American theatre director and critic (1901?1980)
Harold Edgar Clurman
(September 18, 1901 – September 9, 1980) was an American theatre director and drama critic. In 2003, he was named one of the most influential figures in U.S. theater by
PBS
.
[1]
He was one of the three founders of New York City's
Group Theatre
(1931?1941). He directed more than 40 plays in his career
[1]
and, during the 1950s, was nominated for a
Tony Award
as director for several productions. In addition to his directing career, he was drama critic for
The New Republic
(1948–1952) and
The Nation
(1953–1980), helping shape American theater by writing about it. Clurman wrote seven books about the theatre, including his memoir
The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties
(1961).
Early life and education
[
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]
Clurman was born on the
Lower East Side
of New York City, the son of
Jewish
parents from Kamenets Podolsky, Russia now Ukraine, in Eastern Europe,
[2]
Samuel, a doctor, and Bertha Clurman.
[3]
He had three older brothers, Morris, Albert, and William.
[3]
His parents took him at age six to
Yiddish theater
, and
Jacob Adler
's performances in
Yiddish
translations of
Karl Gutzkow
's
Uriel Acosta
and
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
's
Nathan the Wise
fascinated him, although he did not understand Yiddish.
[4]
He attended Columbia and, at the age of 20, moved to France to study at the
University of Paris
. There he shared an apartment with the young composer
Aaron Copland
. In Paris, he saw all sorts of theatrical productions. He was influenced especially by the work of
Jacques Copeau
and the
Moscow Art Theatre
, whose permanent company built a strong creative force. He wrote his thesis on the history of French drama from 1890 to 1914.
[1]
Clurman returned to New York in 1924 and started working as an extra in plays, despite his lack of experience. He became a stage manager and play reader for the
Theatre Guild
. He briefly studied
Stanislavski's system
under the tutelage of
Richard Boleslavsky
,
[5]
and became
Jacques Copeau
's translator/assistant on his production of
The Brothers Karamazov
, based on the novel by the Russian writer
Fyodor Dostoevsky
.
Career
[
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]
Clurman began work as an actor in New York. He felt that the standard American theater, though successful at the box office, was not culturally significant. He said, "I was interested in what the theater was going to say [...]. The theater must say something. It must relate to society. It must relate to the world we live in."
[1]
Together with the like-minded
Cheryl Crawford
and
Lee Strasberg
, he began to create what would become the Group Theatre. In November 1930, Clurman led weekly lectures, in which they talked about founding a permanent theatrical company to produce plays dealing with important modern social issues. Together with 28 other young people, they formed a group that developed a groundbreaking style of theater that strongly influenced American productions, including such elements as
Stanislavski
-trained actors,
realism
based on American stories, and political content. By building a permanent company, they expected to increase the synergy and trust among the members, who included
Stella Adler
,
Morris Carnovsky
,
Phoebe Brand
,
Elia Kazan
,
Clifford Odets
, and
Sanford Meisner
.
In the summer of 1931, the first members of the Group Theatre rehearsed for several weeks in the countryside of
Nichols, Connecticut
, at the
Pine Brook Country Club
. They were preparing
The House of Connelly
by
Paul Green
, their first production, directed by Strasberg. Clurman was the scholar of the group ? he knew multiple languages, read widely, and listened to a broad array of music. Strasberg dealt with acting and directing, and Crawford dealt with the business.
[6]
[7]
[8]
The first play which Clurman directed for the Group Theatre was
Awake and Sing!
by
Clifford Odets
in 1935. The play's success led Clurman to develop his directing style. He believed that all the elements of a play?text, acting, lighting, scenery and direction?needed to work together to convey a unified message. Clurman would read the script over and over, each time focusing on a different element or character. He tried to inspire, guide and constructively critique his designers rather than dictate to them. He also used Richard Boleslavsky's technique of identifying the "spine," or main action, of each character, then using those to determine the spine of the play. He encouraged his actors to find "active verbs" to describe what their characters were trying to accomplish.
In 1937, tensions among Clurman, Crawford and Strasberg caused the latter two to resign from the Group; four years later, the Group Theatre permanently disbanded. Clurman went on to direct plays on Broadway, more than 40 in all, and write as a newspaper theatre critic.
Marriage and family
[
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]
In 1943 Clurman married
Stella Adler
, a charismatic theatre actress and later a renowned New York acting coach. A member of the
Group Theatre
since its founding, Adler was the daughter of the notable Yiddish actor
Jacob Adler
. Clurman was her second husband. They divorced in 1960. Clurman's second marriage was to the independent filmmaker
Juleen Compton
.
[9]
Director and drama critic
[
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]
Clurman had an active career as a director, over the decades leading more than 40 productions, and helping bring many new works to the stage. He is considered "one of the most influential theater directors in America".
