City in Maryland, United States
Greenbelt
is a city in
Prince George's County, Maryland
, United States, and a
suburb
of
Washington, D.C.
[1]
[2]
At the
2020 census
, the population was 24,921.
[5]
Greenbelt is the first and the largest of the three experimental and controversial
New Deal
Greenbelt Towns, the others being
Greenhills, Ohio
, and
Greendale, Wisconsin
. Greenbelt was planned and built by the
federal government
as an all-white town.
[6]
[7]
The
cooperative community
was conceived in 1935 by Undersecretary of
Agriculture
Rexford Guy Tugwell
, whose perceived
collectivist
ideology attracted opposition to the Greenbelt Towns project throughout its short duration.
[8]
[7]
The project came into legal existence on April 8, 1935, when
Congress
passed the
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935
.
[9]
[8]
Under the authority granted to him by this legislation,
President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
issued an
executive order
, on May 1, 1935, establishing the
United States Resettlement Administration (RA/RRA)
.
[8]
First called
Maryland Special Project No. 1
, the project was officially named Greenbelt when the Division of Suburban Resettlement of the Resettlement Administration began construction, on January 13, 1936, about eight miles north of Washington.
[7]
The complete Greenbelt plans were reviewed at the
White House
by President Roosevelt and
First Lady
Eleanor Roosevelt
on April 30, 1936.
[7]
The first tenants, after selection in a stringent application process, moved in to the town on September 30, 1937.
[7]
The construction consisted of structures built in the
Art Deco
,
Streamline Moderne
, and
Bauhaus
architectural styles
.
[7]
Greenbelt is credited as a historic milestone in urban development because it was the initial model for the privately constructed suburban Washington, D.C.,
planned cities
of
Reston, Virginia
, and
Columbia, Maryland
.
[7]
The original federally built core of the city, known locally as
Old Greenbelt
, was recognized as the
Greenbelt Historic District
by the
Maryland Historical Trust
, and is listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
as a
National Historic Landmark District
.
Greenbelt's population, which includes residents of
privately
built dwellings dating from after the end of the federal government's ownership of the city, was recorded as 23,068 at the
2010 U.S. Census
and 24,921 at the
2020 census
.
[5]
Geography
[
edit
]
Greenbelt is located at
38°59′41″N
76°53′07″W
/
38.99467°N 76.885399°W
/
38.99467; -76.885399
.
[1]
[2]
According to
United States Census Bureau
data, as of January 1, 2018, the city has a total area of 6.23
square miles
(16,146,235
square meters
), of which 6.18 square miles (16,003,389 square meters) is land and 0.06 square miles (142,846 square meters) is water.
[1]
[2]
Greenbelt's
ZIP Codes
are 20770, 20771, and 20768. The ZIP Code 20770 contains all residential and business addresses that correspond to actual physical locations inside the geographic boundaries of the City of Greenbelt. The 20768 ZIP Code is assigned exclusively to
post-office box (P.O. Box)
addresses, while 20771 is the designated ZIP Code for
Goddard Space Flight Center
, situated on federal government owned land that is contiguous with a portion of Greenbelt's eastern border.
[10]
[11]
NASA
's
Goddard Space Flight Center
, located directly adjacent to Greenbelt's eastern boundary, utilizes a Greenbelt postal address (Greenbelt, MD 20768), as well. It is partially within the former
Goddard
census-designated place
.
[12]
[13]
Greenbelt Park
, a unit of the
National Park System
, is located within the City of Greenbelt's boundaries, at its southernmost portion.
Transportation
[
edit
]
Roads and highways
[
edit
]
Two major highways pass through and have interchanges in Greenbelt: the
Capital Beltway (I-95/I-495)
and the
National Park Service
's owned and maintained portion of the
Baltimore?Washington Parkway
(
unsigned
MD 295). The Greenbelt portion of the Baltimore?Washington Parkway (B?W Parkway) is part of the parkway's 19-mile section which was listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
in 1991.
[14]
Additionally, Greenbelt Road is part of state highway
MD 193
, which connects several
suburban
communities in both
Prince George's
and
Montgomery
counties.
Kenilworth Avenue (MD 201)
traverses Greenbelt in a north?south direction, running parallel to the B?W Parkway, providing an alternate travel route into Washington, D.C., from Greenbelt. The southernmost Maryland portion of Kenilworth Avenue forms a major interchange with both the B?W Parkway and
US 50
near the Maryland?D.C. line, and continues into Washington, as the
Kenilworth Avenue Freeway (DC 295)
.
Public transportation
[
edit
]
Washington Metro
's
rapid transit rail system
serves
Washington, D.C.
, and neighboring communities in Maryland and
Northern Virginia
, by operating
98 Metro stations
, which includes the
Greenbelt station
, the northern terminus of Metro's
Green Line
.
