City in Crete, Greece
"Kandiye" redirects here. Not to be confused with
Kandy
.
Municipality in Greece
Heraklion
Ηρ?κλειο
|
---|
|
|
Seal
|
Location within the region
|
Coordinates:
35°20′25″N
25°8′4″E
/
35.34028°N 25.13444°E
/
35.34028; 25.13444
|
Country
| Greece
|
---|
Administrative region
| Crete
|
---|
Regional unit
| Heraklion
|
---|
|
? Mayor
| Alexis Kalokairinos
[1]
(since 2023)
|
---|
|
? Municipality
| 244.6 km
2
(94.4 sq mi)
|
---|
? Municipal unit
| 109.0 km
2
(42.1 sq mi)
|
---|
Highest elevation
| 33 m (108 ft)
|
---|
Lowest elevation
| 0 m (0 ft)
|
---|
|
? Municipality
| 179,302
|
---|
? Density
| 730/km
2
(1,900/sq mi)
|
---|
?
Urban
| 211,370
[2]
|
---|
? Municipal unit
| 156,842
|
---|
? Municipal unit density
| 1,400/km
2
(3,700/sq mi)
|
---|
Demonym(s)
| Heraklian, Heraclian
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC+2
(
EET
)
|
---|
? Summer (
DST
)
| UTC+3
(
EEST
)
|
---|
Postal code
| 70x xx, 71x xx, 720 xx
|
---|
Area code(s)
| 281
|
---|
Vehicle registration
| HK, HP, HZ
|
---|
Website
| Heraklion-city.gr
|
---|
Heraklion
or
Herakleion
(
hih-
RAK
-lee-?n
;
Greek
:
Ηρ?κλειο
,
Irakleio
,
pronounced
[i?rakli.o]
),
[4]
sometimes
Iraklion
, is the largest city and the administrative
capital
of the island of
Crete
and capital of
Heraklion
regional unit. It is the fourth largest city in
Greece
with a municipal population of 179,302 (2021)
[3]
and 211,370 in its wider metropolitan area,
[5]
according to the 2011 census.
The ancient
Minoan palace
at
Knossos
is located 5.5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of the city. It is the second most visited
archaeological site
in Greece, after the
Parthenon
.
Heraklion was Europe's fastest growing tourism destination for 2017, according to Euromonitor, with an 11.2% growth in international arrivals.
[6]
According to the ranking, Heraklion was ranked as the 20th most visited region in Europe, as the 66th area on the planet and as the 2nd in Greece for the year 2017, with 3.2 million visitors
[7]
and the 19th in Europe for 2018, with 3.4 million visitors.
[8]
Etymology
[
edit
]
The Arab traders from
al-Andalus
(Iberia) who founded the
Emirate of Crete
(824/827?961 CE) moved the island's capital from
Gortyna
to a new castle they called
rab? al-?andaq
(
Arabic
:
??? ??????
, "Castle of the Moat") in the 820s.
[9]
This was hellenized as Χ?νδαξ (
Chandax
) or Χ?νδακα? (
Chandakas
) and Latinized as
Candia
, which was taken into other European languages: in
Italian
and
Latin
as
Candia
, in French as
Candie
, in English as
Candy
, all of which could refer to the island of Crete as a whole as well as to the city alone; the
Ottoman
name was
Kandiye
.
[
citation needed
]
After the
Byzantine reconquest of Crete
, the city was locally known as
Megalo Kastro
(
Μεγ?λο Κ?στρο
,
[
citation needed
]
'Big Castle' in
Greek
) and its inhabitants were called
Kastrinoi
(Καστρινο?, "castle-dwellers").
The ancient name Herakleion (Ηρ?κλειον) was revived in the 19th century.
[10]
It derives from the ancient sunken port city of
Heracleion
, located near the
Canopic Mouth
of the Nile, and which remained submerged until its rediscovery in the 2000s.
History
[
edit
]
Minoan era
[
edit
]
Heraklion is close to the ruins of the palace of
Knossos
, which in
Minoan
times was the largest centre of population on
Crete
. Knossos had a port at the site of Heraklion (in the Poros-Katsambas
[12]
neighborhood) from the beginning of the
Early Minoan
period (3500 to 2100 BC).
Antiquity
[
edit
]
After the fall of the Minoans, Heraklion, as well as the rest of Crete in general, fared poorly, with very little development in the area. Only with the arrival of the Romans did some construction in the area begin, yet especially early into
Byzantine
times the area abounded with pirates and bandits.
