Dutch political party
GroenLinks
(
Dutch pronunciation:
[?run?l?ŋks]
,
lit.
'
GreenLeft
'
) is a
green
[4]
political party
in the
Netherlands
.
It was formed on 1 March 1989 from the merger of four
left-wing
parties: the
Communist Party of the Netherlands
, the
Pacifist Socialist Party
, the
Political Party of Radicals
and the
Evangelical People's Party
, which shared left-wing and progressive ideals and had previously co-operated in the
Rainbow
coalition for the
1989 European Parliament election
. After disappointing results in the
1989
and
1994 general elections
, the nascent party fared particularly well in the
1998
and
2002 elections
under the leadership of
Paul Rosenmoller
, who came to be seen as the unofficial
Leader of the Opposition
against the
first Kok cabinet
, a
purple government
. The party's number of seats fell from 10 to 4 seats in the
2012 election
, before increasing to 14 in
2017
and falling back to 8 in
2021
.
After the 2021 general election, the party intensified cooperation with the
Labour Party
(PvdA) in an alliance called
GroenLinks?PvdA
. The two parties participated in the
2023 general election
with a joint candidate list, and currently have a joint parliamentary group of 25 seats.
GroenLinks describes itself as "
green
", "
social
" and "
tolerant
".
[8]
The party's voters are concentrated in larger cities, particularly in
college towns
.
History
[
edit
]
Before 1989: predecessors
[
edit
]
GroenLinks was founded in 1989 as a merger of four parties that were to the
left
of the
Labour Party
(PvdA), a
social-democratic
party which has traditionally been the largest
centre-left
party in the Netherlands. The founding parties were the (formerly-communist)
Communist Party of the Netherlands
(CPN), the
Pacifist Socialist Party
(PSP), which originated in the
peace movement
, the
green
-influenced
Political Party of Radicals
(PPR), originally a progressive Christian party, and the
progressive Christian
Evangelical People's Party
.
[9]
These four parties were frequently classified as "small left"; to indicate their marginal existence. In the
1972 general election
, these parties won sixteen seats (out of 150); in the
1977 general election
, they only won six. From that moment on, members and voters began to argue for close cooperation.
[10]
From the 1980s onwards, the four parties started to cooperate in municipal and provincial elections. As fewer seats are available in these representations, a higher percentage of votes is required to gain a seat. In the
1984 European election
, the PPR, CPN and PSP formed the
Green Progressive Accord
that entered as one into the
European elections
. They gained one seat, which rotated between the PSP and PPR. Party-members of the four parties also encountered each other in
grassroots
extraparliamentary protest against
nuclear energy
and
nuclear weapons
. More than 80% of the members of the PSP, CPN and PPR attended at least one of the two
mass protests against the placement of nuclear weapons
, which took place in 1981 and 1983.
[11]
The
Evangelical People's Party
was a relatively new party, founded in 1981, as a splinter group from the
Christian Democratic Appeal
, the largest party of the Dutch
centre-right
. During its period in parliament, 1982?1986, it had trouble positioning itself between the small left parties (PSP, PPR and CPN), the PvdA and the CDA.
[11]
The increasingly close cooperation between PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP, and the ideological change that accompanied it was not without internal dissent within the parties. The ideological change that CPN made from
official communism
to '
reformism
' led to a split in the CPN; and the subsequent founding of the
League of Communists in the Netherlands
in 1982. In 1983, a group of "deep" Greens split from the PPR to found
The Greens
. The CPN and the PPR wanted to form an
electoral alliance
with the PSP for the 1986 elections. This led to a crisis within the PSP, in which
chair of the parliamentary party
(
Fractievoorzitter
)
Fred van der Spek
, who opposed cooperation, was replaced by
Andree van Es
, who favoured cooperation. Van der Spek left the PSP to found his own
Party for Socialism and Disarmament
. The 1986 PSP
congress
, however, rejected the electoral alliance.
In the
1986 general election
, all four parties lost seats. The CPN and the EVP disappeared from parliament. The PPR was left with two and the PSP with one seat. While the parties were preparing to enter in the 1990 elections separately, the pressure to cooperate increased. In 1989, the PPR, CPN and PSP entered the
1989 European Parliament election
with a single list, called the
Rainbow
.
Joost Lagendijk
and
Leo Platvoet
, both PSP party board members, initiated an internal referendum in which the members of the PSP declared to support leftwing cooperation (70% in favour; 64% of all members voting). Their initiative for left-wing cooperation was supported by an open letter from influential members of
trade unions
(such as
Paul Rosenmoller
and
Karin Adelmund
), of
environmental movements
(e.g.,
Jacqueline Cramer
) and from
arts
(such as
Rudi van Dantzig
). This letter called for the formation of a single
progressive
party to the left of the
Labour Party
. Lagendijk and Platvoet had been taking part in informal meetings between prominent PSP, PPR and CPN-members, who favoured cooperation. Other participants were PPR chairman
Bram van Ojik
and former CPN leader
Ina Brouwer
. These talks were called "F.C. Sittardia" or Cliche bv.
