City in Haryana, India
City in India
Gurgaon
(
Hindi:
[????aːw]
), officially named
Gurugram
(
[??????aːm]
), is a
satellite city
and administrative headquarters of
Gurgaon district
, located in the northern Indian state of
Haryana
.
[6]
It is situated near the
Delhi
?
Haryana
border, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of the national capital
New Delhi
and 268 km (167 mi) south of
Chandigarh
, the state capital.
[7]
It is one of the major satellite cities of Delhi and is part of the
National Capital Region of India
.
[8]
As of 2011
[update]
, Gurgaon had a population of 876,969.
[2]
[4]
Gurgaon is India's second largest
information technology
hub and third largest financial and banking hub.
[9]
[10]
Gurgaon is also home to one of India's largest
medical tourism
industries.
[11]
Despite being India's
56th largest city
in terms of population, Gurgaon is the 8th largest city in the country in terms of total wealth.
[12]
It serves as the
headquarters of many of India's largest companies
, is home to thousands of
startup companies
and has local offices for more than 250
Fortune 500
companies.
[13]
It accounts for almost 70% of the total annual economic investments in Haryana state, which has helped it become a leading hub for
high-tech industry
in northern India.
[14]
Gurgaon is categorised as very high on the
Human Development Index
, with an HDI of 0.889 (2017).
[15]
Gurgaon's economic growth started in the 1970s when
Maruti Suzuki India Limited
established a manufacturing plant and gathered pace after
General Electric
established its business outsourcing operations known as
Genpact
in the city in collaboration with real-estate firm
DLF
.
[16]
[17]
New Gurgaon
,
Manesar
and
Sohna
serve as adjoining manufacturing and upcoming real estate hubs for Gurgaon. Despite rapid economic and population growth, Gurgaon continues to battle socio-economic issues, such as high-income inequality and high air pollution.
[18]
[19]
It also has a flood problem due to the limited drainage capacity.
[20]
History
The region of Gurgaon originally fell under the
Kuru Kingdom
.
[21]
Early people to inhabit the region were Hindus ruled over by the
Ahir
clan.
[22]
Yadu
tribes were a part of this clan and today their descendants commonly hold the last name
Yadav
. In late 4th century BCE, the city was absorbed by the
Maurya Empire
as part of
Chandragupta Maurya
's earliest expansions of his kingdom.
[23]
Gurgaon may be same as the Gudapura town mentioned in the 12th century text
Prithviraja Vijaya
. According to the text, Nagarjuna, a cousin of the
Chahamana
king
Prithviraj Chauhan
, rebelled against the king and captured the town. Prithviraj crushed the rebellion and recaptured the town.
[24]
[25]
During the
Mughal
and initially during the
British colonial era
, Gurgaon was just a small village in
Jharsa
paragana
of Delhi
subah
. Report of a Tour in Eastern Rajputana in 1882?83 (published in 1885) by
Alexander Cunningham
, the then Director-General of
Archaeological Survey of India
, he mentions a stone pillar at Gurgaon of a local feudal lord
"Durgga Naga"
with a 3-line inscription
"
Samvat
729 or 928,
Vaisakh
badi 4, Durgga Naga lokatari bhuta"
dating back to 672 CE or 871 CE. Jharsa paragana passed to
Begum Samru
in 1776?77 and came under direct British rule in 1836 after her death when her territory was taken over by the British who established a civil lines at Jharsa and a cavalry cantonment at nearby Hiyadatpur. An 1882 land revenue settlement report records that the
idol of Sitla Mata
was brought to Gurgaon 400 years earlier (15th century). Begum Samru claimed the offering to Sitla Mata temple during the
Chaitra
month and the revenue from the offerings given to the deity for rest of the month was distributed among the prominent
Jat
zamindars
of the area.
[26]
In 1818,
Bharawas district
was disbanded and Gurgaon was made a new district. In 1821, the
Bharaswas cantonment
was also moved to Hidayatpur in Gurgaon.
