Marshal of the People's Republic of China (1896?1969)
He Long
(
simplified Chinese
:
??
;
traditional Chinese
:
賀龍
;
pinyin
:
He Long
; March 22, 1896 ? June 9, 1969) was a
Chinese Communist
revolutionary and a
Marshal
of the
People's Republic of China
. He was from a poor rural family in Hunan, and his family was not able to provide him with any formal education. He began his revolutionary career after avenging the death of his uncle, when he fled to become an outlaw and attracted a small personal army around him. Later his forces joined the
Kuomintang
, and he participated in the
Northern Expedition
.
He rebelled against the Kuomintang after
Chiang Kai-shek
began
violently suppressing Communists
, when he planned and led the unsuccessful
Nanchang Uprising
. After escaping, he organized a soviet in rural
Hunan
(and later
Guizhou
), but was forced to abandon his bases when pressured by Chiang's
Encirclement Campaigns
. He joined the
Long March
in 1935, over a year after forces associated with
Mao Zedong
and
Zhu De
were forced to do so. He met with forces led by
Zhang Guotao
, but he disagreed with Zhang about the strategy of the Red Army and led his forces to join and support Mao.
After settling and establishing a headquarters in
Shaanxi
, He led guerrilla forces in
Northwest China
in both the
Chinese Civil War
and the
Second Sino-Japanese War
, and was generally successful in expanding areas of Communist control. He commanded a force of 170,000 troops forces by the end of 1945, when his force was placed under the command of
Peng Dehuai
and He became Peng's second-in-command. He was placed in control of
Southwest China
in the late 1940s, and spent most of the 1950s in the Southwest administering the region in both civilian and military roles.
He held a number of civilian and military positions after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. In 1955, his contributions to the victory of the Chinese Communist Party were recognized when he was named one of the
Ten Marshals
, and he served as China's
vice premier
. He did not support Mao Zedong's attempts to purge Peng Dehuai in 1959 and attempted to rehabilitate Peng. After the
Cultural Revolution
was declared in 1966, he was one of the first leaders of the PLA to be purged. He died in 1969 when a glucose injection provided by his jailers complicated his untreated diabetes.
Biography
[
edit
]
Early life
[
edit
]
He Long was a member of the
Tujia
ethnic group.
[1]
Born in the
Sangzhi
,
Hunan
, he and his siblings, including
He Ying
, grew up in a poor peasant household, despite his father being a minor
Qing
military officer.
[2]
His father was a member of the
Gelaohui
(Elder Brother Society), a secret society dating back to the early Qing dynasty. A cowherd during his youth, he received no formal education.
[3]
When He was 20 he killed a local government tax assessor who had killed his uncle for defaulting on his taxes.
[4]
He then fled and became an outlaw, giving rise to the legend that he began his revolutionary career with just two kitchen knives.
[3]
After beginning his life as an outlaw he gained a reputation as a "
Robin Hood
-like figure". His signature weapon was a butcher knife.
[2]
Around 1918 He raised a volunteer revolutionary army that was aligned with a local Hunan warlord,
[4]
and in 1920, his personal army joined the
National Revolutionary Army
.
[5]
In 1923 He was promoted to command the Nationalist Twentieth Army. In 1925 He ran a school for training Kuomintang soldiers. While running this school, He became close with some of his students who were also
Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) members.
[4]
During the 1926
Northern Expedition
, He commanded the 1st Division, 9th Corps of the National Revolutionary Army.
[6]
He served under
Zhang Fakui
during the Northern Expedition.
[4]
In late 1926 He joined the CCP.
[5]
In 1927, after the collapse of
Wang Jingwei
's leftist Kuomintang government in
Wuhan
and Chiang Kai-shek's
suppression of communists
, He left the Kuomintang and joined the Communists, commanding the 20th Corps, 1st Column of the Red Army.
[4]
He and
Zhu De
planned and led the main force of the
Nanchang Uprising
in 1927. In the Nanchang Uprising He and Zhu led a combined force of 24,000 men and attempted to seize the city of
Nanchang
, but they were not able to secure it against the inevitable Kuomintang attempt to retake the city. The campaign suffered from logistical difficulties, and the communists suffered 50% casualties in the two months of fighting. Most of He's soldiers who survived surrendered, deserted, and/or rejoined the KMT. Only 2,000 survivors eventually returned to fight for the Communists in 1928, when Zhu reformed his forces in Hunan.