[13]
Emirate of Crete
[
edit
]
The present city of Heraklion was founded in 824 by the
Arabs
under
Abu Hafs Umar
who had been expelled from
Al-Andalus
by Emir
Al-Hakam I
and had taken over the island from the Eastern Roman Empire.
[
citation needed
]
They built a
moat
around the city for protection, and named the city
rab? al-?andaq
(??? ??????, "Castle of the Moat", hellenized as Χ?νδαξ,
Chandax
). It became the capital of the
Emirate of Crete
(
c.
827
?961). The Saracens allowed the port to be used as a safe haven for pirates who operated against Imperial (Byzantine) shipping and raided Imperial territory around the Aegean.
[
citation needed
]
Byzantine era
[
edit
]
In 960,
Byzantine
forces under the command of
Nikephoros Phokas
, later to become Emperor, landed in Crete and attacked the city. After a
prolonged siege
, the city fell in March 961. The Saracen inhabitants were slaughtered, the city looted and burned to the ground.
[
citation needed
]
Soon rebuilt, the town remained under
Byzantine
control for the next 243 years.
[
citation needed
]
Venetian era
[
edit
]
In 1204, the city was bought by the
Republic of Venice
as part of a complicated political deal which involved, among other things, the Crusaders of the
Fourth Crusade
restoring the deposed Eastern Roman Emperor
Isaac II Angelus
to his throne. The Venetians improved on the ditch of the city by building enormous fortifications, most of which are still in place, including a giant wall, in places up to 40 metres (130 ft) thick, with seven bastions, and a fortress in the harbour. Chandax was renamed
Candia
and became the seat of the
Duke of Candia
, and the Venetian administrative district of Crete became known as "Regno di Candia" (
Kingdom of Candia
). The city retained the name of Candia for centuries and the same name was often used to refer to the whole
island
of Crete as well. To secure their rule, the Venetians began in 1212 to settle families from
Venice
on Crete. The coexistence of two different cultures and the stimulus of the
Italian Renaissance
led to a flourishing of letters and the arts in Candia and Crete in general, that is today known as the
Cretan Renaissance
.
Ottoman era
[
edit
]
During the
Cretan War (1645?1669)
, the Ottomans
besieged the city
for 21 years, from 1648 to 1669, the longest siege in history up until that time. In its final phase, which lasted for 22 months, 70,000 Turks, 38,000 Cretans and slaves and 29,088 of the city's Christian defenders perished.
[14]
The Ottoman army under an
Albanian
grand vizier
,
Koprulu Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
conquered the city in 1669.
Under the Ottomans,
Kandiye
(
Ottoman Turkish
?????) was the capital of Crete (
Girit Eyaleti
) until 1849, when
Chania
(
Hanya
) became the capital, and Kandiye became a
sancak
.
[15]
In Greek, it was commonly called
Megalo Castro
(Μεγ?λο Κ?στρο 'Big Castle').
During the Ottoman period, the
harbour
silted up, so most shipping shifted to
Chania
in the west of the island.
Modern era
[
edit
]
An
earthquake
located off the northern coast of Crete on October 12, 1856, destroyed most of the over 3,600 homes in the city. Only 18 homes were left intact. The disaster claimed 538 victims in Heraklion.
[16]
In 1898, the autonomous
Cretan State
was created, under Ottoman
suzerainty
, with Prince George of Greece as its High Commissioner and under international supervision. During the period of direct occupation of the island by the Great Powers (1898?1908), Candia was part of the
British
zone. At this time, the city was renamed "Heraklion", after the
Roman
port of Heracleum ("
Heracles
' city"), whose exact location is unknown.
[
citation needed
]
In 1913, with the rest of
Crete
, Heraklion was incorporated into the
Kingdom of Greece
. Heraklion became again capital of Crete in 1971, replacing Chania.
[17]
Architecture, urban sculpture and fortifications
[
edit
]
The oldest monument of architecture is the palace in
Knossos
on the outskirts of the city.
Two largest medieval churches in the city were the Dominican church of St. Peter (built between 1248 and 1253) and the San Salvatore, belonging to the
Augustinian Friars
. The latter one stood in Kornaros Square, but was demolished in 1970.
[18]
Other monuments of architecture from Venetian times include the
Saint Mark's Basilica
and the Renaissance loggia next to
Lions Square
(1626?28).
