Province of China
Not to be confused with the unrelated province of
Hubei
or the cities of
Hebi
, Henan and
Hefei
, Anhui.
Province in China
Hebei
河北
|
---|
|
Province of Hebei
|
|
?
Chinese
| 河北省
(
Heb?i sh?ng
)
|
---|
?
Abbreviation
| |
---|
|
![Map showing the location of Hebei Province](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hebei_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/275px-Hebei_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png) Map showing the location of Hebei Province
|
Coordinates:
39°18′N
116°42′E
/
39.3°N 116.7°E
/
39.3; 116.7
|
Country
| China
|
---|
Named for
| Yellow River
|
---|
Capital and largest city
| Shijiazhuang
|
---|
Divisions
| 11
prefectures
, 121 Counties, 2207 Townships
|
---|
|
? Type
| Province
|
---|
? Body
| Hebei Provincial People's Congress
|
---|
?
CCP Secretary
| Ni Yuefeng
|
---|
?
Congress
chairman
| Ni Yuefeng
|
---|
?
Governor
| Wang Zhengpu
|
---|
?
CPPCC
chairman
| Lian Yimin
|
---|
|
? Total
| 188,800 km
2
(72,900 sq mi)
|
---|
? Rank
| 12th
|
---|
Highest elevation
| 2,882 m (9,455 ft)
|
---|
|
? Total
| 74,610,235
|
---|
? Rank
| 6th
|
---|
? Density
| 400/km
2
(1,000/sq mi)
|
---|
? Rank
| 11th
|
---|
|
? Ethnic composition
| |
---|
? Languages and dialects
| Jilu Mandarin
,
Beijing Mandarin
,
Jin
|
---|
|
? Total
| CN¥
4,394 billion (
12th
)
US$
624 billion
|
---|
? Per capita
| CN¥ 59,332 (
26th
)
US$ 8,420
|
---|
ISO 3166 code
| CN-HE
|
---|
HDI
(2019)
| 0.738
[4]
high
·
20th
|
---|
Website
| hebei.gov.cn
|
---|
Hebei
[a]
is a
province
in
North China
. Hebei is China's
sixth most-populous province
, with over 75 million people.
Shijiazhuang
is the capital city. The province is 96%
Han Chinese
, 3%
Manchu
, 0.8%
Hui
, and 0.3%
Mongol
.
Varieties of Chinese
spoken include
Jilu Mandarin
, the
Beijing dialect
of Mandarin, and
Jin Chinese
.
Hebei borders the provinces of
Shanxi
to the west,
Henan
to the south,
Shandong
to the southeast,
Liaoning
to the northeast, and the
Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region
to the north. Hebei province additionally borders the
direct-administered municipalities
of
Beijing
and
Tianjin
, whose territory it entirely surrounds on land. Its economy is based on agriculture and manufacturing. The province is China's premier steel producer, although the steel industry creates serious air pollution.
[8]
[9]
[10]
Five UNESCO
World Heritage Sites
can be found in the province: the
Great Wall of China
,
Chengde Mountain Resort
,
Grand Canal
,
Eastern Qing tombs
, and
Western Qing tombs
. It is also home to five
National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities
:
Handan
,
Baoding
,
Chengde
,
Zhengding
and
Shanhaiguan
.
During the
Spring and Autumn
and
Warring States periods
(771?226 BC), the region was ruled by the states of
Yan
and
Zhao
. During the
Yuan dynasty
(1271?1368), the region was called
Zhongshu
. It was called
North Zhili
during the
Ming dynasty
(1368?1644), and simply
Zhili
during the
Qing dynasty
(1644?1912). The modern province of Hebei was created in 1928.
Etymology
[
edit
]
"Hebei" means 'north of the river', derived from the province's location north of the
Yellow River
in the
North China Plain
.
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
In the
Yu Gong
, the province is recorded as "
Jizhou
", lending to its traditional abbreviation of "Ji" (
冀
).
The province's nickname is "Yanzhao" (
燕?
), which is the collective name of the
Yan
and
Zhao
states that controlled the region during the
Spring and Autumn
and
Warring States periods
(771?221 BC).
[15]
In 1421, the
Yongle Emperor
of the
Ming dynasty
(1368?1644) moved the capital from
Nanjing
to
Beijing
, and the province surrounding the new capital was first called
North Zhili
or
Zhili
, meaning 'directly ruled'.