[7]
After his forces were defeated, He fled to
Lufeng, Guangdong
. He spent some time in
Hong Kong
, but was later sent by the CCP to
Shanghai
, then to Wuhan.
[4]
Chiang Kai-shek
continuously tried to persuade him rejoin the
Kuomintang
, but failed.
[
citation needed
]
Communist guerrilla
[
edit
]
After the failure of the Nanchang Uprising, He turned down an offer by the CCP Central Committee to study in Russia and returned to Hunan, where he raised a new force in 1930.
[6]
His force controlled a broad area of the countryside in the Hunan-Hubei border region, around the area of
Lake Hong
, and organized this area into a rural soviet. In mid-1932 Kuomintang forces targeted He's soviet as part of the
Fourth Encirclement Campaign
. He's forces abandoned their bases, moved southwest, and established a new base in northeast
Guizhou
in mid-1933.
[8]
In 1934
Ren Bishi
joined He in Guizhou with his own surviving forces after also being forced to abandon his soviet in another Encirclement Campaign. Ren and He merged forces, with He becoming the military commander and Ren becoming the commissar.
[9]
He joined the
Long March
in November 1935, over a year after forces led by Zhu De and
Mao Zedong
were forced to evacuate their own
soviet in Jiangxi
.
[5]
He's ability to resist the Kuomintang was partially due to his position on the periphery of Communist-controlled territory.
[2]
While on the Long March He's forces met Communist forces led by
Zhang Guotao
in June 1936, but both He and Ren disagreed with Zhang about the direction of the Long March, and He eventually led his forces into
Shaanxi
to join Mao Zedong by the end of 1936. In 1937 He settled his troops in northwestern Shaanxi and established a new headquarters there.
[9]
Because the Second Army of the Chinese Red Army under He Long's command was one of the few Communist forces to arrive in Yan'an mostly intact, his force was able to assume the responsibility of protecting the new capital after their arrival.
[2]
When the Red Army was reorganized into the
Eighth Route Army
in 1937, He was placed in command of the 120th Division.
[5]
From late 1938 to 1940 He fought both the Japanese army and Kuomintang-affiliated guerrillas in
Hubei
.
[9]
He's responsibilities increased during the
Second Sino-Japanese War
, and in 1943 he was promoted to be the overall commander of Communist forces in
Shanxi
, Shaanxi,
Gansu
,
Ningxia
, and
Inner Mongolia
.
[5]
By the end of
World War II
He commanded a force of approximately 175,000 troops across northwestern China. He's most notable subordinates included
Zhang Zongxun
,
Xu Guangda
, and
Peng Shaohui
.
[10]
He was successful in expanding Communist base areas throughout the period of World War II. Part of He's success was due to the social confusion caused by Japan's
Ichi-Go offensive
in the areas of China that Japanese operations effected. He was frequently able to expand Communist areas of operation by allying with local, independent guerrilla forces who were also fighting the Japanese. He's experience fighting the Kuomintang and the Japanese led him to question Mao's unconditional emphasis on the importance of ideological guerrilla warfare at the expense of conventional tactics and military organization.
[11]
In October 1945, one month after the Japanese surrender, the command of He's forces was transferred to
Peng Dehuai
, which operated as the "Northwest Field Army". He became Peng's second-in-command, but spent most of the rest of the
Chinese Civil War
in central CCP headquarters, in and around
Yan'an
.
[10]
After the Japanese surrender, in 1945, He was elected to the
CCP Central Committee
, and his influence rose within both the military and the communist political system. Near the end of the Chinese Civil War He was promoted to command the
First Field Army
, which was active in
Southwest China
.
[11]
After the Communists won the civil war in 1949, He spent most of the 1950s in both civilian and military roles in the southwest.
[9]
In the People's Republic
[
edit
]
He's military accomplishments were recognized when he was promoted to being one of the
Ten Marshals
in 1955,
[11]
and he served in a number of civilian positions. He was made
Vice Premier
. He headed the
National Sports Commission
, and in that role facilitated sports exchanges with the Soviet Union and the eastern European countries.