[1]
In addition, Clurman helped shape American theater by writing about it, as drama critic for
The New Republic
(1948–1952),
The Nation
(1953–1980), and
New York
(1968).
[10]
He encouraged new styles of production, such as that of the
Living Theater
, and championed contemporary plays and playwrights.
Author
[
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]
He wrote a memoir about the Group Theatre's beginning and their making art within American culture, called
The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties
. His six other books about the theater include
On Directing
(1972); his autobiography,
All People are Famous
(1974);
The Divine Pastime
(1974);
Ibsen
(1977); and
Nine Plays of the Modern Theater
(1981). Most of his essays and reviews can be found in
The Collected Works of Harold Clurman
.
On acting
[
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]
Uta Hagen
in
Respect for Acting
credits Clurman with a new perspective on acting. She summarized his approach as demanding the human being within the character:
In 1947, I worked in a play under the direction of Harold Clurman. He opened a new world in the professional theatre for me. He took away my 'tricks.' He imposed no line readings, no gestures, no positions on the actors. At first I floundered badly because for many years I had become accustomed to using specific outer directions as the material from which to construct the mask for my character, the mask behind which I would hide throughout the performance. Mr. Clurman refused to accept a mask. He demanded ME in the role. My love of acting was slowly reawakened as I began to deal with a strange new technique of evolving in the character. I was not allowed to begin with, or concern myself at any time with, a preconceived form. I was assured that a form would result from the work we were doing.
[11]
Clurman died a week before what would have been his 79th birthday, on September 9, 1980, in New York City of cancer. He is buried in Mt. Carmel Cemetery, Glendale, Queens.
Works on Broadway
[
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]
Note: All works are
plays
and are the original productions unless otherwise noted.
- Caesar and Cleopatra
(1925) (
revival
) - actor
- The Goat Song
(1926) - actor
- The Chief Thing
(1926) - actor
- Juarez and Maximilian
(1926) - actor
- Night Over Taos
(1932) - produced by the
Group Theater
- Big Night
(1933) - produced by the Group Theater
- Men in White
(1934) - produced by the Group Theater
- Awake and Sing!
(1935) - director, produced by the Group Theater
- Waiting for Lefty
(1935) - produced by the Group Theater
- Till the Day I Die
(1935) - produced by the Group Theater
- Weep for the Virgins
(1935) - produced by the Group Theater
- Paradise Lost
(1935) - director, produced by the Group Theater
- Case of Clyde Griffiths
(1936) - co-produced by the Group Theater
- Johnny Johnson
(1936) - produced by the Group Theater
- Golden Boy
(1937) - director, produced by the Group Theater
- Casey Jones
(1938) - produced by the Group Theater
- Rocket to the Moon
(1938) - director, produced by the Group Theater
- The Gentle People
(1939) - director, produced by the Group Theater
- Awake and Sing!
(1939) (revival) - director, produced by the Group Theater
- My Heart's in the Highlands
(1939) - produced by the Group Theater
- Thunder Rock
(1939) - produced by the Group Theater
- Night Music
(1940) - director, produced by the Group Theater
- Retreat to Pleasure
(1940) - director
- The Russian People
(1942) - director
- Deadline at Dawn
(1945) - movie, director
- Beggars Are Coming to Town
(1945) - director
- Truckline Cafe
(1946) - director and co-producer
- All My Sons
(1947) - co-producer
- The Whole World Over
(1947) - director
- The Young and Fair
(1948) - director
- The Member of the Wedding
(1950) - director
- The Bird Cage
(1950) - director
- The Autumn Garden
(1951) - director
- Desire Under the Elms
(1952) (revival) - director
- The Time of the Cuckoo
(1953) - director
- The Emperor's Clothes
(1953) - director
- The Ladies of the Corridor
(1953) - director
- Mademoiselle Colombe
(1954) - director
- Bus Stop
(1955) - director,
Tony
nomination for Best Director
- Tiger at the Gates
(1955) - director, Tony nomination for Best Director
- Pipe Dream
(1955) - director, Tony nomination for Best Director
- The Waltz of the Toreadors
(1957) - director, Tony nomination for Best Director
- Orpheus Descending
(1957) - director
- The Day the Money Stopped
(1958) - director
- The Waltz of the Toreadors
(1958) (revival) - director
- A Touch of the Poet
(1958) - director
- The Cold Wind And The Warm
(1958) - director
- Heartbreak House
(1959) (revival) - director
- A Shot in the Dark
(1961) - director
- After the Fall
,
The Changeling
,
Incident at Vichy
- director, and
Tartuffe
(all played in
repertory
) (1964?1965) - executive consultant to the producer, Repertory Theater of
Lincoln Center
- Where's Daddy?
(1966) - director
Legacy and honors
[
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]
Clurman's legacy is his contribution to the creation of a uniquely American theater.