[11]
In the spring of 1989, the PSP party board initiated formal talks between the CPN, the PSP and the PPR about a common list for the upcoming general elections. It soon became clear that the CPN wanted to maintain an independent communist identity and not merge into a new left-wing formation. This was reason for the PPR leaving the talks. Negotiations about cooperation were reopened after the fall of the
second Lubbers cabinet
and the announcement that elections would be held in the autumn of that year. This time the EVP was included in the discussion. The PPR was represented for a short while by an informal delegation led by former chair
Wim de Boer
, because the party board did not want to be seen re-entering the negotiations it had left only a short while earlier. In the summer of 1989, the
party congresses
of all four parties accepted to enter the elections with a shared programme and list of candidates. Additionally, the association GroenLinks (Dutch:
Vereniging GroenLinks
; VGL) was set up to allow sympathisers, not member of any of the four parties to join. Meanwhile, the
European elections of 1989
were held, in which the same group of parties had entered as a single list under the name "
Rainbow
". In practice, the merger of the parties had now happened and the party GroenLinks was officially founded on 24 November 1990.
[10]
[11]
1989?1994: completion of the merge and first term in parliament
[
edit
]
1989 election poster showing the old logo in which the pink lines and the blue spaces forming allude to a
peace sign
.
In the
1989 elections
, the PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP entered in the elections with one single list called Groen Links. In the Netherlands, parties usually participate in the elections with one list for the whole country. The candidates on top of the list get the priority for the distribution of seats won. The GroenLinks list of candidates was organised in such a way that all the parties were represented and new figures could enter. The PPR, which had been the largest party in 1986 got the top candidate (the
lead candidate
,
Ria Beckers
) and the number five; the PSP got the numbers two and six, the CPN the number three and the EVP number eleven. The first independent candidate was
Paul Rosenmoller
, trade unionist from Rotterdam, on the fourth place. In the elections, the party doubled its seats in comparison to 1986 (from three to six), but the expectations had been much higher.
[11]
In the 1990 municipal elections, the party fared much better, strengthening the resolve to cooperate.
[10]
In the period 1989?1991, the merger developed further. A board was organised for the party-in-foundation and also a 'GroenLinks Council', which was supposed to control the board and the parliamentary party and stimulate the process of merger. In this council, all five groups ? CPN, PPR, PSP, EVP and the Vereniging Groen Links ? had seats on ratio of the number of their members. Originally, the three youth organisations, the CPN-linked
General Dutch Youth League
, the PSP-linked
Pacifist Socialist Young Working Groups
and the PPR-linked Political Party of Radical Youth refused to merge, but under pressure of the government (who controlled their subsidies) they did merge to form
DWARS
.
[12]
In 1990, some opposition formed against the moderate, green course of GroenLinks. Several former PSP members united in the "Left Forum" in 1992 ? they would leave the party to join former PSP-leader Van der Spek to found the
PSP'92
. Similarly, former members of the CPN joined the
League of Communists in the Netherlands
to found the
New Communist Party
in the same year. In 1991, the congresses of the four founding parties (PSP, PPR, CPN and EVP) decided to officially abolish their parties.
[11]
GroenLinks had considerable problems formulating its own ideology. In 1990, the attempt to write the first manifesto of principles failed because of the difference between
socialists
and
communists
on the one side and the more
liberal
former PPR members on the other side.
[12]
The second manifesto of principles ? which was not allowed to be called that ? was adopted after a lengthy debate and many amendments in 1991.
[12]
Although the party was internally divided, the GroenLinks parliamentary party was the only party in the Dutch parliament which opposed the
Gulf War
.
[12]
A debate within the party about the role military intervention led to a more-nuanced standpoint than the
pacifism
of some of its predecessors: GroenLinks would support
peacekeeping
missions as long as they were mandated by the
United Nations
.
[12]
In the fall of 1990, MEP Verbeek announced that he would not, as he had promised, leave the European Parliament after two-and-a-half years to make room for a new candidate.
[12]
He would continue as an independent and remain in parliament until 1994. In the
1994 European elections
, he would run unsuccessfully as top candidate of
The Greens
.
[13]
In 1992, party leader
Ria Beckers
left the
House of Representatives
because she wanted more private time. Peter Lankhorst replaced her as chair ad interim, but he announced that he would not take part in the internal elections.