Around the historic city center of Heraklion there are also a series of
defensive walls, bastions and other fortifications
which were built earlier in the Middle Ages, but were completely rebuilt by the
Republic of Venice
. The fortifications managed to withstand
the longest siege in history
for 21 years, before the city fell to the
Ottomans
in 1669. The
Koules Fortress
(
Castello a Mare
),
the ramparts
and the arsenal dominate the port area.
Many fountains of the Venetian era are preserved, such as the
Bembo
fountain, the
Priuli
fountain,
Palmeti
fountain,
Sagredo
fountain and
Morosini
fountain in
Lions Square
(1628).
Architecture from the 19th century is represented by the
St Titus Cathedral
, built in 1869 as the Yeni Cami ("New Mosque"), and the
Agios Minas Cathedral
(1862?95).
An example of modern architecture in Heraklion is the
Heraklion Archaeological Museum
built between 1937 and 1940 by architect Patroklos Karantinos.
Several sculptures, statues and busts commemorating significant events and figures of the city's and island's history, like
El Greco
,
Vitsentzos Kornaros
,
Nikos Kazantzakis
and
Eleftherios Venizelos
can be found around the city.
Municipality
[
edit
]
The municipality Heraklion was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 5 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
[19]
The municipality has an area of 244.613 km
2
, the municipal unit 109.026 km
2
.
[20]
Neighborhoods
[
edit
]
? Agia Ekaterini
|
? Dimokratias
|
? Marathitis
|
? Agia Erini Chrisovalantou
|
? Estavromenos
|
? Mastabas
|
? Agia Marina
|
? Filothei
|
? Mesabelies
|
? Agia Triada
|
? Fortetsa
|
? Mpentevi
|
? Agios Dimitrios
|
? Ilioupoli
|
? Nea Alatsata
|
? Agios Ioannis Chostos
|
? Kamaraki
|
? Pananio
|
? Agios Minas
|
? Kaminia
|
? Papatitou Metochi
|
? Agios Titos
|
? Katsampas
|
? Pateles
|
? Akadimia
|
? Kenouria Porta
|
? Poros
|
? Ampelokipoi
|
? Kipoupoli
|
? Therissos
|
? Analipsi
|
? Komeno Mpenteni
|
? Tris Vagies
|
? Atsalenio
|
? Korakovouni
|
? Xiropotamos
|
? Chanioporta
|
? Koroni Magara
|
|
? Chrisopigi
|
? Knossos
|
|
? Dilina
|
? Lido
|
|
Suburbs
[
edit
]
? Agia Erini
|
? Finikia
|
? Ksirokabos
|
? Agia Marina
|
? Gazi urban area
|
? Malades
|
? Agioi Theodoroi
|
? Giofyrakia
|
?
Nea Alikarnassos
urban area
|
? Agios Syllas
|
? Gournes Temenous
|
? Sillamos
|
? Ammoudara
|
? Kallithea
|
? Skafidaras
|
?
Amnisos
|
? Karteros
|
? Skalani
|
? Ano Kalesia
|
? Kato Kalesia
|
? Vasilies
|
? Athanati
|
? Kavrochori
|
? Voutes
|
?
Dafnes
|
? Kollyvas
|
|
Villages
[
edit
]
Transportation
[
edit
]
Port
[
edit
]
Heraklion is an important shipping port and ferry dock. Travellers can take ferries and boats from Heraklion to destinations including
Santorini
,
Ios Island
,
Paros
,
Mykonos
, and
Rhodes
. There are direct ferries to
Naxos
,
Karpathos
,
Kasos
,
Sitia
,
Anafi
,
Chalki
and
Diafani
.
[21]
There are also several daily ferries to
Piraeus
, the port of
Athens
in mainland Greece. The port of Heraklion was built by
Sir Robert McAlpine
and completed in 1928.
[22]
Airport
[
edit
]
Heraklion International Airport
, or Nikos Kazantzakis Airport is located about 5 kilometres (3 miles) east of the city. The airport is named after Heraklion native
Nikos Kazantzakis
, a writer and a philosopher. It is the second busiest airport of Greece after
Athens International Airport
, first in charter flights and the 59th busiest in Europe, because of Crete being a major holiday destination with 8,066,000 passengers in 2022 (
List of the busiest airports in Europe
).
The airfield is shared with the 126th Combat Group of the
Hellenic Air Force
.