[12]
: 139
He was one of the most well-traveled members of the CCP elite, and led numerous delegations abroad, meeting with leaders of other Asian countries, the
Soviet Union
, and
East Germany
.
[8]
After Mao Zedong purged Peng Dehuai in 1959, Mao appointed He to the head of an office to investigate Peng's past and find reasons to criticize Peng. He accepted the position but was sympathetic to Peng, and stalled for over a year before submitting his report. Mao's prestige weakened when it became widely known that Mao's
Great Leap Forward
had been a disaster, and He eventually presented a report that was positive, and which attempted to vindicate Peng.
[13]
Peng was partially rehabilitated in 1965, but then purged again at the beginning of the
Cultural Revolution
1966.
[14]
Jiang Qing
denounced He in December 1966 of being a "rightist" and of intra-CCP factionalism. Following Jiang's accusations He and his supporters were branded an anti-CCP element and quickly purged.
[15]
He's persecutors singled him out by labeling him the "biggest bandit".
[11]
He was the second highest-ranking member of the Military Affairs Commission at the time that he was purged, and the method in which he and those close to him were purged set the pattern for multiple later purges of the PLA leadership throughout the Cultural Revolution.
[15]
After being purged, He was placed under indefinite house arrest for the last two and a half years of his life. He described the conditions of his imprisonment as a period of slow torture, in which his captors "intended to destroy my health so that they can murder me without spilling my blood". During the years that he was imprisoned, his captors restricted his access to water, cut off his house's heat during the winter, and refused him access to medicine to treat his diabetes.
[16]
He died in 1969 after being hospitalized for the severe malnutrition that he developed while under house arrest. He died soon after being admitted to hospital, after a glucose injection complicated his chronic diabetes.
[17]
He was posthumously partially rehabilitated by Mao in 1974, then fully rehabilitated after
Deng Xiaoping
came to power in the late 1970s.
[
citation needed
]
A
stadium
in
Changsha
was named after him in 1987.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
Winchester 1
- ^
a
b
c
d
Lew 11
- ^
a
b
Whitson & Huang 28
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Leung 49
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
China at War
162
- ^
a
b
Whitson & Huang 34
- ^
China at War
147
- ^
a
b
Leung 49-50
- ^
a
b
c
d
Leung 50
- ^
a
b
Domes 43
- ^
a
b
c
d
China at War
163
- ^
Minami, Kazushi (2024).
People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War
. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press
.
ISBN
9781501774157
.
- ^
Rice 185-186
- ^
Domes 116-117
- ^
a
b
Central Intelligence Agency
ii
- ^
Chung 391
- ^
The Cambridge History of China
213
Sources
[
edit
]
- The Cambridge History of China
. Vol 15: "The People's Republic". Part 2: "Revolutions". Eds. Roderick MacFarquhar & John K. Fairbank. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1991.
ISBN
0-521-24337-8
.
- "Intelligence Report: Mao's 'Cultural Revolution' III. The Purge of the P.L.A. and the Stardom of Madame Mao"
.
Central Intelligence Agency
. June 1968. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
- China at War: An Encyclopedia
. Ed. Li Xiaobing. United States of America: ABC-CLIO. 2012.
ISBN
978-1-59884-415-3
. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
- Chung, Jang.
White Swans: Three Daughters of China
. New York, NY: Touchstone. 2003.
ISBN
0-7432-4698-5
.
- Domes, Jurgen.
Peng Te-huai: The Man and the Image
. London: C. Hurst & Company. 1985.
ISBN
0-905838-99-8
.
- Rice, Edward E.
Mao's Way
. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1974.
ISBN
0-520-02623-3
.
- Leung, Edward Pak-wah.
Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War
. United States of America: Scarecrow Press. 2002.
ISBN
0-8108-4435-4
.
- Lew, Christopher R.
The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945-1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership
. The USA and Canada: Routelage. 2009.
ISBN
0-415-77730-5
- Whitson, William W., & Huang Chen-hsia.
The Chinese High Command: A History of Communist Military Politics, 1927-71
. New York: Praeger Publishers. 1973.
- Winchester, Simon.
"China's Ancient Skyline"
.
The New York Times
. July 5, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
Ten
Marshals
of the People's Republic of China
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Before 11th Plenum
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After 11th Plenum
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International
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National
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People
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Other
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