[14]
1994?2002: opposition during the purple cabinets
[
edit
]
1994 election posters showing the duo Rabbae/Brouwer. The text reads: "GroenLinks counts double"
Before the
general election of 1994
, GroenLinks organised an internal election on the party's political leadership. Two duos entered:
Ina Brouwer
(former CPN) combined with
Mohammed Rabbae
(independent), while
Paul Rosenmoller
(independent) formed a combination with
Leoni Sipkes
(former PSP); there were also five individual candidates, including
Wim de Boer
(former chair of the PPR and member of the
Senate
),
Herman Meijer
(former CPN, future chair of the party) and
Ineke van Gent
(former PSP and future MP).
[14]
Some candidates ran in duos because they wanted to combine family life with politics. Brouwer, Rosenmoller and Sipkes already were MPs for GroenLinks, whilst Rabbae was new ? he had been chair of the Dutch Centre for Foreigners. In the first round, the duos ended up ahead of the others, but neither had an
absolute majority
. A second round was needed, in which Brouwer and Rabbae won with 51%.
[14]
Brouwer became the first candidate and Rabbae second, the second duo Rosenmoller and Sipkes occupied the following place followed by
Marijke Vos
, former chair of the party. The idea of a dual
lead candidacy
did not communicate well to the voters. GroenLinks lost one seat, leaving only five. Yet in the same election, the centre-left Labour Party also lost a lot of seats.
[13]
After the disappointing elections, Brouwer left parliament. She was replaced as party leader by
Paul Rosenmoller
and her seat was taken by
Tara Singh Varma
.
[13]
The charismatic Rosenmoller became the "unofficial leader" of the opposition against the
first Kok cabinet
because the largest opposition party, the
Christian Democratic Appeal
, was unable to adapt well to its new role as opposition party.
[10]
[15]
Rosenmoller set out a new strategy: GroenLinks should offer alternatives instead of only rejecting the proposals made by the government.
[16]
[17]
In the
1998 general election
, GroenLinks more than doubled its seats to eleven. The charisma of "unofficial leader" Rosenmoller played an important role in this.
[17]
Many new faces entered parliament, including
Femke Halsema
, a political talent who had left the Labour Party for GroenLinks in 1997.
[18]
The party began to speculate openly about joining government after the elections of 2002.
[19]
[20]
The 1999
Kosovo War
divided the party internally. The parliamentary party in the House of Representatives supported the
NATO
intervention, while the Senate parliamentary party was against the intervention. Several former PSP members within the House of Representatives parliamentary party began to openly speak out their doubts about the intervention. A compromise was found: GroenLinks would support the intervention as long as it limited itself to military targets. Prominent members of the founding parties including
Marcus Bakker
and
Joop Vogt
left the party over this issue.
[21]
In February 2001,
Roel van Duijn
and a few former members of
The Greens
joined GroenLinks.
[22]
[23]
In 2001, the integrity of former MP Tara Singh Varma came into doubt: it was revealed that she had lied about her illness and that she had made promises to
development organisations
which she did not fulfill. In 2000, she had left parliament because as she claimed, she had only a few months to live before she would die of cancer. The
TROS
program "Opgelicht" (In English "Framed") revealed that she had lied and that she did not have cancer.
[22]
Later, she apologised on public television and claimed she suffered from
post-traumatic stress disorder
.
[24]
In the same year, the parliamentary party supported the
invasion of Afghanistan
after the
terrorist attacks of September 11
. This invasion led to great upheaval within the party. Several former PSP members within the House of Representatives parliamentary party began to openly speak out their doubts about the intervention. Under pressure of internal opposition, led by former PSP members and the party's youth organisation
DWARS
, the parliamentary party changed its position: the attacks should be cancelled.
[22]
2002?present
[
edit
]
The
2002 general election
was characterised by changes in the political climate. The
right-wing populist
political commentator
Pim Fortuyn
entered into politics. He had an anti-establishment message, combined with a call for restrictions on
immigration
. Although his critique was oriented at the
second Kok cabinet
, Rosenmoller was one of the few politicians who could muster some resistance against his message. Days before the election,
Fortuyn was assassinated
. Ab Harrewijn, GroenLinks MP and candidate also died.
[25]
Before and after the elections serious threats were made against Rosenmoller, his wife and his children. These events caused considerable stress for Rosenmoller.
[26]
GroenLinks lost one seat in the election, although it had gained more votes than in the 1998 elections. Before the
2003 general election
Rosenmoller left parliament, citing the ongoing threats against his life and those of his family as the main reason. He was replaced as chair of the parliamentary party and top candidate by
Femke Halsema
. She was unable to keep ten seats and lost two.
[25]
In 2003, GroenLinks almost unanimously turned against the
Iraq War
. It took part in the
protests against the war
, for instance by organising its
party congress
in Amsterdam at the day of the large demonstration, with an interval allowing its members to join the protest.