[27]
"Aliwardi mosque"
in Gurgaon,
"
Badshahpur baoli
"
(1905).
[28]
[29]
and
"
Bhondsi
"
(16th to 17th century) were built during mughal and British era.
[30]
The
"Church of the Epiphany"
and
"Kaman Serai"
(Corrupted form of the "Command Serai" or
Officer's Mess"
) was built by the Britishers in 1925 inside the civil lines.
[30]
Other British colonial era historic buildings The Gurgaon Club, a 3-room building surrounded by the lawn and currently run by the
Zila Parishad
, the erstwhile Coronation School?now renamed to the Government Boys' Senior Secondary School, one of the 13 school established in India in 1911 to commemorate the coronation of King
George V
.
[31]
During 1980s, the
airstrip and hangar
, air conditioned yoga ashram and TV studio were built on outskirts of the city by former Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi
's yoga mentor
Dhirendra Brahmachari
.
[32]
The former Prime Minister
Chandra Shekhar
established his own ashram near this airstrip in 1983 on 600 acre of
panchayat
land, where another godman
Chandraswami
and notorious Saudi arms dealer
Adnan Khashoggi
used to visit him.
[33]
[34]
On 12 April 2016,
Chief Minister of Haryana
Manohar Lal Khattar
announced a proposal to officially rename the city
Gurugram
(
Sanskrit
: ?????????, lit.
village of the
Guru
), subject to the approval of the
Haryana cabinet
and the
Union Government
. He argued that the new name would help to preserve the "rich heritage" of the city by emphasising its history and mythological association with Drona.
[35]
[36]
[37]
On 27 September 2016, he officially announced that the Union Government had approved the name change, and thus the city and district would henceforth be known as Gurugram,
[38]
though the old name "Gurgaon" still lingers in the colloquial usage.
[39]
Geography
Gurgaon is located in
Gurgaon district
in the Indian state of
Haryana
and is situated in the southeastern part of the state, and
northern part
of the country. The city is located on the border with Delhi with New Delhi to its northeast. The city has a total area of 232 square kilometres (90 sq mi).
[2]
[40]
[41]
Topography
The average land elevation is 217 metres (712 ft) above sea level.
[42]
Ecology
Gurgaon lies on the
Sahibi River
, a
tributary
of
Yamuna
which originates from the
Aravalli range
in Rajasthan and flows through west and
South Haryana
into Delhi where it is also known as the
Najafgarh drain
. The paleochannel and the current course of the Sahibi river have series of
biodiversity hotspots
and
Important Bird Area
(IBA) wetlands and forests within Gurugam, including the Outfall Drain Number 6 (canalised portion in Haryana of Sahibi river), Outfall Drain Number 8 (canalised portion in Haryana of
Dohan river
which is a tributary of Sahibi river), Sarbashirpur wetland,
Sultanpur National Park
,
Basai wetland
,
Najafgarh lake
and
Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary
, Ghata lake, Badshahpur lake, Khandsa lake and The Lost lake of Gurgaon.
[43]
Other IBA wetlands along the Saibi river, outside Gurgaon district, are the
Masani barrage
wetland,
Matanhail forest
,
Chhuchhakwas-Godhari
,
Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary
,
Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
, etc. All of these are home to endangered and migratory birds. Most of these largely remain unprotected. These are under extreme threat mainly from the colonisers and builders.
Mangar Bani
, a
sacred grove and forest with wetlands
between Gurgaon and Faridabad, is one of the last surviving natural forests in NCR is protected by Gurjars of nearby area.
[44]
Contiguous to Mangar bani are
Gwal Pahari
and
Bandhwari
forested area. All of these lie on the
Southern Delhi Ridge
of Aravalli range.