[16]
[17]
When Nanjing became the capital of the
Republic of China
in 1928, the province of Zhili was abolished and given its present name of Hebei.
[18]
History
[
edit
]
Pre and early history
[
edit
]
Peking man
, an early pre-historic
Homo erectus
, lived on the plains of Hebei around 200,000 to 700,000 years ago.
Neolithic
findings at the
prehistoric Beifudi site
date to 7000 and 8000 BC.
[19]
Many early
Chinese myths
are set in the province.
Fuxi
, one of the
Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
, is said to have lived in present-day
Xingtai
.
[20]
The mythical
Battle of Zhuolu
, won by the
Yellow Emperor
,
Yan Emperor
, and their
Yanhuang
tribes against the
Chiyou
-led Jiuli tribes, took place in
Zhangjiakou
and started the
Huaxia
civilization.
During the
Spring and Autumn period
(722 BC?476 BC), Hebei was under the rule of
Yan
in the north and
Jin
in the south. Also during this period, a nomadic people known as
Di
invaded the plains of northern China and established
Zhongshan
in central Hebei. In the
Warring States period
(403 BC?221 BC), Jin was partitioned and much of its territory in Hebei went to
Zhao
.
Qin and Han dynasties
[
edit
]
The
Qin dynasty
unified China in 221 BC. The
Han dynasty
(206 BC?220 AD) ruled the area under two provinces,
You Prefecture
in the north and
Ji Province
in the south. At the end of the Han dynasty, most of Hebei was under the control of
warlords
Gongsun Zan
in the north and
Yuan Shao
further south. Yuan Shao emerged as the victor of the two, but he was defeated by
Cao Cao
in the
Battle of Guandu
in 200. Hebei came under the rule of the
Kingdom of Wei
, established by the descendants of Cao Cao.
Jin through the Three Kingdoms
[
edit
]
After the invasions of northern nomadic peoples at the end of the
Western Jin dynasty
, chaos ensued in the
Sixteen Kingdoms
and the
Northern and Southern dynasties
. Because of its location on the northern frontier, Hebei changed hands many times and was controlled at various times by
Later Zhao
,
Former Yan
,
Former Qin
, and
Later Yan
. The
Northern Wei
reunified northern China in 440 but split in 534, with Hebei coming under
Eastern Wei
; then the
Northern Qi
, with its capital at Ye near modern
Linzhang
, Hebei. The
Sui dynasty
again unified China in 589.
Tricolor Duck-Shaped Cup, Tang dynasty, unearthed from Anxin County
Tang and Five dynasties
[
edit
]
During the
Tang dynasty
(618?907), the area was officially called Hebei for the first time. The
Great Yan
State was established in Hebei from 756 to 763 during the
An Lushan Rebellion
. After the rebellion,
Lulong Jiedushi
retained its autonomy from Tang during most of the 9th century. During the late
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
, Lulong was fragmented among several regimes including the short-lived
Yan
. It was eventually annexed in 913 by
Li Cunxu
, who established the
Later Tang
(923?936). Emperor
Gaozu of the Later Jin dynasty
ceded much of northern Hebei to the
Khitan
Liao dynasty
. This territory, called the
Sixteen Prefectures
of Yanyun, became a weakness in the Chinese defense against the Khitans for the next century because it lay within the
Great Wall
.
Song through Yuan dynasties
[
edit
]
During the
Northern Song dynasty
(960?1127), the sixteen ceded prefectures continued to be an area of contention between Song China and the Liao dynasty. Later, the
Southern Song dynasty
abandoned all of
North China
, including Hebei, to the
Jurchen Jin dynasty
after the 1127
Jingkang Incident
of the
Jin?Song wars
. Hebei was heavily affected by the flooding of the Yellow River; between 1048 and 1128, the river ran directly through the province rather than to its south.
[21]
The
Mongol
Yuan dynasty
divided China into provinces but did not establish Hebei as a province. Instead, the area was directly administrated by the Secretariat at the capital
Dadu
.
Ming and Qing dynasties
[
edit
]
The
Ming dynasty
ruled Hebei as Beizhili, meaning Northern Directly Ruled because the area contained and was directly ruled by the imperial capital in
Beijing
. The "Northern" designation was used because there was a southern counterpart covering present-day
Jiangsu
and
Anhui
. When the
Manchu
Qing dynasty
came to power in 1644, they abolished the southern counterpart, and Hebei became known as
Zhili
or Directly Ruled. During the Qing dynasty, the northern borders of Zhili extended deep into
Inner Mongolia
and overlapped in jurisdiction with the
leagues
of Inner Mongolia.