[25]
At the end of 2003, Halsema temporarily left parliament to give birth to her
twins
. During her absence
Marijke Vos
took her place as chair of the parliamentary party.
[27]
When she returned to parliament, Halsema started a discussion about the
principles of her party
. She emphasised individual freedom,
tolerance
, self-realisation and
emancipation
. In one interview she called her party "the last liberal party of the Netherlands"
[28]
This led to considerable attention of media and other observers, which speculated about an ideological change.
[27]
In 2005 the party's scientific bureau published the book "Vrijheid als Ideaal" ("Freedom as Ideal") in which prominent opinion-makers explored the new political space and the position of the left within that space.
[29]
During the congress of February 2007 the party board was ordered to organise a party-wide discussion about the party's principles.
[30]
During the European Elections congress of 2004, the candidacy committee proposed that the chair of the GroenLinks delegation,
Joost Lagendijk
, should become the party's
lead candidate
in those elections. A group of members, led by Senator Leo Platvoet submitted a motion "We want to choose". They wanted a serious choice for such an important office. The party's board announced a new electoral procedure. During the congress
Kathalijne Buitenweg
, an MEP and candidate, announced wish to be considered for the position of top candidate. She narrowly won the elections from Lagendijk. This came as a great surprise to all. Especially for Buitenweg who had not written an acceptance speech and read out Lagendijk's.
[27]
In May 2005, MP
Farah Karimi
wrote a book in which discussed in detail how she had taken part in the
Iranian Revolution
, because this information was already known by the party board this did not lead to any upheaval.
[31]
In November 2005, the party board asked Senator Sam Pormes to give up his seat. Continuing rumours about his involvement with guerrilla-training in
Yemen
in the 1970s and the 1977 train hijacking by
Moluccan
youth and allegations of
welfare fraud
were harmful for the party, or at least so the party board claimed.
When Pormes refused to step down, the party board threatened to expel him. Pormes fought this decision. The party council of March 2006 sided with Pormes. Party chair Herman Meijer felt forced to resign. He was succeeded by Henk Nijhof who was chosen by the party council in May 2006. In November 2006 Pormes left the Senate, he was replaced by
Goos Minderman
.
[32]
2006 election posters showing Halsema. The text reads: Grow along, GroenLinks. The turret is the official working office of the Dutch Prime Minister.
In the
2006 Dutch municipal election
, the party stayed relatively stable, losing only a few seats. After the elections GroenLinks took part in 75 local executives, including
Amsterdam
where MP
Marijke Vos
became an alderwoman.
[32]
In preparation of the
2006 general election
the party held a congress in October. It elected Halsema, again the only candidate, as the party's top candidate. MEP
Kathalijne Buitenweg
and comedian Vincent Bijlo were
last candidates
. In the 2006 elections the party lost one seat.
[32]
In the subsequent
cabinet formation
, an initial exploratory round among the
Christian Democratic Appeal
(CDA),
Labour Party
(PvdA) and
Socialist Party
(SP) failed, Halsema announced that GroenLinks would not be involved in further discussion at that point in time, as the party lost, was too small, and had less in common with CDA than the SP had.
[32]
Following this decision an internal debate about the political course and the leadership of Halsema re-erupted. The debate does not just concern the series of lost elections and the decision not to participate in the formation talks, but also the elitist image of the party, the new
liberal
course, initiated by Halsema, and the lack of party democracy. Since the last weeks of January 2007 several prominent party members have voiced their doubts including former leader
Ina Brouwer
, Senator
Leo Platvoet
and MEP
Joost Lagendijk
.
[30]
In reaction to this the party board has set up a commission led by former MP and chair of the PPR
Bram van Ojik
. They looked into the lost series of elections. In the summer of 2007 another committee was formed to organise a larger debate about the course of the party's principles, organisation and strategy. Van Ojik also led this committee. The committee implemented a motion already adopted by the party's congress in 2006 to re-evaluate the party's principle in light of the party's course started by Halsema in 2004.
[32]
Over the course of 2007 and 2008 the committee organised an internal debate about the party's principles, organisation and strategy. In November 2008 this led to the adoption of a new manifesto of principles.
In August 2008, GroenLinks parliamentarian
Wijnand Duyvendak
published a book in which he admitted to a burglary of the Ministry of Economic Affairs in order to steal plans for nuclear power plants. This led to his resignation on 14 August, after media reported that the burglary also led to threats against
civil servants
.
[33]
[34]
He was replaced by
Jolande Sap
.