Climate
Under the
Koppen climate classification
, the climate of Gurgaon is an overlap between a
monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate
(
Koppen
Cwa
) and a
hot semi-arid climate
(
Koppen
BSh
).
[45]
The city experiences four distinct seasons ? spring (February?March), summer (April?August), autumn (October?November) and winter (December?January) ? along with the
monsoon
season (June?September) setting in towards the latter half of the summer. Summers, from early April to September, are typically hot and humid, with an average daily June high temperature of 40 °C (104 °F). The season experiences heat indices easily breaking 43 °C (109 °F). Winters are cool and foggy with few sunny days. The
Western Disturbance
brings some rain in winters that further adds to the chill. Spring and autumn are mild and pleasant seasons with low humidity. The monsoon season usually starts in the first week of July and continues till August. Thunderstorms are not uncommon during the monsoon. The average annual rainfall is 648.6 millimetres (25.5 in).
[46]
The highest ever temperature recorded is 49.0 °C (120.2 °F) on 10 May 1966 and the lowest ever is ?0.4 °C (31.3 °F) on 5 December 1966. On 15 May 2022 Gurgaon recorded a maximum temperature of 48.1 °C (118.6 °F), the hottest day in May in 56 years.
Climate data for Gurgaon (1991?2020, extremes 1965?2000)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
33.5
(92.3)
|
39.5
(103.1)
|
44.8
(112.6)
|
49.0
(120.2)
|
47.5
(117.5)
|
45.0
(113.0)
|
41.0
(105.8)
|
41.2
(106.2)
|
39.3
(102.7)
|
38.4
(101.1)
|
30.2
(86.4)
|
49.0
(120.2)
|
Mean maximum °C (°F)
|
25.0
(77.0)
|
29.2
(84.6)
|
35.7
(96.3)
|
42.9
(109.2)
|
45.0
(113.0)
|
45.0
(113.0)
|
40.6
(105.1)
|
38.1
(100.6)
|
37.2
(99.0)
|
35.2
(95.4)
|
32.8
(91.0)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
45.7
(114.3)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
20.1
(68.2)
|
23.8
(74.8)
|
29.9
(85.8)
|
36.9
(98.4)
|
40.9
(105.6)
|
39.3
(102.7)
|
35.9
(96.6)
|
33.9
(93.0)
|
33.4
(92.1)
|
32.0
(89.6)
|
27.8
(82.0)
|
22.5
(72.5)
|
31.2
(88.2)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
6.9
(44.4)
|
9.5
(49.1)
|
14.0
(57.2)
|
19.6
(67.3)
|
24.6
(76.3)
|
26.7
(80.1)
|
26.7
(80.1)
|
25.8
(78.4)
|
24.4
(75.9)
|
18.0
(64.4)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
7.5
(45.5)
|
17.7
(63.9)
|
Mean minimum °C (°F)
|
3.9
(39.0)
|
4.9
(40.8)
|
8.6
(47.5)
|
14.5
(58.1)
|
19.1
(66.4)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
23.5
(74.3)
|
23.1
(73.6)
|
21.8
(71.2)
|
13.2
(55.8)
|
7.3
(45.1)
|
3.5
(38.3)
|
3.0
(37.4)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
0.0
(32.0)
|
0.9
(33.6)
|
3.7
(38.7)
|
9.2
(48.6)
|
14.8
(58.6)
|
19.1
(66.4)
|
21.0
(69.8)
|
21.2
(70.2)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
9.8
(49.6)
|
2.6
(36.7)
|
?0.4
(31.3)
|
?0.4
(31.3)
|
Average rainfall mm (inches)
|
13.5
(0.53)
|
16.9
(0.67)
|
3.4
(0.13)
|
8.2
(0.32)
|
22.7
(0.89)
|
79.2
(3.12)
|
135.5
(5.33)
|
211.4
(8.32)
|
120.8
(4.76)
|
15.9
(0.63)
|
10.7
(0.42)
|
9.9
(0.39)
|
648.6
(25.54)
|
Average rainy days
|
1.2
|
1.2
|
0.5
|
0.6
|
1.7
|
4.3
|
7.6
|
8.5
|
5.5
|
1.3
|
1.0
|
0.8
|
34.2
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
(at 17:30
IST
)
|
54
|
45
|
37
|
28
|
31
|
40
|
63
|
69
|
59
|
45
|
47
|
55
|
48
|
Average
dew point
°C (°F)
|
8
(46)
|
9
(48)
|
11
(52)
|
11
(52)
|
14
(57)
|
20
(68)
|
24
(75)
|
25
(77)
|
23
(73)
|
16
(61)
|
11
(52)
|
8
(46)
|
15
(59)
|
Average
ultraviolet index
|
5
|
5
|
7
|
9
|
9
|
9
|
8
|
7
|
7
|
7
|
6
|
4
|
6.9
|
Source 1:
India Meteorological Department
[46]
Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985-2015)
[47]
|
Source 2: Weather Atlas
[48]
|
Demographics
The Gurgaon city area has an estimated population of 876,969,
[2]
according to the
2011 Census of India
.