Republic of China
[
edit
]
Hebei in 2022
The Qing dynasty
collapsed
in 1912 and was replaced by the
Republic of China
. In a few years, China descended into a civil war, with regional warlords vying for power. Since Zhili was so close to the capital of
Beijing
, it was the site of the
Zhiwan War
, the
First Zhifeng War
, and the
Second Zhifeng War
. With the success of the
Northern Expedition
in 1926 and 1927 by the
Kuomintang
, the capital was moved from Beijing to
Nanjing
. As a result, the province's name was changed to Hebei, reflecting the relocation of the capital and its standard provincial administration.
During the
World War II
, Hebei was under the control of the
Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
, a
puppet state
of
Imperial Japan
.
People's Republic of China
[
edit
]
The founding of the
People's Republic of China
saw several changes. The region around
Chengde
, previously part of
Rehe
Province (historically part of
Manchuria
), and the region around
Zhangjiakou
, previously part of
Chahar
Province (historically part of
Inner Mongolia
), were merged into Hebei. This extended its borders northwards beyond the Great Wall. Meanwhile, the city of
Puyang
was carved away, causing Hebei to lose access to the
Yellow River
. The city became part of the short-lived
Pingyuan Province
before eventually being annexed into
Henan
.
[22]
The capital was also moved from
Baoding
to the new city of
Shijiazhuang
, and, for a short period, to
Tianjin
. On July 28, 1976,
Tangshan
was struck by the
Tangshan earthquake
, the deadliest earthquake of the 20th century, killing over 240,000 people. There were a series of smaller earthquakes in the following decade.
Today, Hebei, along with
Beijing
and
Tianjin
municipalities which it includes, make up the
Jing-Jin-Ji
megalopolis region. With a population of 130 million, it is about six times the size of the
New York metropolitan area
and is one of the largest megalopolis clusters in China.
[23]
Beijing had also unloaded some of its non-capital functions to the province with the establishment of the
Xiong'an
New Area, which integrates the three municipalities.
[24]
Langyashan
(Wolf Tooth Mountain), in
Yi County
Bashang Meadows in
Fengning County
Geography
[
edit
]
Hebei is the only province in China to contain plateaus, mountains, hills, shorelines, plains, and lakes.
[25]
Most of central and southern Hebei lies within the
North China Plain
. Western Hebei rises into the
Taihang Mountains
(Taihang Shan), while the
Yan Mountains
(Yan Shan) runs through northern Hebei. Beyond the mountains are the
grasslands
of
Inner Mongolia
. The highest peak is
Mount Xiaowutai
in
Yu County
in the northwest of the province, with an altitude of 2,882 m (9,455 ft).
[1]
Hebei borders the
Bohai Sea
on the east. The
Hai River
watershed
covers most of the province's central and southern parts; the
Luan River
watershed covers the northeast. Excluding manmade reservoirs, the largest lake in Hebei is
Baiyangdian
, located in
Anxin County
,
Baoding
.
Major cities in Hebei include:
Shijiazhuang
,
Baoding
,
Tangshan
,
Qinhuangdao
,
Handan
, and Zhangjiakou
.
Hebei has a
monsoon
-influenced humid
continental
climate. Its winters are cold and dry, while its summers are hot and humid. Temperatures average ?16 to ?3 °C (3 to 27 °F) in January and 20 to 27 °C (68 to 81 °F) in July. The annual
precipitation
ranges from 400 to 800 mm (16 to 31 in), concentrated heavily in summer.
Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Hebei Province, China
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
City
|
July (°C)
|
July (°F)
|
January (°C)
|
January (°F)
|
Baoding
|
31.7/22.6
|
89.1/72.7
|
2.5/?7.7
|
36.5/18.1
|
Qinhuangdao
|
28.1/21.7
|
82.6/71.1
|
0.1/?8.8
|
32.2/16.2
|
Tangshan
|
30.2/21.7
|
86.4/71.1
|
0.9/?10.2
|
33.6/13.6
|
Zhangjiakou
|
29.4/18.7
|
84.9/65.7
|
2.2/?12.9
|
36.0/8.8
|
Government
[
edit
]
The politics of Hebei is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in
mainland China
. The
Governor of Hebei
is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hebei. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the governor has less power than the Hebei
Chinese Communist Party
Provincial Committee Secretary (
CCP Party Chief
).