Highway network
[
edit
]
European route E75
runs through the city and connects Heraklion with the three other major cities of Crete:
Agios Nikolaos
,
Chania
, and
Rethymno
.
Public transit
[
edit
]
Urban buses serve the city, with 39 different routes.
[23]
Intercity buses connect Heraklion to many major destinations in Crete.
[24]
Railway
[
edit
]
From 1922 to 1937, a working industrial railway connected the Koules in Heraklion to Xiropotamos for the construction of the harbor.
[25]
In the summer of 2007, at the Congress of Cretan emigrants, held in Heraklion, two qualified engineers, George Nathenas (from Gonies, Malevizi Province) and Vassilis Economopoulos, recommended the development of a railway line in Crete, linking Chania, Rethymno and Heraklion, with a total journey time of 50 minutes (30 minutes between Heraklion and Rethymno, 20 minutes from Chania to Rethymno) and with provision for extensions to Kissamos, Kastelli Pediados (for the planned new airport), and Agios Nikolaos. No plans exist for implementing this idea.
[
citation needed
]
Climate
[
edit
]
Heraklion has a hot-summer
Mediterranean climate
(
Csa
in the
Koppen climate classification
). Summers are warm to hot and dry with clear skies. Dry hot days are often relieved by seasonal breezes. Winters are mild with moderate rain. Because Heraklion is further south than
Athens
, it has a warmer climate during winter but cooler during summer because of the
Aegean Sea
. The maximum temperature during the summer period is usually not more than 28 - 30 °C (Athens normal maximum temperature is about 5 °C higher). The minimum temperature record is -0.8 °C in the airport while in the port it has never dropped below 0 °C. Snowfalls are rare with the last significant snowfall with a measurable amount on the ground occurring in February 2004.
[26]
Heraklion falls in 11a
hardiness zone
.
[27]
Climate data for Heraklion Port 10 m a.s.l. (2007-2024)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
29.7
(85.5)
|
29.4
(84.9)
|
26.4
(79.5)
|
33.5
(92.3)
|
38.3
(100.9)
|
37.2
(99.0)
|
36.6
(97.9)
|
38.0
(100.4)
|
37.3
(99.1)
|
32.8
(91.0)
|
31.7
(89.1)
|
29.6
(85.3)
|
38.3
(100.9)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
15.7
(60.3)
|
16.1
(61.0)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
19.9
(67.8)
|
23.1
(73.6)
|
26.2
(79.2)
|
28.3
(82.9)
|
28.3
(82.9)
|
26.4
(79.5)
|
23.1
(73.6)
|
20.8
(69.4)
|
17.5
(63.5)
|
21.9
(71.4)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
13.1
(55.6)
|
13.5
(56.3)
|
14.6
(58.3)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
24.1
(75.4)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
26.7
(80.1)
|
24.4
(75.9)
|
20.9
(69.6)
|
18.4
(65.1)
|
15.0
(59.0)
|
19.6
(67.3)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
10.5
(50.9)
|
10.8
(51.4)
|
11.9
(53.4)
|
14.5
(58.1)
|
17.8
(64.0)
|
21.9
(71.4)
|
24.9
(76.8)
|
25.1
(77.2)
|
22.4
(72.3)
|
18.7
(65.7)
|
15.9
(60.6)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
17.2
(63.0)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
1.4
(34.5)
|
2.4
(36.3)
|
3.4
(38.1)
|
9.1
(48.4)
|
12.9
(55.2)
|
15.6
(60.1)
|
19.9
(67.8)
|
20.7
(69.3)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
11.6
(52.9)
|
9.3
(48.7)
|
5.0
(41.0)
|
1.4
(34.5)
|
Average rainfall mm (inches)
|
61.7
(2.43)
|
49.0
(1.93)
|
31.4
(1.24)
|
13.0
(0.51)
|
12.8
(0.50)
|
4.1
(0.16)
|
0.2
(0.01)
|
1.6
(0.06)
|
15.2
(0.60)
|
43.8
(1.72)
|
32.4
(1.28)
|
53.4
(2.10)
|
318.6
(12.54)
|
Source 1:
National Observatory of Athens
Monthly Bulletins (May 2007 - Jan 2024)
[28]
|
Source 2: Heraklion Port N.O.A station
[29]
and
World Meteorological Organization
[30]
|
Climate data for Heraklion 1955-2010 (
HNMS
)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
29.9
(85.8)
|
28.8
(83.8)
|
34.0
(93.2)