Religion
Hinduism is the most popular religion in Gurgaon, followed by Islam, and Sikhism. There are small numbers of Christian, and Buddhist followers. Gurgaon has adherents of
Hinduism
,
Sikhism
,
Islam
,
Buddhism
,
Jainism
,
Christianity
and the
Baha?i Faith
, amongst others. There are several places of worship for major religions, including
mandirs
,
gurdwaras
,
mosques
and
churches
.
Sheetla Mata Mandir
, located at the heart of Gurgaon,
[50]
is a temple dedicated to the wife of
Guru Dronacharya
, Kripi.
[51]
The temple hosts fairs and people come to seek blessings of Sheetla Mata, earlier known as Kripi.
Sai Ka Aangan temple, spread over an area of 36,000 square feet, is dedicated to
Shirdi Sai Baba
and has a life size idol of him.
[52]
Cityscape
Architecture
Gurgaon has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods. Gurgaon's skyline with its many skyscrapers is nationally recognised, and the city has been home to several tall buildings with modern planning. Gurgaon has an estimated 1,892 high-rises.
[53]
[54]
The average cost of a 93-square-metre (1,000 sq ft) two-bedroom apartment at a decent condominium in Gurgaon is at least $160,130 (? One crore).
Neighbourhoods
Gurgaon is divided into 36 wards, with each ward further divided into blocks. The housing type in the city consists largely of attached housing, though many attached
multi-dwelling units
, including
apartments
, condominiums and
high rise residential towers
are getting popular.
Parks
Gurgaon has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the Gurgaon Metropolitan Development Authority. The key parks are Leisure Valley Park in Sector 29, which is over 15 hectares (36 acres); Tau Devi Lal Biodiversity Botanical Garden in Sector 52; Navisha Park in Malibu Towne, Sector-47; Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Park in Sector 14, popularly known as HUDA Garden; Tau Devi Lal park in Sector 23; and
Aravali Biodiversity Park
on MG Road.
[55]
There are local parks in almost all sectors in Old Gurgaon.
[56]
Culture
Entertainment and performing arts
Notable performing art venues in the city include Epicentre in Sector 44 and Nautanki Mehal at the
Kingdom of Dreams
near IFFCO Chowk.
Bollywood actor
Rajkummar Rao
was born in Gurgaon.
[57]
Languages and dialect
The main language spoken in Gurgaon is
Hindi
, though a segment of the population understands and speaks English. The dialect used in Hindi is similar to that of Delhi, and is considered neutral, though the regional influences from the states of Haryana,
Uttar Pradesh
and
Punjab
adds an accent to the language. English is spoken with an Indian accent, with a primarily North Indian influence. Since Gurgaon has many international
call centres
, the employees are usually given formal training in neutral pronunciation in order to be understandable to native English speakers.