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
Hebei has eleven
prefecture-level divisions
. All are
prefecture-level cities
:
Administrative divisions of Hebei
|
↗
|
Division code
[30]
|
Division
|
Area in km
2
[31]
|
Population 2010
[32]
|
Seat
|
Divisions
[33]
|
Districts
|
Counties
|
Aut. counties
|
CL cities
|
130000
|
Hebei Province
|
187,700
|
71,854,202
|
Shijiazhuang
city
|
49
|
91
|
6
|
21
|
130100
|
Shijiazhuang
city
|
15,848
|
9,547,869
|
Chang'an District
|
8
|
11
|
|
3
|
130200
|
Tangshan
city
|
14,334.59
|
7,577,284
|
Lunan District
|
7
|
4
|
|
3
|
130300
|
Qinhuangdao
city
|
7791.57
|
2,987,605
|
Haigang District
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
|
130400
|
Handan
city
|
12,066
|
9,174,679
|
Congtai District
|
6
|
11
|
|
1
|
130500
|
Xingtai
city
|
12,433
|
7,104,114
|
Xindu District
|
4
|
12
|
|
2
|
130600
|
Baoding
city
|
22,185
|
10,029,197
|
Jingxiu District
|
5
|
15
|
|
4
|
130700
|
Zhangjiakou
city
|
36,861.55
|
4,345,491
|
Qiaoxi District
|
6
|
10
|
|
|
130800
|
Chengde
city
|
39512.98
|
3,473,197
|
Shuangqiao District
|
3
|
4
|
3
|
1
|
130900
|
Cangzhou
city
|
14,305.28
|
7,134,053
|
Yunhe District
|
2
|
9
|
1
|
4
|
131000
|
Langfang
city
|
6,417.29
|
4,358,839
|
Anci District
|
2
|
5
|
1
|
2
|
131100
|
Hengshui
city
|
8,836.90
|
4,340,773
|
Taocheng District
|
2
|
8
|
|
1
|
These eleven prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 168 county-level divisions (47
districts
, 21
county-level cities
, 94
counties
and 6
autonomous counties
). Those are, in turn, divided into 2207 township-level divisions (1
district public office
, 937
towns
, 979
townships
, 55
ethnic townships
, and 235
subdistricts
). At the end of 2017, the total population of Hebei was 75.2 million.
[34]
Urban areas
[
edit
]
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|
#
|
Cities
|
2020 Urban area
[35]
|
2010 Urban area
[36]
|
2020 City proper
|
1
|
Shijiazhuang
|
4,805,079
|
2,770,344
[b]
|
11,235,086
|
2
|
Tangshan
|
2,667,603
|
2,128,191
[c]
|
7,717,983
|
3
|
Handan
|
2,280,755
|
1,316,674
[d]
|
9,413,990
|
4
|
Baoding
[e]
|
2,167,607
|
1,038,195
[f]
|
11,544,036
|
5
|
Xingtai
|
1,371,150
|
668,765
[g]
|
7,111,106
|
6
|
Qinhuangdao
|
1,320,988
|
967,877
[h]
|
3,136,879
|
7
|
Zhangjiakou
|
1,185,494
|
924,628
[i]
|
4,118,908
|
8
|
Langfang
|
768,439
|
530,840
|
5,464,087
|
9
|
Sanhe
|
760,107
|
386,902
|
see Langfang
|
10
|
Cangzhou
|
727,879
|
499,411
|
7,300,783
|
11
|
Xiong'an
[e]
|
717,120
|
[j]
|
see Baoding
|
12
|
Hengshui
|
707,905
|
389,447
[k]
|
4,212,933
|
13
|
Dingzhou
|
577,440
|
482,121
|
see Baoding
|
14
|
Chengde
|
548,329
|
540,390
|
3,354,444
|
15
|
Qian'an
|
466,210
|
308,849
|
see Tangshan
|
16
|
Renqiu
|
458,878
|
430,896
|
see Cangzhou
|
17
|
Bazhou
|
455,923
|
291,710
|
see Langfang
|
18
|
Wu'an
|
453,442
|
293,151
|
see Handan
|
19
|
Zhuozhou
|
395,792
|
260,493
|
see Baoding
|
20
|
Zunhua
|
392,821
|
299,759
|
see Tangshan
|
21
|
Xinji
|
368,208
|
236,658
|
see Shijiazhuang
|
22
|
Huanghua
|
313,530
|
296,978
|
see Cangzhou
|
23
|
Gaobeidian
|
309,413
|
274,853
|
see Baoding
|
24
|
Hejian
|
296,820
|
243,458
|
see Cangzhou
|
25
|
Xinle
|
281,458
|
194,480
|
see Shijiazhuang
|
26
|
Luanzhou
|
278,807
|
[l]
|
see Tangshan
|
27
|
Shahe
|
265,977
|
218,958
|
see Xingtai
|
28
|
Botou
|
264,187
|
258,203
|
see Cangzhou
|
29
|
Jinzhou
|
238,153
|
160,284
|
see Shijiazhuang
|
30
|
Pingquan
|
228,261
|
[m]
|
see Chengde
|
31
|
Shenzhou
|
197,414
|
207,945
|
see Hengshui
|
32
|
Anguo
|
189,925
|
135,524
|
see Baoding
|
33
|
Nangong
|
183,450
|
188,260
|
see Xingtai
|
?