[35]
In 2008, MEPs
Joost Lagendijk
and
Kathalijne Buitenweg
announced that they would not seek a new term in the European Parliament. The party had to elect a new
lead candidate
for the
2009 European elections
. There were five candidates for this position:
Amsterdam
city councillor
Judith Sargentini
, former MEP
Alexander de Roo
, senator
Tineke Strik
, environmental researcher
Bas Eickhout
and
Niels van den Berge
assistant of MEP Buitenweg. In an internal referendum Sargentini was elected. The
party congress
put Eickhout on a second position on the list.
On 18 April 2010, the party congress composed the list of candidates for the
2010 general election
. Two sitting MPs
Ineke van Gent
and
Femke Halsema
were granted dispensation to stand for a fourth term. Halsema was re-elected as party leader. Van Gent was put as fifth on the party list. All of the first five candidates were sitting MPs and four were women. Their other high newcomers were former Greenpeace director
Liesbeth van Tongeren
and chairman of
CNV
youth
Jesse Klaver
. The party won 10 seats in the election and participated in the formation talks of a Green/
Purple government
. Halsema resigned as party leader when these talks failed and was succeeded by
Jolande Sap
.
[36]
In the
2012 general election
, GroenLinks lost six seats and was left with four out of 150 seats. Following the disappointing result, Sap was forced to resign as party leader and was succeeded by
Bram van Ojik
, who in turn handed his position to
Jesse Klaver
in 2015. Under Klaver's leadership, GroenLinks gradually rose in polls before climbing to an all-time high of 14 seats in the
2017 general election
. The party entered
coalition talks
with the
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
, the
Christian Democratic Appeal
and
Democrats 66
, but the talks failed after Klaver demanded more refugees to be accepted.
[37]
GroenLinks lost the
2021 general election
, and combined with the
Labour Party
during the
subsequent government formation
. There have been discussions about a merger with that party; they participated in the
2023 Dutch Senate election
as one.
[38]
GroenLinks and the Labour Party announced in 2023 that they would also participate as one,
GroenLinks?PvdA
, in the
general elections of 2023
, as members of both parties voted in favour of an alliance.
[39]
Name and logo
[
edit
]
The name "GroenLinks" (until 1992 "Groen Links" with a space between Groen and Links) is a compromise between the PPR and the CPN and the PSP. The PPR wanted the word "
Green
" in the name of the party, the PSP and the CPN the word "
Left
". It also emphasises the core ideals of the party, environmental sustainability and social justice.
[11]
In 1984, the common list of the PPR, PSP and CPN for the
1984 European elections
was called
Green Progressive Accord
? at that time the PPR did not want to accept the word "left" in the name of the political combination. The parties had entered in the
1989 European elections
as the
Rainbow
(
Regenboog
), in reference to the
Rainbow Group
in the European Parliament between 1984 and 1989.
[10]
-
Logo from 1989 to 1994
-
Current logo
-
Variant logo
Ideology and issues
[
edit
]
Ideology
[
edit
]
The party combines green and left-wing ideals.
[15]
The core ideals of GroenLinks are codified in the party's programme of principles (called
Partij voor de Toekomst
, "Party for the Future").
[40]
The party places itself in the freedom-loving tradition of the left. Its principles include:
- The protection of the
Earth
,
ecosystems
and a
respectful treatment of animals
.
- A fair distribution of natural resources between all citizens of the world and all generations.
- A just distribution of income and fair chance for everyone to work, care, education and recreation.
- A pluralist society where everyone can participate in freedom. The party combines openness with a sense of community.
- Strengthening the international rule of law, in order to ensure peace and respect for
human rights
.
The party's principles reflect the ideological convergence between the four founding parties which came from different ideological traditions: the
Political Party of Radicals
and the
Evangelical People's Party
, from a
progressive Christian
tradition; and the
Pacifist Socialist Party
and the
Communist Party of the Netherlands
from the
socialist
and
communist
traditions. Over the course of the 1970s and 1980s, the parties had come to embrace
environmentalism
and
feminism
; they all favoured democratisation of society and had opposed the creation of new
nuclear plants
and the placement of new
nuclear weapons in the Netherlands
.
[10]
Halsema, the former political leader of the party, has started a debate about the ideological course of GroenLinks. She emphasised the freedom-loving tradition of the left and chose freedom as a key value. Her course is called
left-liberal
by herself and observers,
[41]
although Halsema herself claims that she does not want to force an ideological change.
Following
Isaiah Berlin
, Halsema distinguishes between
positive
and
negative freedom
.
[42]
According to Halsema, negative freedom is the freedom of citizens from government influence; she applies this concept especially to the
multicultural society
and the
rechtsstaat
, where the government should protect the rights of citizens and not limit them. Positive freedom is the
emancipation
of citizens from poverty and discrimination. Halsema wants to apply this concept to
welfare state
and the environment where government should take more action. According to Halsema, GroenLinks is an
undogmatic
party.
