Monica Hernandez and Tami Newman, interim co-directors 2004?2005
- Pam McMichael, interim director, 2005; director 2006?2016
- Ash-Lee Woodard Henderson and Allyn Maxfield Steele, co-directors since 2016
[23]
Tennessee Historical Commission Marker
[
edit
]
A Tennessee Historical Commission Marker is present near Highlander's original location outside of
Monteagle, Tennessee
. The text of the marker reads:
2E 75
|
HIGHLANDER FOLK SCHOOL
|
1932-1962
|
|
In 1932, Myles Horton and Don West founded Highlander Folk School, located ½ mile north of this site. It quickly became one of the few schools in the South committed to the cause of organized labor, economic justice, and an end to racial segregation. Courses included labor issues, literacy, leadership, and non-violent desegregation strategies, with workshops led by Septima Clark. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, John Lewis, and Eleanor Roosevelt found inspiration for the modern civil rights movement there. Opponents of its causes tried to close the school.
|
|
Continued
|
(Back)
|
|
Following a 1959?1960 trial in Grundy County, the State of Tennessee revoked the school's charter. It was adjudged to have violated segregation laws, sold beer without a license, and conveyed property to Myles Horton for his home. When the sheriff padlocked the school, Horton proclaimed Highlander to be an idea rather than simply a group of buildings, adding "You can't padlock an idea." In a 1979 Ford Foundation Report, Highlander was singled out as the most notable American experiment in adult education for social change.
|
|
Tennessee Historical Commission
|
|
Photo gallery
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Preskill Stephen. 2021.
Education in Black and White: Myles Horton and the Highlander Center's Vision for Social Justice.
Oakland California: University of California Press.
- ^
Donald N. Roberson, Jr., 2002,
The Seeds of Social Change from Denmark
- ^
M. Keith Booker, ed. (2005).
Encyclopedia of Literature and Politics
. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 543?544.
ISBN
9780313329401
. Retrieved
4 August
2018
.
- ^
Slate, Nico (May 2022).
"
"The Answers Come from The People": The Highlander Folk School and the Pedagogies of the Civil Rights Movement"
.
History of Education Quarterly
.
62
(2): 191?210.
doi
:
10.1017/heq.2022.4
.
S2CID
248406680
.
- ^
Knoxville News Sentinel, July 18, 2020, "Knoville desegregation leader recalls friendship with civil rights icon John Lewis
- ^
Kennedy Center
https://www.kennedy-center.org/education/resources-for-educators/classroom-resources/media-and-interactives/media/music/story-behind-the-song/the-story-behind-the-song/we-shall-overcome/
- ^
"Tennessee Encyclopedia"
- ^
"Labor Day Weekend at Communist Training School,"
broadside published by Georgia Commission on Education, 1957, Series I., Subseries A, S. Ernest Vandiver collection, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia, Athens, as presented in the Digital Library of Georgia.
- ^
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Highlander Folk School
- ^
Interview with Don West
, January 22, 1975. Interview E-0016. Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007), Documenting the American South (DocSouth), University Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Jacquelyn Hall and Ray Faherty, interviewers.
- ^
John M. Glen,
Highlander: No Ordinary School
, The University Press of Kentucky, 1988, pp. 184?209.
- ^
Anne Cattrell
https://mountainjournal.org/prominent-western-conservationist-mike-clark-awarded-honorary-doctorate
- ^
"Children's Justice Camp ? Highlander Research and Education Center"
. Retrieved
2022-03-21
.
- ^
Glowacki-Dudka, Michelle (2012).
"Popular Education, Participatory Research, and Local Foods at Highlander Research and Education Center"
(PDF)
.
PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning
.
21
: 73?86.
- ^
Reason, Peter; Bradbury, Hilary (2005-12-13).
Handbook of Action Research: Concise Paperback Edition
. SAGE.
ISBN
978-1-4462-0419-1
.
- ^
Williams, Susan; Mullett, Cathy (August 2016).
"Creating Highlander Wherever You Are"
.
Adult Learning
.
27
(3): 98?104.
doi
:
10.1177/1045159516651591
.
ISSN
1045-1595
.
S2CID
148054778
.
- ^
"Mission & Methodologies ? Highlander Research and Education Center"
. Retrieved
2022-03-21
.
- ^
Glowacki-Dudka, Michelle; Griswold, Wendy (2016). [DOI: 10.1177/1045159516651610 "Embodying Authentic Leadership Through Popular Education at Highlander Research and Education Center"].
Adult Learning
.
27
(3): 98?104.
doi
:
10.1177/1045159516651591
.
ISSN
1045-1595
.
S2CID
148054778
.
- ^
Highlander Research and Education Center
https://highlandercenter.org/programs/strategic-convenings/
- ^
"Nashville ? all of it ? named to 'endangered' list"
.
Tennessean.com
. October 29, 2014
. Retrieved
August 2,
2015
.
- ^
"Fire destroys a building at Highlander Center, burning 'decades of archives'
"
.
knoxnews.com
. March 29, 2019
. Retrieved
March 29,
2019
.
- ^
Hickman, Hayes (April 2, 2019).
"Highlander Center: 'White-power' graffiti found spray-painted at scene of massive fire"
.
Knoxville News
. Retrieved
April 2,
2019
.
- ^
Our Staff ? Highlander Research and Education Center
References
[
edit
]
- Highlander Research and Education Center: Highlander Research and Education Center Records, Wisconsin Historical Society.
- Highlander Research and Education Center's Audiovisual Materials, Southern Folklife Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
- John M. Glen,
Highlander: No Ordinary School, 1932?1962
. The University Press of Kentucky, 1988.
ISBN
0-8131-1617-1
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
Highlander Folk School
files obtained under the Freedom of Information Act
- Frank Adams, with Myles Horton,
Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander
. John F. Blair: 1975.
ISBN
0-89587-019-3
- Jeff Biggers, "The United States of Appalachia: How Southern Mountaineers Brought Independence, Culture and Enlightenment to America". Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker and Hoard.
ISBN
978-1593761516
- Myles Horton, with Herbert and Judith Kohl,
The Long Haul: An Autobiography
. Teachers College Press: 1997.
ISBN
0-8077-3700-3
- Myles Horton and Paulo Friere,
We Make the Road by Walking
. Temple University Press: 1990.
ISBN
0-87722-775-6
- History - 1930?1953: Beginnings & The Labor Years
- Highlander Folk School
- Highlander Research and Education Center
- Pam McMichael, "Dear Friend of Highlander",
Highlander Reports
, April 2005, (
PDF
)
- Eliot Wigginton, ed.,
Refuse to Stand Silently By: An Oral History of Grass Roots Social Activism in America, 1921?1964
. Doubleday, 1991.
ISBN
0-385-17572-8
- Highlander Research and Education Center's Audiovisual Materials #20361,
Southern Folklife Collection
,
Louis Round Wilson Library
,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
.
- Highlander Research and Education Center Records, 1917?2005,
Wisconsin Historical Society
.
External links
[
edit
]
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Events
(
timeline
)
| Prior to 1954
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1954?1959
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1960?1963
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1964?1968
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Activist
groups
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Activists
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By region
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Movement
songs
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Influences
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Related
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Legacy
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Noted
historians
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International
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National
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Geographic
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35°15′18″N
85°48′31″W
/
35.2551°N 85.8087°W
/
35.2551; -85.8087