|
Gaocheng
|
see Shijiazhuang
|
286,136
[b]
|
see Shijiazhuang
|
?
|
Luquan
|
see Shijiazhuang
|
175,602
[b]
|
see Shijiazhuang
|
?
|
Jizhou
|
see Hengshui
|
165,363
[k]
|
see Hengshui
|
Notes
[
edit
]
Most populous cities in Hebei
Source:
China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018
Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population
[37]
|
|
Rank
|
|
Municipal pop.
|
Rank
|
|
Municipal pop.
|
|
![Shijiazhuang](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80_-_panoramio.jpg) Shijiazhuang
![Handan](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/%E9%82%AF%E9%83%B8%E5%B8%82%E8%A1%97%E9%81%9301.jpg/120px-%E9%82%AF%E9%83%B8%E5%B8%82%E8%A1%97%E9%81%9301.jpg) Handan
|
1
|
Shijiazhuang
|
2,843,100
|
11
|
Chengde
|
597,800
|
![Tangshan](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%E5%94%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%87%8CC8%E6%A0%8B9%E5%B1%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%90%91_%E5%A4%A7%E9%92%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg/120px-%E5%94%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%87%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E9%87%8CC8%E6%A0%8B9%E5%B1%82%E8%A5%BF%E5%90%91_%E5%A4%A7%E9%92%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD.jpg) Tangshan
![Baoding](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Baoding_001.jpg/120px-Baoding_001.jpg) Baoding
|
2
|
Handan
|
2,044,000
|
12
|
Dingzhou
|
416,100
|
3
|
Tangshan
|
2,041,700
|
13
|
Renqiu
|
368,500
|
4
|
Baoding
|
1,730,000
|
14
|
Qian'an
|
350,000
|
5
|
Qinhuangdao
|
1,338,600
|
15
|
Zhuozhou
|
277,800
|
6
|
Zhangjiakou
|
1,072,200
|
16
|
Luanzhou
|
273,000
|
7
|
Xingtai
|
936,800
|
17
|
Wu'an
|
248,300
|
8
|
Cangzhou
|
648,800
|
18
|
Zunhua
|
243,300
|
9
|
Hengshui
|
643,400
|
19
|
Sanhe
|
218,700
|
10
|
Langfang
|
608,400
|
20
|
Xinji
|
211,300
|
Economy
[
edit
]
In 2014, Hebei's
gross domestic product (GDP)
was 2.942 trillion yuan (US$479 billion).
[38]
It is ranked sixth in the
PRC
, with its
GDP per capita
reaching 40,124
renminbi
. As of 2011, the
primary
,
secondary
, and
tertiary
sectors of industry contributed 203.46 billion, 877.74 billion, and 537.66 billion
RMB
respectively. The registered urban
unemployment rate
was 3.96%.
Hebei's industries include
textiles
,
coal
,
steel
,
iron
, engineering, chemical production, petroleum, power,
ceramics
, and food. 40% of Hebei's labor force works in the agriculture, forestry, and animal husbandry sectors, with the majority of production from these industries going to
Beijing
and
Tianjin
. Hebei's main agricultural products are
cereal
crops, including
wheat
,
maize
,
millet
, and
sorghum
.
Cash crops
like
cotton
,
peanut
,
soybeans
and
sesame
are also produced.