Haryanvi
and
Punjabi
are other popular languages spoken in the city.
Sports
The city has two major sports stadiums:
Tau Devi Lal Stadium
in Sector 38, which has facilities for
cricket
,
football
,
basketball
and
athletics
as well as a sports hostel, and
Nehru Stadium
which is designed for football and athletics.
Amity United FC
is a tenant of Tau Devi Lal Stadium. Gurgaon district has nine golf courses and is described as the "heart of India's golfing country".
[58]
Joginder Rao
, a domestic cricket player, was from Gurgaon.
Economy
Gurgaon has the third highest per-capita income in India and is the site of Indian offices for half of
Fortune 500
companies.
[
citation needed
]
The city also benefits from its close proximity to Delhi.
Maruti Suzuki Private Limited was the first company that set up a manufacturing unit in the city in the 1970s, making cars.
[16]
Eventually,
DLF Limited
, a
real estate
company, acquired vast stretches of land in the city. The first major American brand to set up a unit in Gurgaon was
General Electric
in 1997. GE's setup in Gurgaon prompted other companies, both international and domestic, to follow suit
[59]
providing outsourcing solutions in software, IT, service and sales through delivery facilities and call centres. However, due to the lack of proper public transport and the inability of most of the employees to afford a personal vehicle, most of the call centres provide pooled-in cars to and from their offices.
[59]
Apart from
business process outsourcing
and IT sectors, the city is home to several other companies that specialise in domain expertise.
Siemens Industry Software
, in Gurgaon Business Park, made a portfolio of design software that was used by
NASA
to digitally design, simulate and assemble the vehicle
[
clarification needed
]
before any physical prototypes were built.
[59]
Various international companies, including
Coca-Cola
,
Pepsi
,
BMW
,
Agilent Technologies
, and
Hyundai
, have chosen Gurgaon as their Indian corporate headquarters; this continues to in the 2020s, with
Cargill
and
Nissan
making the same choice.
[59]
[60]
[61]
All the major companies in the city depend on their own backup, given the fact that Gurgaon does not have a reliable power and water supply, public transport or utilities.
Retail
is an important industry in Gurgaon, with the presence of 26 shopping malls.
[62]
All Nippon Airways
, a Japanese airline, maintains its Delhi sales office in the Time Tower in Gurgaon.
[63]
Technology company
LetsTrack
is also headquartered in Gurgaon.
[64]
Law and government
Gurgaon is governed by the Municipal Corporation of Gurugram, which follows a mayor-council system.
[65]
In 2017, the GMDA (Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority) was formed, which looks after the city's infrastructure.
Crime
As per the authorities, the following is the key crime data of Gurgaon for 2022:
[66]
Nature of crime
|
Number of cases (2022)
|
% change (as compared to 2021)
|
Notes
|
Homicide
|
88
|
|
80% cases solved and perpetrators arrested.
|
Rape
|
187
|
-15% (Decline)
|
|
Child sex abuse
|
214
|
-21% (decline)
|
|
Molestation
|
214
|
-9% (decline)
|
|
Robbery
/
loot
|
62
|
-2% (Decline)
|
88% cases solved.
|
Burglary
|
353
|
-5% (decline)
|
|
Snatching
|
216
|
+27% (rise)
|
Majority of the cases solved. Tracing ratio improved from 46% to 73%.
|
Vehicle theft
|
3,523
|
-2% (decline)
|
|
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act
cases
|
162
|
|
Over 465 kg ganja, 1.8 kg sulpha drugs, 1.9 kg heroin & 25 gm MDMA seized.
|
Gambling
|
381
|
|
|
Excise act
cases
|
1,461
|
|
Over 63,558 bottles of imported liquor, 80,914 bottles of country-made liquor & 12,917 bottles of beer seized.