|
37.5
(99.5)
|
38.0
(100.4)
|
41.3
(106.3)
|
43.6
(110.5)
|
44.5
(112.1)
|
39.5
(103.1)
|
37.0
(98.6)
|
32.8
(91.0)
|
28.5
(83.3)
|
44.5
(112.1)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
15.3
(59.5)
|
15.5
(59.9)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
20.1
(68.2)
|
23.6
(74.5)
|
27.3
(81.1)
|
28.9
(84.0)
|
28.8
(83.8)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
23.6
(74.5)
|
20.2
(68.4)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
22.0
(71.6)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
12.1
(53.8)
|
12.2
(54.0)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
16.6
(61.9)
|
20.4
(68.7)
|
24.5
(76.1)
|
26.4
(79.5)
|
26.3
(79.3)
|
23.7
(74.7)
|
20.3
(68.5)
|
16.8
(62.2)
|
13.8
(56.8)
|
18.9
(66.0)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
9.1
(48.4)
|
8.9
(48.0)
|
9.8
(49.6)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
15.1
(59.2)
|
19.2
(66.6)
|
21.9
(71.4)
|
22.0
(71.6)
|
19.5
(67.1)
|
16.7
(62.1)
|
13.5
(56.3)
|
10.9
(51.6)
|
14.9
(58.8)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
?0.8
(30.6)
|
0.3
(32.5)
|
4.2
(39.6)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
12.2
(54.0)
|
14.5
(58.1)
|
16.6
(61.9)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
8.7
(47.7)
|
4.2
(39.6)
|
2.4
(36.3)
|
?0.8
(30.6)
|
Average rainfall mm (inches)
|
91.0
(3.58)
|
69.0
(2.72)
|
53.4
(2.10)
|
28.2
(1.11)
|
13.4
(0.53)
|
2.9
(0.11)
|
0.8
(0.03)
|
0.9
(0.04)
|
16.7
(0.66)
|
59.4
(2.34)
|
59.6
(2.35)
|
85.6
(3.37)
|
480.9
(18.94)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
|
10.1
|
9.1
|
6.9
|
3.4
|
1.9
|
0.5
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
1.3
|
4.9
|
6.0
|
8.9
|
53.2
|
Average rainy days
|
16.0
|
13.6
|
11.4
|
7.6
|
4.6
|
1.3
|
0.3
|
0.5
|
2.8
|
7.5
|
10.6
|
15.2
|
91.4
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
68.4
|
66.4
|
65.9
|
62.3
|
61.2
|
57.0
|
57.1
|
59.1
|
61.9
|
65.7
|
67.9
|
68.3
|
63.4
|
Average
dew point
°C (°F)
|
6.1
(43.0)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
7.1
(44.8)
|
8.9
(48.0)
|
12.1
(53.8)
|
14.9
(58.8)
|
16.8
(62.2)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
15.6
(60.1)
|
13.2
(55.8)
|
10.4
(50.7)
|
7.8
(46.0)
|
11.3
(52.4)
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
119.9
|
132.3
|
181.5
|
234.8
|
298.5
|
356.2
|
368.3
|
343.5
|
275.8
|
206.9
|
145.5
|
115.4
|
2,778.6
|
Source 1:
HNMS
[31]
[32]
|
Source 2: meteo-climat (extremes)
[33]
NOAA
(precipitation days - dew point 1961-1990)
[34]
|
Climate data for Heraklion
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Mean number of days with
thunder
|
3.6
|
3.0
|
2.9
|
1.8
|
1.5
|
0.9
|
0.2
|
0.1
|
1.2
|
4.1
|
3.5
|
4.4
|
27.2
|
Mean number of days with
hail
|
0.3
|
0.6
|
0.5
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.3
|
1.8
|
Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
16.4
(61.5)
|
16.5
(61.7)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
19.5
(67.1)
|
23.0
(73.4)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
26.1
(79.0)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
23.3
(73.9)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
18.4
(65.1)
|
20.7
(69.3)
|
Mean daily daylight hours
|
10.0
|
11.0
|
12.0
|
13.0
|
14.0
|
15.0
|
14.0
|
13.0
|
12.0
|
11.0
|
10.0
|
10.0
|
12.1
|
Average
Ultraviolet index
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
7
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
10
|
8
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
6.4
|
Source 1: NOAA (days with thunder and hail 1961-1990)
[34]
|
Source 2: Weather Atlas
[35]
|
Colleges, universities, libraries, and research centers
[
edit
]
Culture
[
edit
]
Museums
[
edit
]
Arts
[
edit
]
The
Cultural and Conference Center of Heraklion
is a centre for the performing arts.