Hebei has abundant natural resources. The
Kailuan
mine in
Tangshan
, with a history of over 100 years, is one of China's first modern
coal
mines. It remains active, with an annual production of over 20 million metric tonnes. Much of the
North China Oilfied
is within Hebei. There are major iron mines at
Handan
and
Qian'an
. Iron and steel manufacturing are the largest industries in Hebei.
Economic and technological development zones
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1912
[39]
| 26,658,000
| ?
|
---|
1928
[40]
| 31,232,000
| +0.99%
|
---|
1936?37
[41]
| 28,644,000
| ?1.08%
|
---|
1947
[42]
| 28,719,000
| +0.02%
|
---|
1954
[43]
| 35,984,644
| +3.27%
|
---|
1964
[44]
| 45,687,781
| +2.42%
|
---|
1982
[45]
| 53,005,876
| +0.83%
|
---|
1990
[46]
| 61,082,439
| +1.79%
|
---|
2000
[47]
| 66,684,419
| +0.88%
|
---|
2010
[48]
| 71,854,202
| +0.75%
|
---|
2020
[49]
| 74,610,235
| +0.38%
|
---|
Hebei Province was known as Zhili Province until 1928.
Beijing was part of Hebei Province
[16]
until 1928.
Tainjin was part of Hebei Province until 1928 and from 1954 to 1967.
Rehe Province
dissolved in 1955. Parts of it were incorporated into Hebei Province.
Qahar Province
dissolved in 1952. Parts of it were incorporated into Hebei Province.
|
Demographics
[
edit
]
The population in Hebei is mostly
Han Chinese
. There are 55 ethnic minorities in Hebei, representing 4.27% of the total population. The largest ethnic groups are
Manchu
(2.1 million people),
Hui
(600,000 people), and
Mongol
(180,000 people).
[50]
Population totals do not include those in active service with the
People's Liberation Army
.
[51]
In 2019, the
birth rate
was 10.83 births per 1,000 people, while the
death rate
was 6.12 deaths per 1,000 people.
[52]
The male population is 37,679,003 (50.50%), the female population is 36,931,232 (49.50%). The gender ratio of the total population was 102.02, decreasing by 0.82 from 2010.
[53]
Religion
[
edit
]
The dominant religions in Hebei are
Chinese folk religions
,
Taoist traditions
, and
Chinese Buddhism
. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 5.52% of the population believe in and are involved in
ancestor veneration
, while 3.05% identify as Christian, belonging mostly to the
Catholic Church
.
[54]
As of 2010 Muslims constitute 0.82% of the population of Hebei.
[55]
Although the surveys did not provide specific data for other religions, 90.61% of the population are either nonreligious or are involved in
worship of nature deities
,
Buddhism
,
Confucianism
,
Taoism
, and
folk religious sects
.
Zailiism
is a folk religious sect that originated in Hebei. Local worship of deities organized into
benevolent churches
in reaction to Catholicism in the
Qing dynasty
.
Hebei has the largest Catholic population in China, with one million members and 1.5 million Catholics according to the Catholic Church.
[56]
[57]
In 1900,
apparition of the Virgin Mary
was said have appeared in the town of
Donglu
in
Baoding
. As a result, Donglu is "one of the strongholds of the unofficial Catholic Church in China".
[58]
Many Catholics in Hebei remain loyal to the Pope and reject the authority of the Catholic Patriotic Church. Four of Hebei's underground bishops have been imprisoned in recent years: Bishop
Francis An Shuxin
of Donglu since 1996; Bishop
James Su Zhimin
since October 1997; Bishop
Han Dingxiang
of Yongnian who died in prison in 2007, and Bishop
Julius Jia Zhiguo
of Zhengding since late 1999.
[56]
[59]
The
Lingxiao Pagoda
of
Zhengding
, Hebei Province, built in AD 1045 during the
Song dynasty
Culture
[
edit
]
Language
[
edit
]
People speak dialects of
Mandarin
across the Hebei, with most classified as part of the
Ji Lu Mandarin
subdivision of Chinese. Along the western border with
Shanxi
, dialects are distinct enough for linguists to consider them as part of
Jin
, another subdivision of Chinese. In general, the dialects of Hebei are similar to the
Beijing dialect
, which forms the basis for
Standard Chinese
and the official language of the nation. However, there are also some distinct differences, such as the pronunciation of some words, made by
entering tone
syllables (syllables ending on a
plosive
) in
Middle Chinese
.
