1928 bomber airplane family by Hawker
The
Hawker Hart
is a British two-seater
biplane
light bomber aircraft that saw service with the
Royal Air Force
(RAF). It was designed during the 1920s by
Sydney Camm
and manufactured by
Hawker Aircraft
. The Hart was a prominent British aircraft in the inter-war period, but was obsolete and already side-lined for newer
monoplane
aircraft designs by the start of the Second World War, playing only minor roles in the conflict before being retired.
Several major variants of the Hart were developed, including a navalised version for the
Royal Navy
's
aircraft carriers
. Beyond Britain, the Hart would be operated by a number of foreign nations, including Sweden,
Yugoslavia
,
Estonia
,
South Africa
, and Canada.
Design and development
[
edit
]
In 1926, the
Air Ministry
stated a
requirement
for a two-seat high-performance light day-bomber, to be of all-metal construction and with a maximum speed of 160 mph (258 km/h). Designs were tendered by
Hawker
,
Avro
and
de Havilland
.
[1]
Fairey
, who had sold a squadron's worth of its wooden
Fox
bomber in 1925, was not at first invited to tender to the specification, and was sent a copy of the specification only after protesting to the
Chief of the Air Staff
,
Hugh Trenchard
.
[2]
[3]
Hawker's design was a
single-bay
biplane
powered by a
Rolls-Royce F.XI
water-cooled
V12 engine
(the engine that later became known as the Rolls-Royce Kestrel). It had, as the specification required, a metal structure, with a fuselage structure of steel-tube covered by
aluminium
panels and fabric, with the wings having steel
spars
and
duralumin
ribs
, covered in fabric. The crew of two sat in individual tandem cockpits, with the pilot sitting under the wing trailing edge, and operating a single .303 in (7.7 mm)
Vickers machine gun
mounted on the port side of the cockpit. The observer sat behind the pilot, and was armed with a single
Lewis gun
on a ring mount, while for bomb-aiming, he lay prone under the pilot's seat.
[4]
Up to 520 pounds (240 kg) of bombs could be carried under the aircraft's wings.
[5]
The prototype Hart,
serial
J9052,
first flew in June 1928, being delivered to the
Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment
at
RAF Martlesham Heath
on 8 September. It demonstrated good performance and handling, reaching 176 mph (283 km/h) in level flight and 282 miles per hour (454 km/h) in a vertical dive.
[6]
[7]
The competition culminated in the choice of the Hawker Hart in April 1929. The
de Havilland Hound
was rejected due to handling problems during landing and because of its part-wooden primary structure. While the
Avro Antelope
demonstrated similar performance and good handling, the Hart was preferred as it was far cheaper to maintain, a vital aspect to a programme during defence budget constraints that the British armed forces faced during the 1920s. The
Fairey Fox IIM
(which despite the name was a new aircraft), delayed by Fairey's late start on the design compared to the other competitors, only flew for the first time on 25 October 1929, long after the Hart had been selected.
[6]
A total of 992 aircraft were built as Harts.
[8]
[N 1]
It became the most widely used light bomber of its time and the design would prove to be a successful one with a number of derivatives, including the
Hawker Hind
and
Hector
. There were a number of Hart variants, though only slight alterations were made to the design. The
Hart India
was a tropical version, the
Hart Special
was a tropical
Hawker Audax
, a Hart variant with desert equipment; a specialised
Hart Trainer
was also built which dispensed with the gunner's ring. Vickers built 114 of the latter model at Weybridge between 1931 and June 1936.
[9]
The production Hart day bomber had a 525 hp (390 kW)
Rolls-Royce Kestrel
IB 12-cylinder V-type engine; a speed of 184 mph (296 km/h) and a range of 470 mi (757 km).
[10]
It was faster than most contemporary fighters, an astonishing achievement considering it was a light bomber. It also enjoyed excellent manoeuvrability, making the Hart one of the most effective biplane bombers ever produced for the Royal Air Force. In particular, it was faster than the
Bristol Bulldog
, which had recently entered service as the RAF's front line fighter. This disparity in performance led the RAF to gradually replace the Bulldog with the
Hawker Fury
.
[11]
Demand was such that production was spread out among a wide selection of aircraft companies. Of the 962 built in the United Kingdom, Hawker produced 234,
Armstrong Whitworth
456,
Gloster
46,
Vickers
226 and 42 were produced in Sweden under licence by
ASJA
who built 18,
Gotaverken
who built three and the Central Workshops of the Air Force (CVM) who built 21.