Sports
[
edit
]
The city is home to several sports clubs. Most notably, Heraklion hosts
OFI
and
Ergotelis
, two
football
clubs with earlier presence in the
Greek Superleague
, the top tier of the
Greek football league system
. Furthermore, the city is the headquarters of the
Heraklion Football Clubs Association
, which administers football in the
entire region
. Other notable sport clubs include
Iraklio B.C.
(
basketball
),
Atsalenios
(football) and
Irodotos
(football) in the suburbs of
Atsalenio
and
Nea Alikarnassos
respectively.
Local TV stations
[
edit
]
Notable people
[
edit
]
Heraklion has been the home town of some of Greece's most significant people, including the novelist
Nikos Kazantzakis
(best known for
Zorba the Greek
), the poet and Nobel Prize winner
Odysseas Elytis
and the world-famous painter Domenicos Theotokopoulos (
El Greco
).
Literature
[
edit
]
Scientists and academia
[
edit
]
- Nicholas Kalliakis
(1645?1707)
Greek
Cretan
scholar
and
philosopher
[37]
- Niccolo Comneno Papadopoli
(1655?1740) lawyer, historian and librarian
- Andreas Musalus
(
c.
1665
? c.
1721
)
Greek
Cretan professor of mathematics, philosopher and architectural theorist
[38]
- Francesco Barozzi
(1537?1604) mathematician and astronomer
- Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
(1591-1655) rabbi, author, physician, mathematician and musical theorist
- Fotis Kafatos
biologist, President of the European Research Council
- Spyros Kokotos
(1933?present) architect
- Marcus Musurus
(Markos Mousouros) (1470?1517) scholar and philosopher
- Peter of Candia
also known as
Antipope Alexander V
: philosopher and scholar
- Joseph Sifakis
(1946?present) computer scientist, co-recipient of the 2007
Turing Award
- Michael N. Katehakis
(1952?present) applied mathematician and operations researcher at
Rutgers University
- Gerasimos Vlachos
(1607?1685), scholar
- Simone Stratigo
(ca. 1733?1824), Greek mathematician and an Nautical science expert, whose family was from Heraklion (Candia)
[39]
Painting and sculpture
[
edit
]
Film industry
[
edit
]
Music
[
edit
]
Spirituality
[
edit
]
Sports
[
edit
]
Business
[
edit
]
Politics and law
[
edit
]
Clergy
[
edit
]
Fashion
[
edit
]
International relations
[
edit
]
Consulates
[
edit
]
Twin towns and sister cities
[
edit
]
Heraklion is
twinned
with:
Location
[
edit
]
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
View of the port from the fortress
-
View of the port
-
The harbour
-
Α part of the Venetian harbour (used as shipyards)
-
-
Depiction of Candia, 1487
-
Idomeneas fountain
-
-
Chanioporta and Pantokratoras Gate
-
Bembo fountain
-
Saint Catherine Church
-
Depiction of the
Siege of Candia
-
St. Matthew of the Sinaites
Byzantine church
-
-
Interior of the Fortress
-
A monk shows the Saracens where to build Chandax
-
Map of Heraklion and its fortifications in 1651
-
Minoan fresco depicting a bull leaping scene, found in Knossos, 1600-1400 BC, Heraklion Archaeological Museum
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Municipality of Heraklion, Municipal elections ? October 2023
Archived
2024-05-08 at the
Wayback Machine
, Ministry of Interior
- ^
"appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu"
.
Archived
from the original on 2020-12-20
. Retrieved
2020-07-17
.
- ^
a
b
"Αποτελ?σματα Απογραφ?? Πληθυσμο? - Κατοικι?ν 2021, Μ?νιμο? Πληθυσμ?? κατ? οικισμ?"
[Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
- ^
"Pronunciation for Ηρ?κλειο"
.
Archived
from the original on 2019-03-31
. Retrieved
2016-08-16
.
- ^
"Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - functional urban areas"
. Eurostat.
Archived
from the original on 20 December 2020
. Retrieved
1 June
2022
.
- ^
"Top 100 City Destination Ranking 2017"
.
Market Research Blog
. 2017-01-26. Archived from
the original
on 2020-11-29
. Retrieved
2019-04-01
.
