1927 Nelson-class battleship of the Royal Navy
Aerial view of
Nelson
, 17 May 1937
|
History
|
United Kingdom
|
Name
| Nelson
|
Namesake
| Vice-Admiral
Horatio Nelson
|
Ordered
| 1 January 1923
|
Builder
| Armstrong-Whitworth
,
South Tyneside
|
Cost
| £
7,504,055
|
Yard number
| 991
|
Laid down
| 28 December 1922
|
Launched
| 3 September 1925
|
Commissioned
| 15 August 1927
|
Decommissioned
| February 1948
|
In service
| 27 October 1927
|
Out of service
| 20 October 1947
|
Stricken
| 19 May 1948
|
Identification
| Pennant number
: 28
|
Motto
|
- Palmam qui meruit ferat
- Latin
: "Let him bear the palm who has deserved it"
|
Nickname(s)
| Nelsol
|
Honours and
awards
| |
Fate
| Sold for
scrap
, 5 January 1949
|
Badge
| A rearing lion facing back clasping a
palm frond
|
General characteristics (as built)
|
Class and type
| Nelson
-class
battleship
|
Displacement
| |
Length
| 709 ft 10 in (216.4 m)
o/a
|
Beam
| 106 ft (32.3 m)
|
Draught
| 30 ft 4 in (9.2 m) (mean standard)
|
Installed power
| |
Propulsion
| 2 shafts; 2 geared
steam turbines
|
Speed
| 23
knots
(43 km/h; 26 mph)
|
Range
| 7,000
nmi
(13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
|
Complement
| |
Armament
| |
Armour
| |
HMS
Nelson
(
pennant number
: 28) was the
name ship
of
her class
of two battleships built for the
Royal Navy
in the 1920s. They were the first battleships built to meet the limitations of the
Washington Naval Treaty
of 1922. Entering service in 1927, the ship spent her peacetime career with the
Atlantic
and
Home Fleets
, usually as the fleet
flagship
. During the early stages of
World War II
, she searched for German
commerce raiders
, missed participating in the
Norwegian Campaign
after she was badly damaged by a
mine
in late 1939, and escorted convoys in the
Atlantic Ocean
.
In mid-1941
Nelson
escorted several
convoys to Malta
before being torpedoed in September. After repairs she resumed doing so before supporting the British invasion of
French Algeria
during
Operation Torch
in late 1942. The ship covered the invasions of
Sicily
(
Operation Husky
) and Italy (
Operation Avalanche
) in mid-1943 while bombarding coastal defences during
Operation Baytown
. During the
Normandy landings
in June 1944,
Nelson
provided
naval gunfire support
before she struck a mine and spent the rest of the year under repair. The ship was transferred to the
Eastern Fleet
in mid-1945 and returned home a few months after the
Japanese surrender
in September to serve as the flagship of the Home Fleet. She became a
training ship
in early 1946 and was reduced to
reserve
in late 1947.
Nelson
was
scrapped
two years later after being used as a target for bomb tests.
Background and description
[
edit
]
The
Nelson
-class battleship was essentially a smaller, 23-
knot
(43 km/h; 26 mph) battleship version of the
G3 battlecruiser
which had been cancelled for exceeding the constraints of the 1922
Washington Naval Treaty
. The design, which had been approved six months after the treaty was signed, had a main armament of 16-inch (406 mm) guns to match the firepower of the American
Colorado
and Japanese
Nagato
classes
in the
battleline
in a ship displacing no more than 35,000
long tons
(36,000
t
).
[1]
Nelson
had a
length between perpendiculars
of 660 feet (201.2 m) and an
overall length
of 709 feet 10 inches (216.4 m), a
beam
of 106 feet (32.3 m), and a
draught
of 30 feet 4 inches (9.2 m) at mean
standard load
. She
displaced
33,300 long tons (33,800 t) at standard load and 37,780 long tons (38,390 t) at
deep load
. Her crew numbered 1,361 officers and
ratings
when serving as a flagship and 1,314 as a
private ship
.