Arts
[
edit
]
A
Ding ware
bowl
Traditional forms of
Chinese opera
in Hebei include
Pingju
,
Hebei Bangzi
(Hebei Clapper Opera), and
Cangzhou
Kuaiban Dagu
. Pingju is especially popular because it tends to use colloquial language which is easier for audiences to understand. Originating from northeastern Hebei, Pingju was influenced by other forms of Chinese opera such as
Beijing opera
. Traditionally Pingju has a
xiaosheng
(young male lead), a
xiaodan
(young female lead), and a
xiaohualian
(young comic character), though it has diversified to include other roles.
[60]
Quyang County
, in central Hebei, is noted for
Ding ware
, a type of
Chinese ceramics
which includes various vessels such as bowls, plates, vases, and cups, as well as figurines. Ding ware is usually creamy white, though it is also made in other colors.
Hejian-styled
donkey burger
Cuisine
[
edit
]
Hebei cuisine is typically based on wheat, mutton, and beans. The
donkey burger
, originating from the cities of
Baoding
and
Hejian
,
Cangzhou
, is a staple in provincial cuisine and has spread into the two municipalities. Other dishes include local variants of
shaobing
.
Entertainment
[
edit
]
Beidaihe
, located near Shanhaiguan, is a popular beach resort.
Architectural and cultural sites
[
edit
]
Section of the
Great Wall of China
at
Jinshanling
Xumi Pagoda
of
Zhengding
, built in 636 AD
The
Ming Great Wall
crosses the northern part of Hebei, and its eastern end is located on the coast at
Shanhaiguan
(Shanhai Pass), near
Qinhuangdao
. Informally known as the First Pass of The World, Shanhaiguan Pass was where Ming general
Wu Sangui
opened the gates to Manchu forces in 1644, beginning nearly 300 years of Manchu rule.
The
Chengde Mountain Resort
and its outlying temples are a
World Heritage Site
. Also known as the Rehe Palace, this was the summer resort of the Manchu
Qing dynasty
emperors. The resort was built between 1703 and 1792. It consists of a palace complex and a large park with lakes, pavilions, causeways, and bridges. There are also several Tibetan Buddhist and Han Chinese temples in the surrounding area.
Chengde Mountain Resort
There are Qing dynasty imperial
tombs
at
Zunhua
(
Eastern Qing Tombs
) and
Yixian
(
West Qing Tombs
). The Eastern Qing Tombs are the resting place of 161 Qing emperors, empresses, and other members of the Qing imperial family, while the West Qing Tombs have 76 burials. Both tomb complexes are part of a
World Heritage Site
.
The
Zhaozhou
, or
Anji Bridge
, was built by Li Chun during the
Sui dynasty
and is the oldest stone
arch bridge
in China. It is one of the most significant examples of pre-modern Chinese
civil engineering
.
Baoding
, the old provincial capital, contains the historic Zhili governor's residence and the former court.
Xibaipo
, a village about 90 km (56 mi) from
Shijiazhuang
in
Pingshan County
, was the location of the
Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
and the headquarters of the
People's Liberation Army
during the decisive stages of the
Chinese Civil War
between May 26, 1948, and March 23, 1949. Today, the area houses a memorial site.
[61]
Sports
[
edit
]
The
2018 Women's Bandy World Championship
was held in Hebei. Sports teams based in Hebei include
National Basketball League (China)
, Hebei Springs Benma, and the
Chinese Football Association
team
Hebei F.C.
,
Hebei Elite F.C.
, and
Cangzhou Mighty Lions F.C.
Baoding is home to the
Baoding balls
, a kind of metal ball for exercise and meditation.
Education
[
edit
]
Under the national Ministry of Education:
Under other national agencies:
Under the provincial government:
There are also
Tibetan Buddhist schools
in the province.
Infrastructure
[
edit
]
Transportation
[
edit
]
Intracity Rail
[
edit
]
The
Shijiazhuang Metro
is the only operational rapid transit system in Hebei.
Xiong'an Rail Transit
is a planned metro system in
Xiong'an
.
Intercity Rail
[
edit
]
As of early 2013, railway schedule systems listed 160 passenger train stations within the province.
[62]
Because Hebei surrounds Beijing and Tianjin, all the important railway lines from these cities pass through Hebei. The
Beijing?Guangzhou railway
is one of the most important. It passes through many major cities, including
Baoding
,
Shijiazhuang
,
Xingtai
and
Handan
on its way south to
Henan
. Other important railways include the
Beijing?Kowloon railway
,
Beijing?Shanghai railway
,
Beijing?Harbin railway
,
Beijing?Chengde railway
,
Beijing?Tongliao railway
,
Beijing?Baotou railway
and
Fengtai?Shacheng railway
. High-speed rail lines crossing the province include the
Beijing?Shanghai high-speed railway
,
Beijing?Guangzhou high-speed railway
, and
Shijiazhuang?Taiyuan high-speed railway
.