[1]
The Harold Clurman Theatre, within the
Off-Broadway
Theatre Row Building
complex, was named for him; it has since been renamed
Theatre Five
, after all theatres in the complex were renamed in a numbered format.
[1]
Ronald Rand
brought Harold Clurman to life in his acclaimed solo play, LET IT BE ART!, which has been performed for 22 years in 26 countries, 20 U.S. states, and at the Theatre Olympics in New Delhi and Kerala.
[12]
[13]
Harold Clurman was awarded the Republic of France's
Legion d'Honneur
.
[14]
The Stella Adler and Harold Clurman Collection
[15]
came to the
Harry Ransom Center
at the
University of Texas at Austin
in 2003. The collection includes original and reproduced materials gathered by Marjorie Loggia. Of particular interest are a handwritten draft of
The Fervent Years
, a photocopy typescript of "Plans for a First Studio," handwritten and typescript drafts of
Lies Like Truth
, and an edited typescript of
Reminiscences: An Oral History
. Among other noteworthy Clurman material are his correspondence (with Stella Adler and others), contracts and royalties, a diary, and theater programs he collected from 1926 to 1930.
[16]
Clurman is a character in
Names
, Mark Kemble's play about former Group Theatre members' struggles with the
House Un-American Activities Committee
.
[17]
Notes
[
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]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
"About Harold Clurman"
,
American Masters
, PBS, 2 Dec 2003, accessed 15 Nov 2010
- ^
"Jewish Journal"
.
Naming Names
. Retrieved
September 12,
2006
.
- ^
a
b
1910 United States Federal Census
- ^
Adler, 1999, p. 333 (commentary).
- ^
Carnickle 39.
- ^
Clifford Odets,
American Playwright: The Years from 1906 to 1940,
p. 410
- ^
Images of America,
Trumbull Historical Society, 1997, p. 123
- ^
The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre,
Don Wilmeth, p. 21
- ^
"Stranded / The Plastic Dome of Norma Jean | UCLA Film & Television Archive"
.
- ^
vanden Heuvel, Katrina
, ed. (1990).
The Nation: 1865-1990
. New York:
Thunder's Mouth Press
. p.
219
.
ISBN
1560250011
.
- ^
Hagen, Uta (1973).
Respect for Acting
. John Wiley & Sons.
ISBN
9780470730188
.
Archived
from the original on 24 December 2021
. Retrieved
24 December
2021
.
- ^
"Photo CoverageL Harold Clurman Opens"
(website)
. BroadwayWorld.com. May 7, 2006
. Retrieved
July 23,
2015
.
For ninety minutes, Ronald Rand, the creator and star of Let It Be Art! Harold Clurman's Life of Passion!, captivated the crowd with his critically acclaimed portrait of the Group Theater Founder, who was also a director, producer, teacher and critic.
- ^
"LET IT BE ART! Harold Clurman's Life of Passion"
(website)
. Belgrade Slavija International Theatre Festival. March 10, 2013
. Retrieved
July 23,
2015
.
Ronald Rand, in an unforgettable performance embodies the passion, the fervor, and the inspiring voice of the Award-winning director of 40 of the most important plays of the 20th century
- ^
Tallmer, Jerry (May 3, 2006).
"For Harold Clurman, Theatre Man's of Passion"
(website)
. The Villager. pp. Volume 75, Number 50
. Retrieved
July 23,
2015
.
the latter-day no less full-of-beans storied director, writer, teacher, lecturer, drama critic, Group Theater co-founder, conscience of the American stage who was Harold Clurman, elder statesman, in a black homburg, flashing an ebony cane, the bright little ribbon of the French legion d'honneur in his left lapel:
- ^
Stella Adler and Harold Clurman Collection
- ^
"Stella Adler and Harold Clurman: An Inventory of their Papers in the Performing Arts Collection at the Harry Ransom Center"
.
norman.hrc.utexas.edu
. Retrieved
2016-06-07
.
- ^
Hirschhorn, Joel (2001-12-04).
"Names"
.
Variety
. Retrieved
2023-01-27
.
References
[
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]
- Harold Clurman
on Spartacus Educational, retrieved February 26, 2005.
- Adler, Jacob
,
A Life on the Stage: A Memoir
, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999,
ISBN
0-679-41351-0
.
- Harold Clurman
at the
Internet Broadway Database
- Carnicke, Sharon.
Stanislavsky in Focus
, Cornwall: TJ International Ltd, 2003.
- Clurman, Harold.
All People Are Famous
(instead of an autobiography). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1974.
- Clurman, Harold.
The Fervent Years
. USA: The Colonial Press Inc., 1961
- Clurman, Harold.
Ibsen
. Hong Kong: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1978.
- Clurman, Harold.
On Directing
, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1974.
- "Clurman, Harold." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
Encyclopædia Britannica Online
. 2 October 2007
- Smith, Wendy.
Real Life Drama: The Group Theatre and America, 1931-1940
, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990.
External links
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