[2]
The ship was powered by two sets of
Brown-Curtis
geared
steam turbines
, each driving one shaft, using steam from eight
Admiralty 3-drum boilers
. The turbines were rated at 45,000
shaft horsepower
(34,000
kW
) and intended to give the ship a maximum speed of 23 knots. During her
sea trials
on 26 May 1927,
Nelson
reached a top speed of 23.6 knots (43.7 km/h; 27.2 mph) from 46,031 shp (34,325 kW). The ship carried enough
fuel oil
to give her a range of 7,000
nautical miles
(13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at a cruising speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).
[3]
Armament and fire control
[
edit
]
The
main battery
of the
Nelson
-class ships consisted of nine
breech-loading
(BL)
16-inch guns
in three turrets forward of the
superstructure
. Designated 'A', 'B' and 'C' from front to rear, 'B' turret
superfired
over the others. Their
secondary armament
consisted of a dozen
BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XXII
guns in twin-gun turrets aft of the superstructure, three turrets on each
broadside
. Their
anti-aircraft
(AA) armament consisted of six
quick-firing (QF)
4.7-inch (120 mm) Mk VIII
guns in unshielded single mounts and eight
QF 2-pounder (40-millimetre (1.6 in)) guns
in single mounts. The ships were fitted with two submerged
24.5-inch (622 mm)
torpedo tubes
, one on each broadside, angled 10° off the
centreline
.
[4]
The
Nelson
s were built with two
director-control towers
fitted with 15-foot (4.6 m)
rangefinders
to control the main guns. One was mounted above the
bridge
and the other was at the aft end of the superstructure. Each turret was also fitted with a 41-foot (12.5 m) rangefinder. A back-up director for the main armament was positioned on the roof of the
conning tower
in an armoured hood. The secondary armament was controlled by four directors equipped with 12-foot (3.7 m) rangefinders. One pair were mounted on each side of the main director on the bridge roof and the others were abreast the aft main director. The anti-aircraft directors were situated on a tower abaft the main-armament director with a 12-foot high-angle rangefinder in the middle of the tower. A pair of torpedo-control directors with 15-foot rangefinders were positioned abreast the
funnel
.
[5]
Protection
[
edit
]
The ships'
waterline belt
consisted of
Krupp cemented armour
(KC) that was 14 inches (356 mm) thick between the main gun
barbettes
and thinned to 13 inches (330 mm) over the
engine
and
boiler rooms
as well as the six-inch
magazines
, but did not reach either the bow or the stern. To improve its ability to deflect
plunging fire
, its upper edge was inclined 18° outward.
[6]
The ends of the
armoured citadel
were closed off by transverse
bulkheads
of
non-cemented armour
8 and 12 inches (203 and 305 mm) thick at the forward end and 4 and 10 inches (102 and 254 mm) thick at the aft end. The faces of the main-gun turrets were protected by 16-inch of KC armour while the turret sides were 9 to 11 inches (229 to 279 mm) thick and the roof armour plates measured 7.25 inches (184 mm) in thickness. The KC armour of the barbettes ranged in thickness from 12 to 15 inches (305 to 381 mm).
[7]
The top of the armoured citadel of the
Nelson
-class ships was protected by an armoured deck that rested on the top of the belt armour. Its non-cemented armour plates ranged in thickness from 6.25 inches (159 mm) over the main-gun magazines to 3.75 inches (95 mm) over the propulsion machinery spaces and the secondary magazines. Aft of the citadel was an armoured deck 4.25 inches (108 mm) thick at the level of the lower edge of the belt armour that extended almost to the end of the
stern
to cover the steering gear. The conning tower's KC armour was 12 to 14 inches (305 to 356 mm) thick with a 6.5-inch (170 mm) roof. The secondary-gun turrets were protected by 1?1.5 inches (25?38 mm) of non-cemented armour.
[7]
Underwater protection for the
Nelson
s was provided by a
double bottom
5 feet (1.5 m) deep and a
torpedo protection system
. It consisted of an empty outer
watertight compartment
and an inner water-filled compartment. They had a total depth of 12 feet (3.7 m) and were backed by a
torpedo bulkhead
1.5 inches thick.