During the
Eleventh Five-Year Plan
, Beijing and Hebei collaborated on a new passenger railway. The RMB 82.6 billion network will add 844 kilometres (524 mi) to the system. Current railway systems for Hebei are also being upgraded and will soon be able to travel at speeds of between 160 and 200 kilometres (99 and 124 mi) per hour.
Highways and primary routes
[
edit
]
The recent expressway boom in China included Hebei. There are expressways to every prefecture-level city in Hebei, totaling approximately 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi). The total length of highways within Hebei is around 40,000 kilometres (25,000 mi).
[
citation needed
]
Air transit
[
edit
]
Shijiazhuang's
Zhengding Airport
is the province's center for air transportation, with domestic and international flights. Parts of Hebei are served by the
Beijing Daxing International Airport
in
Beijing
.
[63]
Ocean transit
[
edit
]
There are several ports along the
Bohai Sea
, including
Huanghua
,
Jingtang
, and
Qinhuangdao
. Qinhuangdao is the second busiest port in China and has a capacity of over 100 million tons.
Media
[
edit
]
Hebei is served by the province-wide
Hebei Television
, abbreviated HEBTV. Shijiazhuang Radio & Television is a regional network that covers the provincial capital. Hebei is also served by three major newspapers:
Hebei Daily
,
Yanzhao Metropolis Daily
, and
Yanzhao Evening News
. Hebei Daily Newspaper Group publishes all three newspapers.
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Zu Chongzhi
(429?500) ? astronomer, mathematician, politician, inventor, and writer known for calculating
pi
to an accuracy that was not surpassed for 800 years
- Feng Dao
(881?954) ? inventor, printer, and politician
- Zhang Fei
(??221) ? military general during the
Eastern Han dynasty
and
Three Kingdoms period
who became
sworn brothers
with
Liu Bei
and
Guan Yu
- Xia Gengqi
(born 1933) ?
curator
in the
Beijing Palace Museum
[64]
- Qin Shi Huang
(259 BC?210 BC) ? founder of the
Qin dynasty
and the
first emperor of a unified China
- Guo Jingjing
(born 1981) ?
Olympic
gold medalist diver and world champion
- Jing Ke
(??227 BC) ? retainer of
Crown Prince Dan
, assassin who attempted to murder
Qin Shi Huang
- Jizi
(1942?2015) ? ink painter
- Zhao Lirong
(1928?2000) ? Singer, film actress, and
Ping opera
performer
- Deng Lun
(born 1992) ? actor who gained popularity from the
xianxia
drama,
Ashes of Love
- Liu Shichao or
Hebei Pangzai
? Internet personality known for his food and drink stunts
- Yan Yuan
(1635?1704) ? Confucian philosopher
- Zheng Yuanjie
(born 1955) ? Children's books author, and founder and writer of
King of Fairy Tales
- Zanilia Zhao
(born 1987) ? television actress
- Zhao Yun
or Zhao Zilong (??229) ? military general who lived during the same period as Zhang Fei
- Liu Zhesheng
(柳哲生, 1914?1991) ? ace-fighter pilot of
Nationalist Air Force of China
, a veteran of the
War of Resistance-WWII
Sister subdivisions
[
edit
]
Hebei is a sister district with the following country states, districts, and other subdivisions:
[65]
Athens
(September 26, 2002)
Buenos Aires Province
(May 19, 1992)
East Flanders
(October 4, 1991)
Goias
(March 24, 1999)
Hauts-de-Seine
(February 11, 1997)
Iowa
(July 22, 1983)
Leningrad Oblast
(July 20, 1992)
Missouri
(January 25, 1994)
Nagano Prefecture
(November 11, 1983)
Pest County
(May 27, 2015)
South Chungcheong Province
(October 19, 1994)
Tottori Prefecture
(June 9, 1986)
Veneto
(May 17, 1988)
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)
[54]
to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (
i.e.
people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organized into
lineage "churches"
and
ancestral shrines
). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang. The number of Muslims is taken from a survey reported in the year 2010.
[55]
References
[
edit
]
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[
edit
]
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