- ^
"Top 100 City Destinations Ranking: WTM London 2017 Edition"
.
Market Research Blog
.
Archived
from the original on 2019-04-01
. Retrieved
2019-04-01
.
- ^
Geerts, Wouter (2018).
"Top 100 City Destinations 2018"
(PDF)
.
Euromonitor International
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 2019-04-01
. Retrieved
2019-04-01
.
- ^
Encyclopaedia of Islam
,
s.v.
I?r??ish
- ^
It was in use by the local people by 1867, see
Howe, Samuel Gridley (1868).
The Cretan refugees and their American helpers
. Boston: Lee and Shepard. p. 33 – via archive.org.
- ^
Whitelaw, Todd; Morgan, Catherine (November 2009). "Crete".
Archaeological Reports
.
55
: 79.
doi
:
10.1017/s0570608400001307
.
ISSN
0570-6084
.
S2CID
231735198
.
- ^
Dimopoulou, N.; Wilson, D.E.; Day, P.M. (2007). "The Earlier Prepalatial Settlement of Poros-Katsambas: craft production and exchange at the harbour town of Knossos". In Day, P.M.; Doonan, R. (eds.).
Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean
. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology. Oxbow Books. pp. 84?97.
Archived
from the original on 2023-04-20
. Retrieved
2019-01-31
.
- ^
"History of Heraklion in Crete island - Greeka.com"
.
Greeka
.
Archived
from the original on 12 February 2019
. Retrieved
11 February
2019
.
- ^
"The War for Candia"
.
Archived
from the original on 2016-03-04
. Retrieved
2006-08-05
.
- ^
Tahir Sezen,
Osmanlı Yer Adları
, Ankara 2017, T.C. Ba?bakanlık Devlet Ar?ivleri Genel Mudurlu?u Yayın No: 26
s.v.
, p. 410
Archived
2023-03-05 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972),
Significant Earthquake Database
(Data Set),
National Geophysical Data Center
,
NOAA
,
doi
:
10.7289/V5TD9V7K
,
archived
from the original on 2023-02-27
, retrieved
2022-06-05
- ^
"Heraklion"
. visit-ancient-greece.com. Archived from
the original
on 28 April 2019
. Retrieved
2 September
2015
.
- ^
Ilko, Krisztina (2021).
"Recovering the Augustinian Convent of San Salvatore in Venetian Candia"
.
Journal of Ecclesiastical History
.
72
(2): 259?263.
doi
:
10.1017/S0022046920000755
.
S2CID
228866606
.
Archived
from the original on 21 November 2020
. Retrieved
7 April
2021
.
- ^
"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text"
(in Greek).
Government Gazette
.
Archived
from the original on 2010-07-18
. Retrieved
2021-09-07
.
- ^
"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)"
(PDF)
(in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2015-09-21.
- ^
"Heraklion ferry, compare prices, times and book tickets"
.
Archived
from the original on 2017-09-25
. Retrieved
2017-09-25
.
- ^
"Sir Robert McAlpine"
. Grace's Guide.
Archived
from the original on 16 December 2019
. Retrieved
16 December
2019
.
- ^
"Iraklio urban buses"
.
Archived
from the original on 2015-02-24
. Retrieved
2015-02-23
.
- ^
"ΚΤΕΛ Ηρακλε?ου - Λασιθ?ου Κρ?τη? | Online Κρ?τηση εισιτηρ?ων για λεωφορε?α - Δρομολ?για Λεωφορε?α Κρ?τη?"
.
Archived
from the original on 2017-08-28
. Retrieved
2017-08-27
.
- ^
Tzikas, Polykarpos; Konstantinos, Mamalakis; Tertipis, Dimitrios; Charitopoulos, Evangelos. ≪Μ?σα σταθερ?? τροχι?? στην Κρ?τη: Δ?κτυα βιομηχανικ?ν σιδηροδρ?μων κατ? το πρ?το μισ? του 20ου αι?να≫. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies.
- ^
"ΠΑΤΡΙΣ - ΑΡΧΕΙΟ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΝΙΚΗΣ ΕΚΔΟΣΗΣ"
.
archive.patris.gr
.
Archived
from the original on 2023-05-25
. Retrieved
2023-05-25
.
- ^
"Meteo.gr - Προγν?σει? καιρο? για ?λη την Ελλ?δα"
.
Archived
from the original on 2023-02-02
. Retrieved
2024-01-15
.