[42]
Proposals
[
edit
]
The
election manifesto
for the
2010 elections
was adopted in April of that year. It was titled
Klaar voor de Toekomst
("Prepared for the Future"). The manifesto emphasises international cooperation, welfare state reform, environmental policy and social tolerance.
[43]
GroenLinks considers itself a "
social reform
party", which aims to reform the government finances and increase the position of "outsiders" on the labour market, such as migrant youth, single parents, workers with short term-contracts and people with disabilities. It disagrees with the parties on the right which, in the eyes of GroenLinks, were only oriented towards cutting costs and did not offer the worst-off a chance for work, emancipation and participation.
[44]
But, unlike the other opposition parties of the left, the party does not want to defend the current welfare state ? which the party calls "powerless", because it merely offers the worst-off a benefit rather than prospects for work.
[44]
The party wants to reform the Dutch
welfare state
so it will benefit "outsiders" ? those who have been excluded from the welfare state until now.
To increase employment, the GroenLinks proposes a participation contract, where unemployment recipients sign an agreement with their local council to become involved in volunteer work, schooling, or work experience projects ? for which they get paid minimum wage.
[45]
The unemployment benefit should be increased and limited to one year. In this period, people would have to look for a job or education. If at the end of the year one should not succeed in finding a job, the government will offer one a job for the
minimum wage
. In order to create more employment, they want to implement the
green tax shift
which will lower taxes on lower paid labour. This would be compensated by higher taxes on pollution. In order to increase prospects for the underprivileged, it wants to invest in education, especially the
vmbo
(middle-level vocational education). In order to ensure that migrants have a better chance for jobs, it wants to deal firmly with discrimination, especially on the
labour market
. The party wants to decrease income differences by making
child benefits
.
[43]
The party favours reform of government
pensions
: after 45 years of employment, one should get the right to a pension. If one starts working young, one is able to stop working earlier than if one starts working when one is older. Receiving unemployment or disability benefits is counted as work, as is caring for children or family members. The system of mortgage interest deductions should be abolished over a forty-year period.
International cooperation is an important theme for the party. This includes
development cooperation
with underdeveloped countries. GroenLinks wants to increase spending on
development aid
to 0.8% of the
gross national product
. It wants to open the European markets to goods from Third World countries, under conditions of
fair trade
. In order to ensure free and fair trade, it wants to increase and democratise international economic organisations such as the
International Monetary Fund
and the
World Bank
. The party also favours greater international control over financial markets. GroenLinks favours
European integration
, but is critical about the current policies of the
European Commission
. It favoured the
European Constitution
, but after it was voted down in the
2005 referendum
, GroenLinks advocated a new treaty which emphasised
democracy
and
subsidiarity
. The party is critical about the
war on terror
. It wants to strengthen the
peacekeeping
powers of the
United Nations
and reform the
Dutch armed forces
into a peace force, with the functions of
NATO
to be taken over by the European Union and the United Nations.
GroenLinks wants to solve environmental problems, especially
climate change
, by stimulating durable alternatives. The party wants to use taxes and
emissions trading
to stimulate
alternative energy
as an alternative to both
fossil fuel
and
nuclear plants
. It wants to close all nuclear plants in the Netherlands and impose a tax on the use of coal in energy production, in order to discourage the building of new coal-based power plants. Moreover, it wants to stimulate
energy saving
. It wants to invest in clean
public transport
, as an alternative to private transport. Investments in
public transport
can be financed by not expanding
highways
and imposing
tolls on the use of roads
(called
rekeningrijden
). The party wants to stimulate
organic farming
through taxes as an alternative to
industrial agriculture
. Moreover, GroenLinks wants to codify
animal rights
in the
Constitution
.
[43]
GroenLinks values individual freedom and the
rule of law
. The party wants to legalise
soft drugs
. It wants to protect civil rights on the Internet by extending constitutional protection for free communication to email and other modern technologies. It also favours a reform of
copyright
to allow non-commercial reproduction and the use of
open-source software
in the public sector. In the long term, it seeks to abolish the
monarchy
and create a
republic
. It also favours a reduction of the size of the government bureaucracy, for instance by decreasing the number of
Dutch ministries
and abolishing the
Senate
. Finally, GroenLinks favours liberal
immigration
and
asylum
policies. It wants to empower victims of
human trafficking
by giving them a residence permit and it wants to abolish the income requirements for marriage migration.
[43]
In the party's 2021 election programme, it stated that it wants to introduce a
basic income for all
Dutch citizens within eight years.