[12]
1004 Harts were produced.
[12]
Operational history
[
edit
]
The Hart entered service with
No. 33 Squadron RAF
in February 1930, replacing the larger and slower
Hawker Horsley
.
No. 12 Squadron
replaced its Foxes with Harts in January 1931, with a further two British-based Hart light bomber squadrons forming during 1931.
[13]
Harts were deployed to the Middle East during the
Abyssinia Crisis
of 1935?1936. The Hart saw extensive and successful service on the
North-West Frontier
,
British India
during the inter-war period. Four Hawker Harts from the
Swedish Air Force
saw action as dive bombers during the 1939?1940
Winter War
as part of a Swedish volunteer squadron, designated F19, fighting on the Finnish side. Though obsolete compared to the United Kingdom's opposition at the start of the
Second World War
, the Hart continued in service, mainly performing in the communications and training roles until being declared obsolete in 1943.
[14]
The Hart proved to be a successful export, seeing service with the Royal
Egyptian Air Force
, Royal
Indian Air Force
,
South African Air Force
,
Estonian Air Force
,
Southern Rhodesia
, Sweden (where it was designated B4) and the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
. The Rhodesian Hardys saw service on the Allied side during the opening moves of the East African theatre of World War II.
Swedish Air Force General
Bjorn Bjuggren
wrote in his memoirs
[15]
how his squadron developed
dive-bombing
techniques in the mid-1930s for their B4s.
[N 2]
When the Hawker engineers found out, they issued a formal objection, saying that the aircraft had not been designed for that purpose. However, the Swedish pilots proved that the aircraft was up to the task and dispelled their concerns.
[16]
Variants
[
edit
]
Hart
[
edit
]
- Hart I
- Two-seat light bomber aircraft for the RAF. 525 hp Kestrel IB engine.
[17]
- Hart SEDB
- Two-seat single-engined light bomber aircraft for the RAF, powered by a 525 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB, or a 510 hp Kestrel X (DR) piston engine.
[18]
- Hart (India)
- Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by RAF in the
North West Frontier
of India, with larger radiator and extra equipment.
[19]
- Hart (C)
- Two-seat unarmed communications aircraft for the RAF, a small number were used by No. 24 Squadron RAF; eight built.
[20]
- Hart Trainer (Interim)
- Hart light bombers converted into training aircraft. Two built.
[21]
- Hart Trainer
- Two-seat dual-control trainer aircraft, with reduced sweepback on top wings to compensate for movement in center of gravity caused by removal of military equipment.
[22]
- Hart Fighter
- Two-seat fighter version for the RAF used by No. 23 Squadron RAF, with Kestrel IIS. Later redesignated as the
Demon
; six built.
[23]
- Hart (Special)
- Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by the RAF in the Middle East. Based on Audax airframe with desert equipment, and de-rated Kestrel X engine.
[24]
[25]
- Hart (Testbeds)
- Several Harts were used as engine testbeds, including
G-ABMR
and
G-ABTN
which were used to test several variants of Kestrel engines.
K2434
was used by Napier to test the Napier Dagger I, II and III.
K3036
was used by Rolls-Royce to test the
Merlin C and E
, complete with a ventral radiator.
[26]
- Estonian Hart
- Export version for Estonia, equipped with an interchangeable wheel or float undercarriage; eight built.
[27]
[28]
- Swedish Hart
- Light bomber for Swedish Air Force. Four Hawker-built pattern aircraft, powered by a Bristol Pegasus IM2 radial piston engine were delivered in 1934. Following successful evaluation, 42 were built under licence in Sweden by AB Gotaverken of Goteborg, powered by a Swedish-built
NOHAB
Pegasus IU2.
[27]
[28]
Audax
[
edit
]
The
Hawker Audax
was a Hart variant, designed for army cooperation, seeing much service in the
British Empire
. The first Audax flew in late 1931 and over 700 Audaxes were produced (including export). The Audax was similar to the Hart, though had some modifications, including a hook to pick up messages.
[29]
It was armed with a single
Scarff ring
-mounted .303 in (7.7 mm)
Lewis gun
and a fixed forward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm)
Vickers machine gun
[29]
and was powered by a version of the Kestrel engine and had a maximum speed of 170 mph (274 km/h). A number of variants of the Audax were produced, including the
Audax India
, a tropicalised version of the Audax for service in India and the
Audax Singapore
for service there.
