Protein or other substance that stimulates cellular proliferation
A
growth factor
is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating
cell proliferation
,
wound healing
, and occasionally
cellular differentiation
.
[1]
Usually it is a secreted
protein
or a
steroid hormone
. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
Growth factors typically act as
signaling
molecules between cells. Examples are
cytokines
and
hormones
that bind to specific
receptors
on the surface of their target
cells
.
They often promote cell differentiation and maturation, which varies between growth factors. For example,
epidermal growth factor
(EGF) enhances osteogenic differentiation (
osteogenesis
or bone formation),
[2]
while
fibroblast growth factors
and
vascular endothelial growth factors
stimulate blood vessel differentiation (
angiogenesis
).
Comparison to cytokines
[
edit
]
Growth factor
is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term
cytokine
.
[3]
Historically, cytokines were associated with
hematopoietic
(blood and lymph forming) cells and
immune system
cells (e.g.,
lymphocytes
and tissue cells from
spleen
,
thymus
, and
lymph nodes
). For the
circulatory system
and
bone marrow
in which cells can occur in a liquid suspension and not bound up in solid
tissue
, it makes sense for them to communicate by soluble, circulating protein
molecules
. However, as different lines of research converged, it became clear that some of the same signaling proteins which the hematopoietic and immune systems use were also being used by all sorts of other cells and tissues, during development and in the mature organism.
While
growth factor
implies a positive effect on
cell proliferation
,
cytokine
is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation. While some cytokines can be growth factors, such as
G-CSF
and
GM-CSF
, others have an inhibitory effect on
cell growth
or cell proliferation. Some cytokines, such as
Fas ligand
, are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed
cell death
or
apoptosis
.
The
nerve growth factor
(NGF) was first discovered by
Rita Levi-Montalcini
, which won her a
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
.
List of classes
[
edit
]
Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and
evolutionarily
related proteins. There are many families, some of which are listed below:
In platelets
[
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]
The
alpha granules
in blood
platelets
contain growth factors PDGF, IGF-1, EGF, and TGF-β which begin healing of wounds by attracting and activating
macrophages
,
fibroblasts
, and
endothelial cells
.
Uses in medicine
[
edit
]
For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment of
hematologic
and
oncologic
diseases
[4]
[5]
and cardiovascular diseases
[6]
[7]
such as:
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"growth factor"
at
Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^
Del Angel-Mosqueda C, Gutierrez-Puente Y, Lopez-Lozano AP, Romero-Zavaleta RE, Mendiola-Jimenez A, Medina-De la Garza CE, Marquez-M M, De la Garza-Ramos MA (September 2015).
"Epidermal growth factor enhances osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in vitro"
.
Head & Face Medicine
.
11
: 29.
doi
:
10.1186/s13005-015-0086-5
.
PMC
4558932
.
PMID
26334535
.
- ^
Yorio T, Clark AF, Wax MB (2007).
Ocular Therapeutics: Eye on New Discoveries
. Academic Press. p. 88.
ISBN
978-0-12-370585-3
.
- ^
Cottler-Fox M, Klein HG (April 1994). "Transfusion support of hematology and oncology patients. The role of recombinant hematopoietic growth factors".
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
.
118
(4): 417?20.
PMID
7909429
.
- ^
Aaronson SA (November 1991). "Growth factors and cancer".
Science
.
254
(5035): 1146?53.
Bibcode
:
1991Sci...254.1146A
.
doi
:
10.1126/science.1659742
.
PMID
1659742
.
- ^
Domouzoglou EM, Naka KK, Vlahos AP, Papafaklis MI, Michalis LK, Tsatsoulis A, Maratos-Flier E (September 2015).
"Fibroblast growth factors in cardiovascular disease: The emerging role of FGF21"
.
American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
.
309
(6): H1029-38.
doi
:
10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2015
.
PMC
4747916
.
PMID
26232236
.
- ^
Gorenoi, Vitali; Brehm, Michael U.; Koch, Armin; Hagen, Anja (2017).
"Growth factors for angiogenesis in peripheral arterial disease"
.
The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
.
2017
(6): CD011741.
doi
:
10.1002/14651858.CD011741.pub2
.
ISSN
1469-493X
.
PMC
6481523
.
PMID
28594443
.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
By family
| |
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By function/
cell
| |
---|
|
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Angiopoietin
| |
---|
CNTF
| |
---|
EGF (ErbB)
| |
---|
FGF
| FGFR1
| |
---|
FGFR2
|
- Agonists:
Ersofermin
- FGF
(
1
,
2 (bFGF)
,
3
,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
(
KGF
),
8
,
9
,
10 (KGF2)
,
17
,
18
,
22
)
- Palifermin
- Repifermin
- Selpercatinib
- Sprifermin
- Trafermin
|
---|
FGFR3
| |
---|
FGFR4
| |
---|
Unsorted
| |
---|
|
---|
HGF (c-Met)
| |
---|
IGF
| |
---|
LNGF (p75
NTR
)
| |
---|
PDGF
| |
---|
RET (GFL)
| |
---|
SCF (c-Kit)
| |
---|
TGFβ
| |
---|
Trk
| TrkA
|
- Negative allosteric modulators:
VM-902A
|
---|
TrkB
|
- Agonists:
3,7-DHF
- 3,7,8,2'-THF
- 4'-DMA-7,8-DHF
- 7,3'-DHF
- 7,8-DHF
- 7,8,2'-THF
- 7,8,3'-THF
- Amitriptyline
- BDNF
- BNN-20
- Deoxygedunin
- Deprenyl
- Diosmetin
- DMAQ-B1
- HIOC
- LM22A-4
- N-Acetylserotonin
- NT-3
- NT-4
- Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)
- R7
- R13
- TDP6
|
---|
TrkC
| |
---|
|
---|
VEGF
| |
---|
Others
|
- Additional growth factors:
Adrenomedullin
- Colony-stimulating factors
(see
here
instead)
- Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
- Ephrins
(
A1
,
A2
,
A3
,
A4
,
A5
,
B1
,
B2
,
B3
)
- Erythropoietin
(see
here
instead)
- Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)
- Glia maturation factor (GMF)
- Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)
- Interleukins
/
T-cell growth factors
(see
here
instead)
- Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)
- Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)
- Midkine (NEGF2)
- Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)
- Oncomodulin
- Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)
- Pleiotrophin
- Renalase
- Thrombopoietin
(see
here
instead)
- Wnt signaling proteins
- Additional growth factor receptor modulators:
Cerebrolysin
(neurotrophin mixture)
|
---|