[8]
Modifications
[
edit
]
The high-angle directors and rangefinder and their platform were replaced by a new circular platform for the
High Angle Control System
(HACS) Mk I director in May?June 1930. By March 1934, the single two-pounder guns and the starboard torpedo director were removed and replaced by a single octuple two-pounder "pom-pom" mount on the
starboard
side of the funnel. It was provided with a Mk I director mounted on the bridge roof. In 1934?1935,
Nelson
was fitted with a pair of quadruple mounts for
Vickers 0.5 in (12.7 mm)
anti-aircraft machine guns that were positioned on the forward superstructure. The ship was also fitted with a
crane
to handle a
Supermarine Seagull
biplane
amphibian aircraft
carried for test purposes; the crane was retained after the end of the trials. Sometime in 1936?1937, she received her portside "pom-pom" and its director. In addition
gun shields
were fitted to the 4.7-inch guns although they were removed by March 1938. During her refit from June 1937 to January 1938,
Nelson
had her high-angle director tower reinforced and enlarged to accommodate a pair of HACS Mk III directors and new non-cemented deck armour was installed. Like the aft deck armour, it was at the level of the bottom of the armour belt, and extended forward from the front of the citadel almost to the
bow
; ranging in thickness from 4 inches (102 mm) close to the citadel to 2.5 inches (64 mm) near the bow.
[9]
While under repair from January?August 1940 after being mined in December 1939,
Nelson
had her aft 6-inch directors replaced by a pair of octuple 2-pounder "pom-pom" mounts and another was added on the
quarterdeck
. She was also fitted with a
Type 279
early-warning radar
. Gun shields were reinstalled on the 4.7-inch guns and a pair of four 20-tube 7-inch (178 mm)
UP rocket
launchers were mounted on the roofs of 'B' and 'C' turrets. These changes increased the size of her crew to 1,452.
[10]
During her repairs after being torpedoed in October 1941,
Nelson
had her torpedo tubes and UP rocket launchers removed and an octuple 2-pounder "pom-pom" mount was installed on the roof of 'B' turret. A pair of
20-millimetre (0.8 in) Oerlikon
AA guns were installed on the roof of 'C' turret and eleven more were mounted in various places on the superstructure; all of which were in single mounts. The existing "pom-pom" directors were replaced by Mk III models and three additional directors were fitted. Each of these directors was equipped with a
Type 282
gunnery radar
. The HACS directors received
Type 285
gunnery radars while the forward main-armament director was fitted with a
Type 284
gunnery radar. The ship was also equipped with a
Type 273
surface-
search radar
and four
Type 283 radars
for using the 16- and 6-inch guns in barrage (anti-aircraft) fire. Another Oerlikon gun was added to the roof of 'C' turret during a refit in September?October 1942. The 0.5-inch Vickers machine guns were removed and 26 single Oerlikon guns were added in May?June 1943; five of which were on the roof of 'C' turret and the other were mounted on the deck and the superstructure.
[11]
While refitting in the United States in late 1944 to prepare her for operations in the Pacific Ocean, her anti-aircraft armament was augmented with 21 more Oerlikon guns for a total of 61 weapons. The back-up director and its armoured hood were replaced by a new platform for a pair of quadruple mounts for
40 mm Bofors
AA guns; another pair of quadruple mounts were added
abaft
the funnel. Most of the "pom-pom" directors were replaced by four Mk 51 directors for the Bofors guns. These additions increased the ship's deep displacement to 44,054 long tons (44,761 t) and her crew to 1,631?1,650 men.
[12]
Construction and career
[
edit
]
Nelson
, named after
Vice-Admiral
Horatio Nelson
,
[13]
was the third ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy.
[14]
She was
laid down
on 28 December 1922 as part of the 1922 Naval Programme at
Armstrong Whitworth
's Low Walker
shipyard
in
North Tyneside
,
Newcastle upon Tyne
[15]
and was
launched
on 3 September 1925. After completing her preliminary sea trials, she was
commissioned
on 15 August 1927 at a cost of
£
7,504,055.
[16]
The
Nelson
-class ships received several nicknames:
Nelsol
and
Rodnol
after the
Royal Fleet Auxiliary
oil tankers
with a prominent amidships superstructure and names ending in "ol",
The Queen's Mansions
after a resemblance between her superstructure and the
Queen Anne's Mansions
block of flats
, the
pair of boots
, the
ugly sisters
and the
Cherry Tree class
as they were cut down by the Washington Naval Treaty.