[30]
Other air forces which also used the Audax included the
Royal Canadian Air Force
, the
Royal Indian Air Force
, the
South African Air Force
, the
Royal Egyptian Air Force
, the
Royal Iraqi Air Force
, the
Imperial Iranian Air Force
, the
Straits Settlements
and the
Southern Rhodesian Air Force
. During the Second World War the Audax saw limited service in Africa on the
Kenya
?
Abyssinia
border during the
Second Italo-Ethiopian War
.
[29]
The Audax also saw service in Iraq, at
RAF Habbaniya
, west of
Baghdad
, after the uprising there, during the
Anglo-Iraqi War
. In the days leading up to that battle crews began to upgrade the Audaxes stationed there, despite having received orders forbidding such actions. They fitted some to carry 250 lb (113 kg) bombs instead of 20 lb (9 kg) bombs.
[29]
The Audax ended its service by 1945. A derivative of the Audax, the
Hawker Hartebeest
, a light bomber, was built for the South African Air Force with modifications made from the Audax. Sixty-nine of these aircraft were built, the majority in South Africa.
[31]
The aircraft saw action in East Africa during clashes against Italy who occupied Abyssinia.
[32]
A.V. Roe built 287 Audaxes as part of the RAF expansion scheme during 1935?1937. These did not warrant an Avro type number but between 1937 and 1938, Avro built 24 modernised Audaxes for the Egyptian government, powered by 750 hp (560 kW)
Armstrong Siddeley Panther VIA
radials. Acknowledging the amount of redesign work done, these were designated the
Avro Type 674
.
Audax I
- Two-seat army cooperation aircraft for the RAF, powered by a 530 hp (395 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IB, or 580 hp Kestrel X piston engine.
Audax
(India)
- Tropicalised version for the RAF, used by the RAF in India.
Audax
(Singapore)
- Tropicalised version for the RAF, powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel V piston engine, used by the RAF in Singapore and
British Malaya
.
Canadian Audax
- Modified version of the Audax I for the
RCAF
; one built for Canada.
Egyptian Audax
- Six aircraft fitted with the 750 hp
Armstrong Siddeley Panther
radial piston engine, plus 18 aircraft fitted with the Panther X radial piston engine; 34 built for Egypt.
Iraqi Audax
(Nisr)
- 24 aircraft fitted with the
Bristol Pegasus
IIM2 radial piston engine, plus ten aircraft fitted with the Pegasus VIP8 radial piston engine; 34 built for Iraq.
[33]
Persian Audax
- 30 aircraft fitted with the
Pratt & Whitney Hornet
S2B radial piston engine, plus 26 aircraft fitted with the Bristol Pegasus IIM or IIM2 radial piston engine; 56 built for Persia.
Hartebeest
- Hawker-built pattern aircraft; 4 built and exported to South Africa.
Hartebeest I
- Two-seat general-purpose, ground support aircraft for the South African Air Force, powered by a 608 hp (453 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel VFP piston engine; 4 aircraft built by Hawker Aircraft in the UK, 65 aircraft built under licence by SAAF Roberts Heights Depot, Pretoria, in South Africa.
Demon
[
edit
]
The Hawker Demon was a fighter variant of the Hart light bomber. During air defence exercises the RAF's
Siskins
and
Bulldogs
were often unable to intercept the new Hart bombers, which were sometimes instructed to restrict their height and speed in order to give the fighters a chance, which prompted the development of a fighter variant of the Hart.
[34]
While the
Hawker Fury
offered better performance, lower production volumes made it more expensive and therefore it remained available only in small numbers, so when a fighter version of the Hart was suggested, the Air Ministry selected the type as an interim fighter until higher-performance fighters could be bought in larger numbers.
[35]
The new fighter variant added a second Vickers machine gun, while the coaming of the rear cockpit was angled to give a better field of fire, and a
supercharged
Kestrel IS engine was fitted. Evaluation of an initial batch of six aircraft, known as Hart Fighters by one flight of
23 Squadron
during 1931 was successful, and larger orders followed for the fighter Hart, now known as the Hawker Demon.
[36]
The production Demon's first flight was on 10 February 1933.
[37]
305 Hawker Demons were built, including 232 for the RAF.
[38]
The Demon was powered by versions of the Kestrel engine. It had an armament of a single rear .303 in (7.7 mm)
Lewis Gun
with two fixed .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns in the nose. Many were fitted with a hydraulically-powered turret in the rear gunner's position, which had been tested on the Hawker Hart. Demons were also sold to the
Royal Australian Air Force
. It saw only second-line operations during the Second World War.