Commuter rail service
to the station is provided by
MARC Train
's
Camden Line
, which connects the
District of Columbia
's
Washington Union Station
with
Camden Station
in
Baltimore
. The Camden Line provides service by utilizing the original 1835
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
(B&O) track route between Washington and Baltimore, now part of the
CSX System
.
Also available at Greenbelt station was a weekday express
Metrobus
service, the
Greenbelt?BWI Thurgood Marshall Airport Express Line
(commonly shortened to the Greenbelt?BWI Airport Line), designated route B30, to
Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport
(BWI), a mode of transportation to and from the airport for airline passengers, in addition to allowing for connections to Baltimore's regional transit services. This service ended in 2020.
[
citation needed
]
Metrobus
, Prince George's County's
THE BUS
(routes 11 and 15X), and the
University of Maryland
's
Shuttle-UM
(route 143; University ID required) each have bus routes which serve the city of Greenbelt.
[15]
[16]
[17]
Through a city?university partnership between 2017 and 2019, Greenbelt residents were permitted to unlimited travel on Shuttle UM, with the purchase of a $10 annual pass.
[18]
The City operates limited transportation via the Greenbelt Connection, a 12-passenger wheelchair-accessible van.
[19]
Bordering areas
[
edit
]
History
[
edit
]
Greenbelt was settled on September 30, 1937, as a public
cooperative
community in the
New Deal
era.
[7]
The concept was at the same time both eminently practical and idealistically utopian: the federal government would foster an "ideal" self-sufficient cooperative community that would also ease the pressing housing shortage near the nation's capital. Construction of the new town would also create jobs and thus help stimulate the national economic recovery following the
Great Depression
.
Greenbelt, which provided affordable housing for federal government workers, was one of three Greenbelt Towns conceived in 1935, by
President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
's
Brain Trust
member
Rexford Tugwell
, who was serving as the president's Undersecretary of
Agriculture
. The project was officially authorized in May 1935. First, on April 8, 1935, the
United States Congress
passed the
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935
. Then under the authority granted to him from this legislation, President Roosevelt issued an
executive order
, on May 1, 1935, establishing the
United States Resettlement Administration (RA / RRA)
.
[9]
[8]
Rexford Tugwell agreed to serve as the Administrator of the Resettlement Administration, in addition to his Undersecretary of Agriculture position, without receiving any additional salary.
[8]
Working alongside Tugwell was
Charles W. Yost
. The two other Greenbelt Towns are
Greendale, Wisconsin
(near
Milwaukee
) and
Greenhills, Ohio
(near
Cincinnati
). A fourth town,
Roosevelt, New Jersey
(originally called Homestead), was planned but was not fully developed on the same large scale as Greenbelt.
[21]
[22]
Eleanor Roosevelt
, wife of President
Franklin D. Roosevelt
, helped Tugwell lay out the
Maryland
town on a site that had formerly consisted largely of tobacco fields. She was also heavily involved in the first cooperative community designed by the federal government in the New Deal Era,
Arthurdale, West Virginia
, which sought to improve the lives of impoverished laborers by enabling them to create a self-sufficient, and relatively prosperous, cooperative community. Cooperatives in Greenbelt include the
Greenbelt News Review
, Greenbelt Consumers Coop grocery store, the
New Deal Cafe
, and the cooperative forming the downtown core of original housing,
Greenbelt Homes Incorporated
(GHI).
[21]
The
architectural planning
of Greenbelt was innovative, as was the
social engineering
involved in this federal government project.
[23]
Applicants for residency were interviewed and screened based on income and occupation, and willingness to become involved in community activities.
[24]
African-Americans were initially excluded, but were later included by the Greenbelt Committee for
Fair Housing
founded in 1963, and came to account for 41% of residents, according to the 2000 census.
[25]
[24]
[26]
The same census data also indicates that African-Americans are isolated in certain parts within the town, and the percentage of African-Americans within the historic area is between 0% and 5% on most blocks.
[27]
Much of the federal government planned and developed portion of the city is located within the Greenbelt Historic District.
Greenbelt was the subject of the 1939 documentary film
The City
.
In 2021, the city created a
reparations task force
to study the issue of whether or not to award reparations to African-Americans in Greenbelt.