[46]
Electoral results
[
edit
]
House of Representatives
[
edit
]
Election
|
Lead candidate
|
Votes
|
%
|
Seats
|
+/?
|
Government
|
1989
|
Ria Beckers
|
362,304
|
4.1 (#6)
|
|
3
|
Opposition
|
1994
|
Ina Brouwer
|
311,399
|
3.5 (#6)
|
|
1
|
Opposition
|
1998
|
Paul Rosenmoller
|
625,968
|
7.3 (#5)
|
|
6
|
Opposition
|
2002
|
660,692
|
7.0 (#5)
|
|
1
|
Opposition
|
2003
|
Femke Halsema
|
495,802
|
5.1 (#6)
|
|
2
|
Opposition
|
2006
|
453,054
|
4.6 (#6)
|
|
1
|
Opposition
|
2010
|
628,096
|
6.7 (#7)
|
|
3
|
Opposition
|
2012
|
Jolande Sap
|
219,896
|
2.3 (#8)
|
|
6
|
Opposition
|
2017
|
Jesse Klaver
|
959,600
|
9.1 (#5)
|
|
10
|
Opposition
|
2021
|
537,584
|
5.2 (#7)
|
|
6
|
Opposition
|
2023
[a]
|
Frans Timmermans
|
1,643,073
|
15.8 (#2)
|
|
5
|
TBD
|
Senate
[
edit
]
Election
|
Votes
|
Weight
|
%
|
Seats
|
+/?
|
1991
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
1995
|
|
|
|
|
|
1999
|
|
|
|
|
4
|
2003
|
|
10,866
|
6.7 (#4)
|
|
3
|
2007
|
|
9,074
|
5.6 (#6)
|
|
1
|
2011
|
|
10,757
|
6.5 (#7)
|
|
1
|
2015
|
30
|
9,520
|
5.6 (#7)
|
|
1
|
2019
|
65
|
19,363
|
11.2 (#4)
|
|
4
|
2023
|
55
|
17,313
|
9.67 (#3)
|
|
1
|
European Parliament
[
edit
]
Provincial
[
edit
]
Municipalities
[
edit
]
On the
municipal level
, the party provides 9 mayors (out of 351).
[54]
At the
2022 Dutch municipal elections
GroenLinks won 522 seats, the most the party had ever won.
[55]
Representation
[
edit
]
Senate group leader
Paul Rosenmoller
EP-delegation leader
Bas Eickhout
Members of the House of Representatives
[
edit
]
Members of the Senate
[
edit
]
Members of the European Parliament
[
edit
]
Current members of the
European Parliament
since the
European Parliamentary election of 2019
:
3 Seats:
- Bas Eickhout
(top candidate)
- Tineke Strik
- Kim van Sparrentak
Electorate
[
edit
]
According to a survey done in 2006 more women vote for GroenLinks than men by a margin of 20%.
[56]
The party also disproportionately appeals to
gay
voters. The party also polls well among migrant voters, especially those from
Turkey
and
Morocco
, where its support is twice as high as in the general population.
[57]
[58]
GroenLinks voters have an eccentric position in their preferences for particular policies. Between 1989 and 2003 they were the most leftwing voters in the Netherlands, often a little more to the left than voters of the
SP
.
[59]
These voters are in favor of the redistribution of wealth, free choice for
euthanasia
, opening the borders for
asylum seekers
, the
multicultural society
and are firmly against building new
nuclear plants
.
[59]
GroenLinks has the second-largest proportion of
vegan
/
vegetarian
voters of any political party in the Netherlands, with 8.4% or 16.9% of GroenLinks voters in saying in 2 surveys in 2021 that they did not eat meat. The party with the highest proportion of vegan/vegetarian voters in both surveys was the
Party for the Animals
, for which the share laid at 17.3% or 27.9%.
[60]
[61]
[62]
Style and campaign
[
edit
]
The logo of GroenLinks is the name of the party with the word "
Green
" written in
red
and the word "Left" written in green since 1994. Additional colours used in the logo are white, yellow and blue. An earlier logo, used between 1989 and 1994, and which can be seen on the poster
above
showed a variation of a
peace sign
projected on a green triangle on which "PPR PSP CPN EVP" was written and next to it GroenLinks in green and pink.
Many well-known Dutch people have supported GroenLinks election campaigns. In 1989, choreographer
Rudi van Dantzig
and writer
Astrid Roemer
were
last candidates
.
[63]
In 2006, comedian
Vincent Bijlo
[
nl
]
shared this position with
MEP
Kathalijne Buitenweg
.