|
Arms act
cases
|
354
|
|
|
Challans
(
Traffic tickets
) issued for traffic violations
|
7,33,933
|
|
|
Vehicles impounded under
scrappage program
|
1,458
|
|
Diesel vehicles older than 10 years and petrol vehicles older than 15 years impounded.
|
Proclaimed offenders
arrested
|
800
|
+46% (rise)
|
|
Bail jumpers
held
|
357
|
+179% (rise)
|
|
The police department in Gurgaon is headed by the Commissioner of Police - Gurgaon Police, which forms a part of the
Haryana Police
[67]
and reports to the Haryana state government. Gurgaon Police has a separate traffic police department headquartered in sector 51.
[68]
Fire protection within the city limits is provided by Municipal Corporation of Gurugram through four fire stations, located in sector 29, sector 37, Udyog Vihar and Bhim Nagar.
[69]
In 2018, the first cyber police station was inaugurated in the city. As per the authorities, around 1,500 complaints related to cybercrime, including cyber fraud, online banking fraud, cheating through bank cards, social media complaints & data theft, are received every month. Due to a shortage of in-house cyber experts, the police largely outsource such cases to external organisations.
[70]
Education
The city's public school system is managed by the government of Haryana and administered by
Haryana Board of School Education
. There are other schools affiliated to the
Central Board of Secondary Education
,
Indian Certificate of Secondary Education
and
International Baccalaureate
boards. Key schools in the city include
Alpine Convent School
,
Ambience Public School
, Amity International School,
Blue Bells Model School
,
Delhi Public School
,
Gems International School
,
Gurugram Public School
,
Heritage Xperiential Learning School
,
K R Mangalam World School
,
Lancers International School
, MatriKiran,
Ryan International School
,
SCR Public School
,
Shalom Hills International School
,
The Shri Ram School
and
Vega Schools
.
There are several universities and institutes, offering bachelor's, master's, doctorate and other programs, located in Gurgaon and the surrounding area, including
Gurugram University
,
Sushant University
,
Sushant School of Art and Architecture
,
Ansal University
,
The NorthCap University
,
GD Goenka University
,
K.R. Mangalam University
,
Amity University
,
Management Development Institute
,
Great Lakes Institute of Management
,
Infinity Business School
,
BML Munjal University
,
Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University
,
[71]
and
National Brain Research Centre
.
Transport
Roadways
The major highway that links Gurgaon is
National Highway 48
, the road that runs from Delhi to Mumbai. While the 27.7-kilometre (17.2 mi) Delhi-Gurgaon border-Kherki Dhaula stretch has been developed as the
Delhi?Gurgaon Expressway
, the rest is expanded to six lanes.
[72]
Railways
Intercity rail
Gurgaon railway station
is operated by
Northern Railway
of
Indian Railways
. The rail station forms a part of the larger Indian Railways network. Along with that, Gurgaon has Tajnagar railway station, Dhankot railway station, Ghari Harsaru Railway Junction and Farrukhnagar Railway Station, Patli Railway Station. Under Modernisation of Railway Stations, Indian Railways is modernising four
railway stations
in Gurgaon. Gurgaon railway station, Ghari Harsaru Railway Junction and Farrukhnagar Railway Station will be developed and modernised with modern amenities and international facilities.
Delhi Metro
There are five stations served by
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.
located on the
Yellow Line
, which are
Millennium City Centre
,
IFFCO Chowk
,
MG Road
,
Sikanderpur
and
Guru Droncharya
.
Rapid Metro
The
Rapid Metro
has eleven stations in Gurgaon, with an interchange with
Yellow Line
of
Delhi Metro
at
Sikanderpur metro station
. The Rapid Metro became operational in November 2013 and currently covers a distance of 11.7 kilometres (7.3 mi).
[73]
One more phase of the project is in the pipeline and would take the total number of subway stations in the city to 16. An estimated 33,000 people ride the Rapid Metro every day, which provides an exclusive elevated transit service with three coach trains that run in a loop.