Nelson
'
s trials resumed after she was formally commissioned and continued in October; the ship entered service on 21 October as the flagship of the Atlantic Fleet (renamed as Home Fleet in March 1932) and remained so, aside from refits or repairs, until 1 April 1941.
Prince George
, the fourth son of
King George V
and
Queen Mary
, served aboard her as a lieutenant on the Admiral's staff until his transfer to the light cruiser
HMS
Durban
in 1928.
[17]
In April 1928, the ship hosted
King Amanullah
of
Afghanistan
during exercises off
Portland
.
[18]
On 29 March 1931, she collided with the
steamship
SS
West Wales
, of
Cardiff
,
Wales
, in foggy conditions off Cape Gilano,
Spain
, although neither vessel was badly damaged.
[19]
Nelson
'
s damage was repaired in July.
[20]
In mid-September, the crew of
Nelson
took part in the
Invergordon Mutiny
when they refused orders to go to sea for an exercise, although they relented after several days when the Admiralty reduced the severity of the pay cuts that prompted the mutiny.
[21]
On 12 January 1934, she ran aground on Hamilton's Shoal, just off
Southsea
, as she was about to depart with the Home Fleet for the spring cruise in the
West Indies
. After removing some supplies and equipment, the ship floated off during the next
high tide
, undamaged. The subsequent investigation did not find any of the ship's officers at fault, attributing the incident to her poor handling at low speed.
Nelson
participated in
King George V
's Silver Jubilee
Fleet Review
in
Spithead
on 16 July 1935 and then
King George VI
's Coronation Fleet Review on 20 May 1937. After a lengthy refit later that year, the ship visited
Lisbon
,
Portugal
, together with her sister
Rodney
in February 1938.
[22]
Second World War
[
edit
]
When Great Britain declared war on Germany, on 3 September 1939,
Nelson
and the bulk of the Home Fleet were unsuccessfully patrolling the waters between
Iceland
,
Norway
and
Scotland
for German
blockade runners
and then did much the same off the Norwegian coast from 6?10 September. On 25?26 September, she helped to cover the salvage and rescue operations of the damaged submarine
HMS
Spearfish
. A month later, the ship covered an
iron ore
convoy from
Narvik
, Norway. On 30 October,
Nelson
was unsuccessfully attacked by the
German submarine
U-56
near the
Orkney Islands
and was hit by two of the three torpedoes fired at a range of 870 yards (800 m), none of which exploded. After the sinking of the
armed merchant cruiser
Rawalpindi
off the coast of Iceland on 23 November by the German
battleships
Scharnhorst
and
Gneisenau
,
Nelson
and her sister participated in the futile pursuit of them. On 4 December 1939, she detonated a
magnetic mine
(laid by
U-31
) at the entrance to
Loch Ewe
on the Scottish coast and was under repair in
HM Dockyard, Portsmouth
, until August 1940. The mine blew a 10-by-6-foot (3.0 by 1.8 m) hole in the hull forward of 'A' turret which flooded the torpedo compartment and some adjacent compartments. The flooding caused a small
list
and caused the ship to
trim
down by the bow. No one was killed, but 74 sailors were wounded.
[23]
After returning to service in August,
Nelson
,
Rodney
and the
battlecruiser
Hood
were transferred from
Scapa Flow
to
Rosyth
, Scotland, in case of invasion. When the signal from the armed merchant cruiser
Jervis Bay
that she was being attacked by the German
heavy cruiser
Admiral Scheer
on 5 November was received by the Admiralty,
Nelson
and
Rodney
were deployed to block the gap between Iceland and the
Faroe Islands
, although
Admiral Scheer
headed for the South Atlantic afterwards. When the Admiralty learned that
Gneisenau
and
Scharnhorst
were attempting to break out into the North Atlantic to resume commerce raiding operations,
Nelson
,
Rodney
and the battlecruiser
Renown
were ordered on 25 January 1941 to assume a position south of Iceland where they could intercept them. After spotting a pair of British cruisers on 28 January, the German ships turned away and were not pursued.
[24]
Nelson
became a private ship on 1 April
[15]
and she was detached to escort Convoy WS.7 from the UK to
South Africa
, visiting
Freetown
,
Sierra Leone
, on the 4th.