[64]
Comedian
Sara Kroos
[]
,
[65]
rapper
Raymzter
,
[66]
astronaut
Wubbo Ockels
[67]
en soccer player
Khalid Boulahrouz
,
[68]
[69]
business man
Harry de Winter
[
nl
]
,
[68]
[69]
journalist
Anil Ramdas
,
[68]
actrice
Kim van Kooten
,
[68]
commediene
Sanne Wallis de Vries
[
nl
]
,
[68]
comedian
Herman Finkers
,
[68]
artist
Herman van Veen
,
[68]
soccer player-columnist
Jan Mulder
[68]
[69]
and writer
Geert Mak
[69]
have also committed their name to (part of) the 2006 or 2007 GroenLinks election campaign. In 2004, singer
Ellen ten Damme
, poet
Rutger Kopland
and presenter
Martijn Krabbe
supported the European election campaign.
[70]
From 2007 onwards, GroenLinks has adopted the idea of a "permanent campaign", which implies that campaign activities are held even when there is no immediate connection to an election.
[71]
Permanent campaign activities are intended to create and maintain a base level of sympathy and knowledge about the party platform.
The introduction of
guerrilla gardening
in the Netherlands in 2008 was heavily supported by GroenLinks,
[72]
as part of the permanent campaign.
Former party Bureau of GroenLinks in
Utrecht
Organisation
[
edit
]
Organisational structure
[
edit
]
The highest organ of GroenLinks is the
party congress
, which is open to all members. The congress elects the party-board, it decides on the order of the candidates for national and European elections and it has a final say over the party platform. The congress convenes at least once every year in spring or when needed.
The party board consists of fifteen members who are elected for a two-year term. The
chairperson
of this board is the only paid position on the board, the others are unpaid. The chairperson together with four other board members (the vice-chair, the treasurer, the secretary, the European secretary and the international secretary) handles the daily affairs and meet every two weeks while the other ten board members meet only once a month.
[73]
For the months that the congress does not convene, a party council takes over its role. It consists out of 80 representatives of all the 250 municipal branches. The party board and the nationally elected representatives of the party are responsible to the party council. It has the right to fill vacancies in the board, make changes to the party constitution and takes care of the party's finances.
[73]
GroenLinks MPs face relatively strong regulation: MPs are not allowed to run for more than three terms and a relatively high percentage of the income of MPs is taken by the party.
[73]
GroenLinks has 250 branches in nearly all
Dutch municipalities
and each
province
. There are multiple municipalities in
Amsterdam
and
Rotterdam
, where every
borough
has its own branch and they have federal branches at the municipal level. Branches enjoy considerable independence, and take care of their own campaigns, lists of candidates and programs for elections. Provincial congresses meet at least every year and municipal congresses more often.
[73]
The total number of members of GroenLinks has been steadily increasing over the last ten years and had 23,490 members in of January 2007.
[74]
There are several independent organisations which are linked to GroenLinks:
GroenLinks is also active on the European and the global stage. It is a founding member of the
European Green Party
and the
Global Greens
. Its MEPs sit in
The Greens?European Free Alliance
group. GroenLinks cooperates with seven other Dutch parties in the
Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy
, an institute which supports democratic development in developing countries.
[79]
Relationships to other parties
[
edit
]
GroenLinks was founded as a mid-sized party to the left of the
Labour Party
(PvdA). In the 1994 elections, the
Socialist Party
(SP) also entered parliament. GroenLinks now takes a central position in the Dutch left between the socialist SP, which is more to the left, and the social-democratic PvdA, which is more to the centre.
[80]
This position is exemplified by the call of Femke Halsema to form a left-wing coalition after the 2006 elections, knowing that such a coalition is only possible with GroenLinks. The
electoral alliance
between SP and GL in the 1998, 2002 and 2006 elections,
[81]
and between GroenLinks and PvdA in the 2004 European elections are examples of this position.
[82]
In the
2007 First Chamber election
, it had an electoral alliance with the
Party for the Animals
.
[83]
More and more, however, GroenLinks is seen as the most culturally progressive of the three parties.
[84]
[85]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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Groningen: Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Politieke Partijen
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21 January
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28 April
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(in Dutch)
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on 22 December 2007
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28 April
2008
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Laver, Michael
;
Mair, Peter
(1999).
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.
Acta Politica
.
34
: 49?64.
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2008
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External links
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House of Representatives
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Senate
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European Parliament
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- Labour Party
(
S&D
, 6)
- People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
(
Renew
, 5)
- Christian Democratic Appeal
(
EPP
, 5)
- GroenLinks
(
Greens?EFA
, 3)
- JA21
(
ECR
, 1)
- Democrats 66
(
Renew
, 1)
- Christian Union
(
EPP
, 1)
- Reformed Political Party
(
ECR
, 1)
- Party for the Animals
(
GUE/NGL
, 1)
- Party for Freedom
(
ID
, 1)
- More Direct Democracy
(
ECR
, 1)
- Forum for Democracy
(
NI
, 1)
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Unrepresented
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Provincial parties
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Water boards
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Without seats in parliament
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Defunct
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Without seats in parliament
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