Production of the Demon was undertaken by Hawker and by
Boulton Paul Aircraft
at their Wolverhampton factory, where their last example of 106 to be completed was delivered to the RAF in December 1937.
- Hart two-seat fighter
- Two-seat fighter version of the Hart for the RAF. Later redesignated as the
Hart Fighter
.
- Demon I
- Two-seat fighter aircraft for the
RAF
.
- Australian Demon I
- Two-seat fighter aircraft for the
RAAF
, similar to RAF version but fitted with a 600 hp (447 kW)
Rolls-Royce Kestrel V
engine; 54 built (the first 18 delivered as general-purpose fighters in 1935 and an additional 36 for army co-operation duties delivered in 1936).
- Australian Demon II
- Two-seat training version for the RAAF, standard Demon fitted with dual controls and provision for target towing, 10 built
- Turret Demon
- Two-seat fighter version, fitted with a
Frazer-Nash
gun turret in the rear cockpit.
Hardy
[
edit
]
The
Hawker Hardy
was a general-purpose variant of the
Hawker Hart
tropicalised to meet
Air Ministry Specification
G.23/33 as a Wapiti replacement in Iraq. The prototype was a production Hart which was modified with a modified radiator, a message pick-up hook, water containers and a desert survival kit. The prototype first flew on 7 September 1934, and the first production aircraft were delivered to
30 Squadron
in January 1935. The
Hardy
saw some service during the Second World War, in Africa and the Middle East; the
Hardys
performing a number of operations against Italian-occupied Abyssinia as well as other areas of Africa. The
Hardy
also saw
service with Southern Rhodesia
. The last operational sortie by a Hardy was on 9 May 1941 and most of the survivors were scrapped, although some continued in service as communications aircraft. On 14 May 1941, the Belgian Colonial authorities obtained a Hawker Hardy from the South African Air Force. Painted in Belgian colours, the machine was used for observation missions, but unfortunately overturned while landing at Gambela airfield on 26 May 1941, effectively writing off the aircraft.
- Hardy I
- Two-seat general-purpose aircraft for the RAF, 47 built excluding one prototype modified from a Hart
Hind
[
edit
]
The
Hawker Hind
was a derivative of the Hart and was intended to replace it. The
Hawker Hector
was a variant of the Hind and was used in the army co-operation role. It saw only limited service during the Second World War with the Royal Air Force. Hectors were also sold to Ireland.
Osprey
[
edit
]
The
Hawker Osprey
was the navalised carrier-borne version of the Hart, performing in the fighter and reconnaissance roles. The Osprey had a single Rolls-Royce Kestrel II engine, and had a max speed of 168 mph (270 km/h). Its armament consisted of a single forward .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun and one .303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis gun. The Osprey joined the
Fleet Air Arm
(FAA) in 1932, with 103 being built, and ended its career in 1944 after serving as a trainer for FAA pilots during the Second World War. By December 1936, Ospreys were being deployed by 701 Squadron based at
RAF Kalafrana
in the anti-submarine and anti-piracy role. The Osprey was also sold to the
Swedish Air Force
being used on the
seaplane cruiser
HSwMS
Gotland
, which carried six Ospreys. Ospreys were also sold to the
Portuguese Naval Aviation
and the
Spanish Republican Air Force
.
- Osprey I
- Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS inline piston engine; 37 built.
- Osprey II
- Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS piston engine, equipped with redesigned floats; 14 built.
- Osprey III
- Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 630 hp (470 kW) Rolls-Royce Kestrel IIMS piston engine, equipped with a dinghy stowed away in the starboard upper wing; 26 built.
- Osprey IV
- Two-seat fleet spotter and reconnaissance aircraft, powered by a 640 hp Rolls-Royce Kestrel V.
[39]
Twenty-six built in 1935.
[40]
- Portuguese Osprey
- Two aircraft equivalent to Osprey III built for Portugal and powered by Kestrel IIMS piston engine. Delivered in 1935. Six aircraft more in 1939.
[40]
[41]
- Spanish Osprey
- One aircraft fitted with a Hispano-Suiza 12Xbrs engine; one built for the
Spanish Republican Air Force
.
- Swedish Osprey
- Version for Sweden fitted with a 600 horsepower (450 kW) Swedish-built
NOHAB
Bristol Mercury radial piston engine and interchangeable wheel and float landing gear. Six built. Given the designation
S 9
by the
Swedish Air Force
.