[25]
On the return voyage, she and the
aircraft carrier
Eagle
passed the
German auxiliary cruiser
Atlantis
at a range of 7,700 yards (7,000 m) during the night of 18 May in the
South Atlantic
without spotting the German ship. After the
Battle of the Denmark Strait
on 24 May, the
German battleship
Bismarck
was spotted two days later heading for France and
Nelson
and
Eagle
were ordered to join the pursuit from their position north of Freetown.
Bismarck
was sunk the following day well before
Nelson
and her consort could reach her.
[26]
On 1 June, the battleship was assigned to escort Convoy SL.75 to the UK. After the German supply ship
Gonzenheim
was able to evade the armed merchant cruiser
Esperance Bay
on 4 June,
Nelson
was detached to intercept the German ship, which was
scuttled
by her crew when they spotted
Nelson
approaching later that day. After arriving in the UK, the ship rejoined the Home Fleet.
[27]
Mediterranean service
[
edit
]
On 11 July,
[15]
the ship was assigned to escort Convoy WS.9C
[28]
that consisted of merchantmen that were to pass into the Mediterranean to deliver troops and supplies to Malta. Once they passed
Gibraltar
, the escorts were designated as Force X and they were to be reinforced by Force H while in the Western Mediterranean. The ships entered the Mediterranean on the night of 20/21 July and they were attacked by Italian aircraft beginning on the morning of the 23rd.
Nelson
was not engaged and joined Force H later that day as the merchantmen and their escort continued onwards to Malta. The cruisers from Force X rejoined them two days later and the combined force arrived back in Gibraltar on 27 July.
[29]
On 31 July?4 August, Force H provided distant cover to another convoy to Malta (Operation Style).
[30]
Vice-Admiral
James Somerville
, commander of Force H, transferred his flag to
Nelson
on 8 August.
[15]
Several weeks later, the ship participated in Operation Mincemeat, during which Force H escorted a
minelayer
to
Livorno
to lay its mines while
Ark Royal
'
s aircraft attacked Northern
Sardinia
as a diversion. On 13 September, Force H escorted
Ark Royal
and the aircraft carrier
Furious
into the Western Mediterranean as they flew off 45
Hawker Hurricane
fighters to Malta.
[31]
As part of a deception operation when
Operation Halberd
, another mission to convey troops and supplies to Malta, began on 24 September, Somerville's flag was transferred to
Rodney
while
Nelson
and some escorting destroyers departed Gibraltar heading westwards as if the former ship had relieved the latter.
Rodney
and the rest of Force H headed eastwards with
Nelson
and her escorts joining the main body during the night. The British were spotted the following morning and attacked by
Regia Aeronautica
(Royal Italian Air Force) aircraft the next day. A
Savoia-Marchetti SM.84
torpedo bomber
penetrated the screen and dropped a torpedo at a range of 450 yards (410 m). It blew a 30-by-15-foot (9.1 by 4.6 m) hole in the bow, wrecked the torpedo compartment and caused extensive flooding; there were no casualties amongst the crew. Although she was down at the bow by eight feet (2.4 m) and ultimately limited to a speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) to reduce the pressure on her bulkheads,
Nelson
remained with the fleet to so that the Italians would not know that she had been damaged. After emergency repairs were made in Gibraltar, the ship proceeded to Rosyth where she was under repair until May 1942.
[32]
Nelson
was assigned to the
Eastern Fleet
after she finished working up and departed 31 May,
[15]
escorting Convoy WS.19P from the
Clyde
to Freetown
[33]
and its continuation WS.19PF to
Durban
,
South Africa
, en route. She was recalled on 26 June
[34]
to participate in
Operation Pedestal
, a major effort to resupply Malta. Reaching Scapa Flow exactly a month later, she became the flagship of Vice-Admiral
Edward Syfret
, commander of the operation, the following day. The convoy departed the Clyde on 3 August and conducted training before passing through the Strait of Gibraltar on the night of 9/10 August. The convoy was spotted later that morning and the Axis attacks began the following day with the sinking of
Eagle
by a German submarine. Despite repeated attacks by
Axis
aircraft and submarines,
Nelson
was not damaged and made no claims to have shot down any aircraft before the convoy's
capital ships
turned back before reaching the
Skerki Banks
between
Sicily
and
Tunisia
late in the day on the 12th. The ship returned to Scapa Flow afterwards.
