1791?1794 radical political group during the French Revolution
The
Hebertists
(
French
:
Hebertistes
), or
Exaggerators
(
French
:
Exageres
) were a radical revolutionary political group associated with the populist journalist
Jacques Hebert
, a member of the
Cordeliers
club. They came to power during the
Reign of Terror
and played a significant role in the
French Revolution
.
The Hebertists were ardent supporters of the
dechristianization of France
and of extreme measures in service of the Terror, including the
Law of Suspects
enacted in 1793. They favoured the direct intervention of the state in economic matters in order to ensure the adequate supply of commodities, advocating the national requisition of wine and grain.
[3]
The leaders went to the
guillotine
on 24 March 1794.
Rise to popularity
[
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]
The rise in power of the Hebertists can be largely attributed to the popularity of Hebert's newspaper,
Le Pere Duchesne
. This newspaper, which purported to present the frank opinions of Pere Duchesne, a fictional working-class furnace-maker, had a large following amongst the
sans-culottes
. The government-funded distribution of
Le Pere Duchesne
to the French armies, a policy arranged by the Hebertist Minister of War
Jean Baptiste Noel Bouchotte
in 1793, widened support and sympathy for Hebertist ideas.
On 24 May 1793, the newly appointed
Commission of Twelve
ordered the arrest of Hebert, who had been using
Le Pere Duchesne
to incite violence against members of the
Girondin
faction. The tremendous public outcry and civil unrest which ensued rapidly resulted in Hebert's release. However, rioting continued, culminating in a series of
insurrections
. On 31 May 1793, a large crowd of sans-culotte agitators surrounded the
National Convention
in an attempt to force its accession to their demands, namely the dissolution of the Commission of Twelve, the arrest of a list of Girondin deputies, a tax on the rich and the restriction of suffrage to sans-culottes.
[4]
The Commission was abolished, but on 2 June 1793 the crowds?now supported by National Guard forces headed by Hebertist and newly appointed Commandant-General
Francois Hanriot
?returned. Hanriot threatened to set fire to the Convention if the offending Girondin deputies were not expelled. Ultimately, the arrest of twenty-nine Girondins was decreed, marking the end of the Girondin faction's political power.
[5]
Following the assassination of
Jean-Paul Marat
by a Girondin sympathizer in July 1793, Hebert positioned himself as Marat's natural successor in the affections of those who had shared the dead man's ultra-revolutionary beliefs.
[6]
The Hebertists' popularity grew. Their evident and increasingly destabilizing influence was disturbing to many less extreme revolutionary politicians, including leading
Montagnard
figures such as
Georges Danton
and
Maximilien Robespierre
?the latter of whom especially disapproved of the Hebertists'
atheism
.
[6]
Accusations and denunciation
[
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]
Over the course of October 1793, a number of accusations were leveled against prominent Hebertists by
Fabre d'Eglantine
, a friend and supporter of Danton. Fabre claimed to have discovered a foreign plot in which
Stanislas-Marie Maillard
and
Anacharsis Cloots
, among others, were implicated as agents. This succeeded in casting suspicion on the Hebertist faction. However, Fabre himself was rapidly revealed to have been acting in part as part of an elaborate attempt to conceal his own involvement in a scandal surrounding the liquidation of the
French East India Company
and his credibility was thereby diminished.
In December 1793, the journalist
Camille Desmoulins
?whose political opinions had long been aligned with those of Danton and Robespierre?began publishing a journal,
Le Vieux Cordelier
, aimed in part at the discrediting of the Hebertist faction. The journal's title alluded to the fact that the
Cordeliers Club
, formerly a moderate revolutionary society dominated by the policies of Danton, had become overrun by sans-culotte Hebertists and their sympathizers. Desmoulins attacked Hebert for bringing the
French Republic
into disrepute through his writings, claiming that "when the tyrants of Europe wish[ed] to vilify the Republic, to make their slaves believe that France is covered with the darkness of barbarism, that Paris [...] is peopled with Vandals", they reprinted
Le Pere Duchesne
.
[7]
He also mocked Hebert for having pretended to be a "man of the people" and a representative of the sans-culottes?when in fact he had profited handsomely from the contracts his follower Bouchotte had secured to distribute
Le Pere Duchesne
to the armies.
[8]
In turn, Hebert accused Desmoulins of hypocrisy, pointing out that his current opposition to violence and extremism (in addition to attacking ultra-revolutionary excesses, Desmoulins had called for an end to the Terror) stood in sharp contrast to his support for such tactics in a 1789 pamphlet,
Discours de la lanterne aux Parisiens,
which had advocated the execution of those opposed to
revolution
. The vitriolic exchange continued throughout the winter of 1793?1794, ultimately contributing to the downfall of both Desmoulins and Hebert.
Fall from power
[
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]
Following the February 1794 recall of Hebertist deputy
Jean-Baptiste Carrier
from Nantes, where he had been engaged in
mass executions
to suppress the
Vendeen revolts
, the Hebertists attempted to stage a popular revolt, hoping to mimic that which had led to the downfall of the Girondins. On 4 March 1794, Carrier and Hebert veiled the bust of Liberty at the Cordeliers Club, declaring according to ritual a state of insurrection. They had hoped to demand that the National Convention expel Robespierre and his Montagnard supporters.
[9]
However, the city of Paris did not rise and the
Paris Commune
failed to provide military support for the coup.
The Hebertists were denounced by
Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
and Robespierre, and the leaders of the faction were arrested on 13 March 1794.
[9]
Some twenty of them, including
Anacharsis Cloots
,
Pierre-Ulric Dubuisson
,
Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
,
Jean Conrad de Kock
,
Antoine-Francois Momoro
,
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
,
Francois-Nicolas Vincent
and Hebert himself were tried before the
Revolutionary Tribunal
and convicted on 24 March 1794. They went to the guillotine that same evening.
[10]
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
followed a few days later, followed by Hebert's widow
Marie Marguerite Francoise Hebert
.
Other Hebertists, including
Joseph Le Bon
,
Jean-Baptiste Carrier
,
Francois Chabot
and
Francois Hanriot
, were to also fall victim to the guillotine on various dates in 1794 and 1795.
Notable Hebertists
[
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]
Gallery
[
edit
]
References
[
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]
Notes
[
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]
- ^
Matthew S. Buckley, Professor Matthew S Buckley, ed. (2006).
Tragedy Walks the Streets: The French Revolution in the Making of Modern Drama
.
JHU Press
. p. 129.
ISBN
9781139430173
.
... Bouloiseau, reviewing the political history of this period , explains that these two purges ? the first directed against the populist, radical Hebertists to the Jacobin left, the second at the moderate Dantonists to their right ...
- ^
Christopher K. Ansell, ed. (2001).
Schism and Solidarity in Social Movements: The Politics of Labor in the French Third Republic
.
Cambridge University Press
. p. 40.
ISBN
9781139430173
.
- ^
Schama, 806
- ^
Furet, 127.
- ^
Furet, 128.
- ^
a
b
Furet, 141.
- ^
Claretie, 271.
- ^
Schama, 811.
- ^
a
b
Scurr, 306.
- ^
The Quarterly Review (London)
. 1835. p. 560.
Further reading
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]
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