[41]
[42]
Operators
[
edit
]
Hawker Hart
[
edit
]
Hawker Audax
[
edit
]
Hawker Demon
[
edit
]
-
Australia
-
United Kingdom
Hawker Hardy
[
edit
]
Hawker Hartebeest
[
edit
]
Hawker Osprey
[
edit
]
Surviving aircraft
[
edit
]
- Australia
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- G-ABMR ? Hart II on static display at the
Royal Air Force Museum London
in
London
. The 13th off the production line, it first flew in 1931 but never saw military use. Under the civilian registration
G-ABMR
, it was used by Hawker in various roles, including testbed, demonstration aircraft and a camera aircraft. It flew throughout the Second World War and continued flying until 1971. Still airworthy, it was then transferred to the RAF Museum, on loan from
Hawker Siddeley
, Hawker Aircraft's successor company. It remains there, painted to represent RAF Hart serial number
J9941
.
[46]
[47]
- K4972 ? Hart Trainer on static display at the
Royal Air Force Museum Cosford
in
Cosford, Shropshire
. Built in 1935 by Armstrong Whitworth, it flew as a training aircraft before being used as an instructional airframe. In 1943, it passed on to the
Air Training Corps
unit at Nelson Tomlinson School,
Wigton
, where it remained until recovered in 1962 by a group of aviation enthusiasts. They passed it on to the RAF Museum in 1962.
[48]
[49]
- United States
Specifications Hart (Kestrel IB-powered day bomber)
[
edit
]
Data from
The British Bomber since 1914
.
[8]
General characteristics
- Crew:
2
- Length:
29 ft 4 in (8.94 m)
- Wingspan:
37 ft 3 in (11.35 m)
- Height:
10 ft 5 in (3.18 m)
- Wing area:
349.5 sq ft (32.47 m
2
)
- Airfoil
:
RAF 28
[10]
- Empty weight:
2,530 lb (1,148 kg)
- Max takeoff weight:
4,596 lb (2,085 kg)
- Fuel capacity:
83 imp gal (100 US gal; 380 L)
[5]
- Powerplant:
1 ×
Rolls-Royce Kestrel
IB water-cooled
V12 engine
, 525 hp (391 kW)
Performance
- Maximum speed:
185 mph (298 km/h, 161 kn) at 13,000 ft (4,000 m)
- Stall speed:
45 mph (72 km/h, 39 kn)
[51]
- Range:
430 mi (690 km, 370 nmi)
- Service ceiling:
22,800 ft (6,900 m)
- Time to altitude:
8 min 30 s to 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
Armament
See also
[
edit
]
Related development
Related lists
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
This excludes the six Hart Fighters, later re-designated Demon, but includes the prototype Audax, Osprey, Demon and Hardy, which were converted Harts.
[8]
- ^
Bjuggren claims that he got this idea from watching a Hollywood movie with dive bombers.
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
Lewis 1974, p. 146.
- ^
Jarrett
Aeroplane Monthly
May 1995, p. 13.
- ^
Taylor 1974, p. 196.
- ^
Jarrett
Aeroplane Monthly
June 1995, pp. 30?32.
- ^
a
b
c
Mason 1991, p. 170.
- ^
a
b
Jarrett
Aeroplane Monthly
May 1995, p. 14.
- ^
Mason 1994, p. 205.
- ^
a
b
c
Mason 1994, p. 207.
- ^
Lewis 1974, pp. 176, 233.
- ^
a
b
Jarrett
Aeroplane Monthly
June 1995, p. 32.
- ^
Lewis 1974, p. 176.
- ^
a
b
"Hawker Hart."
aeroflight.co.
Retrieved: 4 December 2012.
- ^
Thetford
Aeroplane Monthly
July 1995, p. 51.
- ^
Lewis 1974, p. 233.
- ^
Bjuggren, Bjorn (1965). Attack: minnen fran trettiofem ars flygtjanst (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedt.
- ^
Lewis 1974, p. 224.
- ^
Mason 1991, p. 488.
- ^
Mason 1991, p. 492.
- ^
Jarrett
Aeroplane Monthly
May 1995, p. 15.
- ^
Mason 1991, pp. 490, 494.
- ^
Mason 1991, p. 160.
- ^
Mason 1991, p. 161.
- ^
Mason 1991, p. 489.
- ^
Wixey
Air Enthusiast
January/February 2002, pp. 57?58.
- ^
Mason 1991, p. 159.
- ^
Mason 1991, pp. 166?170.
- ^
a
b
Mason 1991, p. 165.
- ^
a
b
Wixey
Air Enthusiast
November/December 2001, pp. 28?29.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Smith, Peter (2014).