- ^
"Meteo.gr - Προγν?σει? καιρο? για ?λη την Ελλ?δα"
.
Archived
from the original on 2023-02-02
. Retrieved
2024-01-15
.
- ^
"Latest Conditions in Heraklion Port"
.
Archived
from the original on 2024-01-08
. Retrieved
2024-01-15
.
- ^
"World Meteorological Organization"
.
Archived
from the original on 20 June 2023
. Retrieved
14 July
2023
.
- ^
"Climatic Data for selected stations in Greece: Heraklion (Crete)"
.
Archived
from the original on 26 September 2020
. Retrieved
17 September
2019
.
- ^
"Climate Atlas of Greece (for sunshine 1977-2002)"
.
HNMS
.
Archived
from the original on 9 July 2021
. Retrieved
20 July
2021
.
- ^
"STATION HERAKLION"
. meteo-climat
. Retrieved
December 2,
2018
.
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a
b
"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1961-1990: Iraklion"
(TXT)
.
ncei.noaa.gov
. National Centers for Environmental Information.
Archived
from the original on 14 February 2024
. Retrieved
15 April
2024
.
WMO Station Number: 16754
- ^
"Heraklion, Greece - Monthly weather forecast and Climate data"
. Weather Atlas.
Archived
from the original on 27 January 2019
. Retrieved
25 January
2019
.
- ^
Lathrop C. Harper (1886).
Catalogue / Harper (Lathrop C.) inc., New York, Issue 232
. Lathrop C. Harper, Inc. p. 36.
OCLC
11558801
.
Calliachius (1645?1707) was born on Crete and went to Italy at an early age, where he soon became one of the outstanding teachers of Greek and Latin.
- ^
Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John; Wright, Thomas (1857).
A new general biographical dictionary, Volume 5
. T. Fellowes. p. 425.
OCLC
309809847
.
CALLIACHI, (Nicholas,) a native of Candia, where he was born in 1645. He studied at Rome for ten years, at the end of which time he was made doctor of philosophy and theology. In 1666 he was invited to Venice, to take the chair of professor of the Greek and Latin languages, and of the Aristotelic philosophy; and in 1677 he was appointed professor of belles-lettres at Padua, where he died in 1707. His works on antiquities are valuable, and have been published by the marquis Poloni in the third volume of his Supplement to the Thesaurus Antiquitatum.
- ^
Convegno internazionale nuove idee e nuova arte nell '700 italiano, Roma, 19?23 maggio 1975
. Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. 1977. p. 429.
OCLC
4666566
.
Nicolo Duodo riuniva alcuni pensatori ai quali Andrea Musalo, oriundo greco, professore di matematica e dilettante di architettura chiariva le nuove idee nella storia dell'arte.
- ^
Carlo Capra; Franco Della Peruta; Fernando Mazzocca (2002).
Napoleone e la repubblica italiana: 1802?1805
. Skira. p. 200.
ISBN
978-88-8491-415-6
.
Simone Stratico, nato a Zara nel 1733 da famiglia originaria di Creta (abbandonata a seguito della conquista turca del 1669)
- ^
"Notre Dame RB Mick Assaf: Mick's Mickstape Season 2 Volume 1"
.
- ^
I?A?roslav Dmytrovych Isai?e?vych (2006).
Voluntary brotherhood: confraternities of laymen in early modern Ukraine
. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 47.
ISBN
1-894865-03-0
.
…the Greek merchants Constantine Korniakt and Manolis Arphanes Marinetos are added. This second redaction appeared no earlier than 1589, as wealthy Greeks began to join the confraternity at a later date, once it had expanded its activities. Korniakt was actually the wealthiest man in Lviv: he traded in Eastern, Western, and local goods, collected customs duty on behalf of the king, and owned a number of villages.
- ^
"Limassol Twinned Cities"
.
Limassol (Lemesos) Municipality
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-04-01
. Retrieved
2013-07-29
.
- ^
"Cu ce ora?e este infr??it municipiul Constan?a?"
.
Ziua de Constan?a
. 7 April 2019.
Archived
from the original on 2019-04-08
. Retrieved
2019-04-07
.
- ^
"Twinnings"
(PDF)
.
Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2016-01-15
. Retrieved
2013-08-25
.
External links
[
edit
]
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People
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History
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Major cities
| |
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Gorges
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Landmarks
| Ancient
| |
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Museums
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Religious
| |
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Fortresses
| |
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Natural
| |
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Other
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Culture
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