[35]
She was transferred to Force H in October to support Operation Torch, departing on the 30th and she arrived in Gibraltar on 6 November. Two days later, Force H provided cover against any interference by the
Regia Marina
for the invading forces in the Mediterranean as they began their landings. Syfret, now commander of Force H, hoisted his flag aboard
Nelson
on 15 November. Force H covered a troop convoy from Gibraltar to
Algiers
, French Algeria, in January 1943. Syfret temporarily transferred his flag to the battleship
King George V
in May as
Nelson
returned to Scapa Flow to train for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. The ship departed Scapa on 17 June and arrived at Gibraltar on the 23rd.
[36]
1943?1949
[
edit
]
On 9 July, Force H, with
Nelson
,
Rodney
and the carrier
Indomitable
, rendezvoused in the
Gulf of Sirte
with the battleships
Warspite
,
Valiant
and the carrier
Formidable
coming from
Alexandria
,
Egypt
to form the covering force for the invasion. The following day, they began patrolling in the
Ionian Sea
to deter any attempt by the
Regia Marina
to interfere with the landings in Sicily. On 31 August,
Nelson
and
Rodney
bombarded
coastal artillery
positions between
Reggio Calabria
and Pessaro in preparation for Operation Baytown, the amphibious invasion of
Calabria
, Italy. The sisters covered the amphibious landings at
Salerno
(Operation Avalanche) on 9 September with
Nelson
using her main guns in "barrage" mode to deter attacking German torpedo bombers. The
Italian armistice
was signed between General
Dwight Eisenhower
and Marshal
Pietro Badoglio
aboard the ship on 29 September.
[37]
Nelson
departed Gibraltar on 31 October for England to rejoin the Home Fleet. She provided naval gunfire support during the Normandy landings in June 1944, but was badly damaged after hitting two mines on the 18th. Temporarily repaired in Portsmouth, the ship was sent to the
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
in the United States on 22 June for repairs. She returned to Britain in January 1945 and was then assigned to the Eastern Fleet, arriving in
Colombo
,
Ceylon
, on 9 July. The ship became the fleet flagship three days later.
Nelson
was used on the western coast of the
Malayan Peninsula
for three months, taking part in
Operation Livery
. The Japanese forces there formally surrendered aboard her at
George Town, Penang
, on 2 September 1945. Ten days later, the ship was present when the Japanese forces in all of
South-east Asia
surrendered in Singapore.
[38]
Nelson
was relieved as flagship on 20 September and departed for home on 13 October. She arrived at Portsmouth on 17 November and became the flagship of the Home Fleet a week later.
King George V
replaced her as flagship on 9 April 1946 and
Nelson
became a training ship in July. When the Training Squadron was formed on 14 August, the ship became flagship of the
Rear-Admiral
that commanded the training battleships. She was relieved as flagship by the battleship
Anson
in October and became a private ship.
Nelson
was slightly damaged by a collision with the submarine
Sceptre
in Portland on 15 April 1947. The ship was placed in reserve on 20 October 1947 at Rosyth and was listed for disposal on 19 May 1948. From 4 June to 23 September, she was used as a target ship for 2,000-pound (910 kg) armour-piercing
aerial bombs
to evaluate their ability to penetrate the ship's armoured deck.
Nelson
was turned over to the
British Iron & Steel Corporation
on 5 January 1949 and was allocated to
Thos. W. Ward
for scrapping. The ship arrived at
Inverkeithing
on 15 March to begin demolition.
[39]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Raven & Roberts, p. 109
- ^
Burt, p. 348
- ^
Raven & Roberts, pp. 114, 125
- ^
Burt, pp. 345, 348
- ^
Raven & Roberts, p. 122
- ^
Burt, pp. 346?348
- ^
a
b
Raven & Roberts, pp. 114, 123
- ^
Raven & Roberts, pp. 123?124
- ^
Burt, pp. 348, 359?364; Raven & Roberts, p. 264
- ^
Burt, pp. 362?365; Raven & Roberts, p. 264
- ^
Brown & Brown, pp. 97?98
- ^
Brown & Brown, p. 98; Burt, pp. 366, 377
- ^
Silverstone, p. 253
- ^
Colledge & Warlow, p. 240
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Burt, p. 381
- ^
Parkes, p. 654
- ^
Our London Letter
, Page 13, The Gloucester Journal, Gloucester, England. 21 July 1928
- ^
Burt, pp. 349, 358, 381
- ^
"Evening Star"
.