Combat Biplanes of World War II
. United Kingdom: Pen & Sword. p. 501.
ISBN
978-1783400546
.
- ^
"Hawker Audax and Hawker Hind."
211squadron.org
. Retrieved: 13 July 2013.
- ^
"Hawker Hartbees"
. BAE Systems
. Retrieved
24 January
2024
.
- ^
Arthur, Max.
Lost Voices of the RAF.
London: Hodder & Stoughton, 20055.
ISBN
978-0-34083-813-6
.
- ^
"MOTORING"
.
The West Australian
. Perth: National Library of Australia. 8 November 1934. p. 7
. Retrieved
16 August
2013
.
- ^
Thetford
Aeroplane Monthly
July 1995, p. 56.
- ^
Mason 1992, p. 234.
- ^
Mason 1991, p. 219.
- ^
Lumsden
Aeroplane Monthly
October 1991, p. 588
- ^
"Hawker Demon"
.
www.historyofwar.org
.
- ^
Marriott 2010
, p. 296.
- ^
a
b
Mason 1991, p. 228.
- ^
a
b
Wixley
Air Enthusiast
January/February 2002, p. 63.
- ^
Layman and McLaughlin 1991, pp. 41?42.
- ^
Pesach Malovany, "Wars of Modern Babylon", University Press of Kentucky, June 2017,
ISBN
0813169437
/
ISBN
978-0813169439
, fn. 2, p.813.
- ^
McGuiness, Paul; Crick, Darren; Cowan, Brendan (29 November 2017).
"RAAF A1 Hawker Demon Mk.I & Mk.II"
.
ADF Serials
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
"B 4"
.
Flygvapenmuseum
(in Swedish)
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
"Hawker Hart II"
.
Royal Air Force Museum
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
Simpson, Andrew (2013).
"INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [G-ABMR]"
(PDF)
.
Royal Air Force Museum
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
"Hawker Hart Trainer"
.
Royal Air Force Museum
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
Simpson, Andrew (2012).
"INDIVIDUAL HISTORY [K4972]"
(PDF)
.
Royal Air Force Museum
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
"HAWKER DEMON"
.
Shuttleworth
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
"Hawker Hart".
Air Transport Auxiliary Ferry Pilots Notes
. (reproduction). Elvington, York, UK: Yorkshire Air Museum, 1996.
ISBN
0-9512379-8-5
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Andersson, Lennart (June 2003). "Le Hawker Hart en Suede: pas si neutres que ca!" [The Hawker Hart in Sweden: Not so Neutral!].
Avions: Toute l'aeronautique et son histoire
(in French) (123): 4?9.
ISSN
1243-8650
.
- Andersson, Lennart (August 2003). "Le Hawker Hart en Suede (fin)" [The Hawker Hart in Sweden (Last Part)].
Avions: Toute l'aeronautique et son histoire
(in French) (125): 24?33.
ISSN
1243-8650
.
- Andersson, Lennart (July 1998). "Histoire de l'aeronautique persane, 1921?1941: La premiere aviation du Chah d'Iran" [History of the Persian Air Force, 1921?1941: The First Aircraft of the Shah of Iran].
Avions: Toute l'aeronautique et son histoire
(in French) (76): 2?12.
ISSN
1243-8650
.
- Andersson, Lennart (March?April 2001). "Round-Out: Aeroflot Audaxes".
Air Enthusiast
(92): 79.
ISSN
0143-5450
.
- Crawford, Alex.
Hawker Hart Family
. Redbourn, Hertfordshire, UK: Mushroom Model Publications Ltd., 2008.
ISBN
83-89450-62-3
.
- Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 ? 1945".
Air Enthusiast
, No. 18, April ? July 1982. pp. 61?76.
ISSN
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.
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. Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK: Key Publishing Ltd., 1982.
ISBN
0-946219-01-X
.
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. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1973.
ISBN
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Air Enthusiast
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Air Enthusiast
, No 97, January/February 2002, pp. 54?65. Stamford UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450
External links
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Avro
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Type letters
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Numerical
designations
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aircraft
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projects
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Transports
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Fighters
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Sports/racing aircraft
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Experimental
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Attack aircraft (
A
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Bombers (
B
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Army aeroplanes (
Fpl
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Gliders (
G
/
Lg
/
Se
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Helicopter (
Hkp
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Fighters (
J
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Advanced trainers (
O
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Trials aircraft (
P
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Reconnaissance (
S
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Trainers (
Sk
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Torpedo bombers (
T
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Transports (
Trp/Tp
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