[74]
Airways
Airport
Gurgaon is served by Delhi's
Indira Gandhi International Airport
, which is located just outside of Gurgaon city limits near National Highway 8.
[
citation needed
]
Transit systems
Public transit
In November 2013, Gurgaon launched an
Ciclovia
-inspired initiative known as
Raahgiri Day
?in which a corridor of streets is closed to motor vehicle traffic on Sunday mornings to encourage the use of non-motorized transport and participation in outdoor leisure activities. Gurgaon was the first city in India to implement such a program, followed by New Delhi, and later Noida.
[75]
[76]
[77]
Gurgaon is also expected to get India's first
pod taxis
.
[78]
Utilities
Electricity in Gurgaon is provided by the government-owned
Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam
. Gurgaon has a power consumer base of 360,000 with an average power load of 700-800 MW.
[79]
There are frequent power outages in the city, especially during the peak consumption season of summer. Apart from the power deficit, the equipment used by the power department like transformers, panels and transmission lines are either old or overburdened.
[80]
Issues
Flooding
Gurgaon is notorious for its urban floods every monsoon.
[81]
The areas on NH-8 around Hero Honda Chowk, Basai, Dhankot, sector 37 etc. see massive urban floods and headlines grabbing traffic jams reported widely in news media. A recent research report puts the blame on the broken natural water body linkage and obstructions in the flow in the city due to frantic construction during the last decades.
[43]
The
HUDA
master drainage lines get choked or burst at the seams. Disruptions in the hydrological flow of natural drains and limited drainage capacity are all primary reasons for the floods.
[20]
Gurgaon's Ghata Jheel, Badshahpur Jheel, Khandsa Talab were linked to
Najafgarh drain
which links to
Yamuna river
, via natural water channels and drains.
[43]
As per the ground reports and research, the three natural water bodies are struggling for their existence with encroachments on their lands and natural channels. Agencies responsible have tried to create artificial water bodies to compensate, but the efforts fail due to unpredictable rain and water flow patterns leading to deployment of water pumps to fight the situation.
[82]
In 2012 Punjab & Haryana High court banned ground water usage for construction activity,
[83]
and NGT has recently reprimanded authorities for drain concretisation.
[84]
See also
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Further reading
- Basi, J.K. Tina (2009),
Women, Identity and India's Call Centre Industry
, Oxford: Routledge,
ISBN
978-0-203-88379-2
, retrieved
12 November
2013
- Gururani, Shiva (1 March 2013),
"Flexible Planning: The Making of India's 'Millennium City', Gurgaon"
, in Anne M. Rademacher (ed.),
Ecologies of Urbanism in India: Metropolitan Civility and Sustainability
, K. Sivaramakrshnan, Hong Kong University Press, pp. 119?,
ISBN
978-988-8139-77-4
- Narain, Vishal (2009), "Growing city, shrinking hinterland: land acquisition, transition and conflict in peri-urban Gurgaon, India",
Environment and Urbanization
,
21
(2): 501?512,
Bibcode
:
2009EnUrb..21..501N
,
doi
:
10.1177/0956247809339660
- Pagnamenta, Robin (6 July 2012),
"Indians riot over water shortages and power cuts"
,
The Times
, London,
archived
from the original on 19 December 2013
, retrieved
12 November
2013
- Rich, Nathan (2013),
"Globally integrated/locally fractured: the extraordinary development of Gurgaon, India"
, in Peggy Deamer (ed.),
Architecture and Capitalism: 1845 to the Present
, London: Routledge, pp. 172?188,
ISBN
978-1-135-04954-6
, retrieved
12 November
2013
- Yardley, Jim (6 September 2011),
"In Gurgaon, India, Dynamism Wrestles With Dysfunction"
,
The New York Times
,
archived
from the original on 17 June 2013
, retrieved
12 November
2013
External links
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