Chronicling America
. Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. 30 March 1931. p. 1
. Retrieved
6 December
2019
.
- ^
Burt, p. 382
- ^
Bell, pp. 147?148
- ^
Ballantyne, pp. 80, 83; Burt, pp. 357?358, 381?382
- ^
Ballantyne, p. 88; Burt, pp. 366, 368?370, 374, 381; Haarr, pp. 121, 208, 313; Rohwer, pp. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9?10
- ^
Burt, p. 381; Rohwer, pp. 40, 48, 56
- ^
Hague, Arnold.
"Convoy WS.7"
.
Convoyweb
. Retrieved
7 December
2019
.
- ^
Rohwer, pp. 73?74
- ^
Burt, p. 381; Rohwer, p. 77
- ^
Hague, Arnold.
"Convoy WS.9C"
.
Convoyweb
. Retrieved
7 December
2019
.
- ^
Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 15?21; Rohwer, p. 88
- ^
Rohwer, p. 89
- ^
Rohwer, pp. 94, 98
- ^
Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 23?32; Brown & Brown, p. 26; Burt, pp. 374?376, 381
- ^
Hague, Arnold.
"Convoy WS.19P"
.
Convoyweb
. Retrieved
8 December
2019
.
- ^
Hague, Arnold.
"Convoy WS.19PF"
.
Convoyweb
. Retrieved
8 December
2019
.
- ^
Admiralty Historical Section, pp. 83?90; Burt, p. 381
- ^
Burt, p. 381; Rohwer, pp. 209, 223
- ^
Ballantyne, pp. 205?206; Brown & Brown, p. 27; Burt, p. 381; Rohwer, pp. 255, 262, 269, 272
- ^
Burt, p. 381; Brown & Brown, p. 28; Rohwer, pp. 331?332, 424, 429
- ^
Burt, pp. 377?382
References
[
edit
]
- Admiralty Historical Section (2007).
The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean Convoys: A Naval Staff History
. Naval Staff Histories. Milton Park, UK, and New York: Whitehall History Publishing in association with Routledge.
ISBN
978-0-415-39095-8
.
- Ballantyne, Iain (2008).
H.M.S.
Rodney
. Ships of the Royal Navy. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword.
ISBN
978-1-84415-406-7
.
- Bell, Christopher M. (2003).
"The Invergordon Mutiny, 1931"
. In Bell, Christopher M.; Elleman, Bruce (eds.).
Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective
. London: Frank Cass. pp.
140?158
.
ISBN
0-7146-5460-4
.
- Brown, David K.
(1987). Lambert, Andrew (ed.). "Ship Trials".
Warship
(44): 242?248.
ISSN
0142-6222
.
- Brown, Robert & Brown, Les (2015).
Rodney
and
Nelson
. Shipcraft. Vol. 23. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-84832-219-6
.
- Burt, R. A. (2012).
British Battleships, 1919?1939
(2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN
978-1-59114-052-8
.
- Colledge, J. J.
; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969].
Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy
(Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing.
ISBN
978-1-86176-281-8
.
- Haarr, Geirr H. (2013).
The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 ? April 1940
. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN
978-1-59114-331-4
.
- Jordan, John (2020). "Warship Notes: The 6in Turrets of
Nelson
and
Rodney
". In Jordan, John (ed.).
Warship 2020
. Oxford, UK: Osprey. pp. 184?188.
ISBN
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.
- Parkes, Oscar
(1990) [1966].
British Battleships,
Warrior
1860 to
Vanguard
1950: A History of Design, Construction, and Armament
(New & rev. ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN
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.
- Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1976).
British Battleships of World War Two: The Development and Technical History of the Royal Navy's Battleship and Battlecruisers from 1911 to 1946
. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN
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.
- Rohwer, Jurgen
(2005).
Chronology of the War at Sea 1939?1945: The Naval History of World War Two
(Third revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
ISBN
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.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984).
Directory of the World's Capital Ships
. New York: Hippocrene Books.
ISBN
978-0-88254-979-8
.
External links
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Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1934
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