Demographics
[
edit
]
Historical population
Census
| Pop.
| Note
| %±
|
1940
| 2,831
| | ?
|
---|
1950
| 7,074
| | 149.9%
|
---|
1960
| 7,479
| | 5.7%
|
---|
1970
| 18,199
| | 143.3%
|
---|
1980
| 17,332
| | ?4.8%
|
---|
1990
| 21,096
| | 21.7%
|
---|
2000
| 21,456
| | 1.7%
|
---|
2010
| 23,068
| | 7.5%
|
---|
2020
| 24,921
| | 8.0%
|
---|
2020 census
[
edit
]
Greenbelt city, Maryland ? Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / ethnicity
(
NH = Non-Hispanic
)
|
Pop 2010
[29]
|
Pop 2020
[30]
|
% 2010
|
% 2020
|
White
alone (NH)
|
5,974
|
5,176
|
25.90%
|
20.77%
|
Black or African American
alone (NH)
|
10,852
|
11,897
|
47.04%
|
47.74%
|
Native American
or
Alaska Native
alone (NH)
|
43
|
47
|
0.19%
|
0.19%
|
Asian
alone (NH)
|
2,238
|
2,323
|
9.70%
|
9.32%
|
Pacific Islander
alone (NH)
|
18
|
10
|
0.08%
|
0.04%
|
Some Other Race
alone (NH)
|
61
|
192
|
0.26%
|
0.77%
|
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial
(NH)
|
581
|
996
|
2.52%
|
4.00%
|
Hispanic or Latino
(any race)
|
3,301
|
4,280
|
14.31%
|
17.17%
|
Total
|
23,068
|
24,921
|
100.00%
|
100.00%
|
2010 census
[
edit
]
During the
census
of 2010, there were 23,068 people, 9,747 households, and 5,367 families residing in the city.
[31]
The
population density
was 3,673.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,418.2/km
2
). There were 10,433 housing units at an average density of 1,661.3 per square mile (641.4/km
2
). The racial makeup of the city was 30.1%
White
, 47.8%
African American
, 0.3%
Native American
, 9.7%
Asian
, 0.1%
Pacific Islander
, 8.6% from
other races
, and 3.3% from two or more races.
Hispanic
or
Latino
of any race were 14.3% of the population.
There were 9,747 households, of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.7% were
married couples
living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.9% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.12.
The median age in the city was 33.7 years. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 34.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.3% were from 45 to 64, and 7.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female.
2000 census
[
edit
]
For the census of 2000, there were 21,456 people, 9,368 households, and 4,965 families residing in the city.
[26]
The
population density
was 3,586.6 people per square mile (1,385.3/km
2
). There were 10,180 housing units at an average density of 1,701.7 per square mile (657.3/km
2
). The racial makeup of the city was 39.7%
White
, 41.4%
African American
, 0.2%
Native American
, 12.1%
Asian
, 0.1%
Pacific Islander
, 3.1% from
other races
, and 3.5% from two or more races.
Hispanic
or
Latino
of any race were 6.5% of the population.
There were 11,202 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.1% were
married couples
living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.0% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 39.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $46,328, and the median income for a family was $55,671. Males had a median income of $39,133 versus $35,885 for females. The
per capita income
for the city was $25,236. About 6.0% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the
poverty line
, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.
Government
[
edit
]
The City of Greenbelt operates under a
council-manager government
as established by the city charter, the first such arrangement in Maryland.
[23]
The Council consists of seven members elected by
plurality-at-large voting
. From their members, the Council selects the Mayor and the Mayor Pro Tem (who assumes the duties of the Mayor when the Mayor is unavailable). The Council has traditionally chosen the member with the highest vote count to be Mayor and the member with the second-highest vote count as Mayor Pro Tem. Elections are held every two years, in odd-numbered years, in part to diminish the influence of political parties. Political party affiliations are not an official part of the city election process and are seldom part of candidate campaigns. Regular council meetings are held on Mondays, twice per month except during July, August, and December, when meetings are held once per month.
[32]
The City Council is supported by 14 advisory boards and committees of citizen volunteers. The council appoints a professional city manager responsible for supervising government operations and implementing the policies adopted by the council.
The 2021 election selected the current city council:
- Mayor:
Emmett V. Jordan
- Mayor Pro Tem:
Kristen L. K. Weaver
- Council Members:
Danielle McKinney, Jennifer Pompi, Amy Knessel, Silke Pope, and Rodney Roberts
[33]
The council selects the City Manager:
- City Manager:
Josue Salmeron
[34]
2009 election reform
[
edit
]
Of the
ten incorporated cities in Prince George's County
, Greenbelt is one of three with at-large elections for council and mayor (the others are
District Heights
and
New Carrollton
). The remaining seven use combinations of districts and at-large voting. On February 28, 2008, the Maryland
American Civil Liberties Union
and Prince George's County
NAACP
sent a letter to the Greenbelt City Council claiming that Greenbelt's at-large system may violate
Section 2
of the
Voting Rights Act of 1965
.
[35]
According to the letter, the 2000 Census indicated that African-Americans constituted 38% of Greenbelt's voting-age population, Asians 13%, and Latinos 6%. At the time, however, all members of the city council were white. The letter proposed that the city switch to
single-winner district-based voting
,
cumulative voting
, or
choice voting
, and indicated a lawsuit would follow if no reform were implemented.
[36]
While the city population is racially diverse, only two African Americans had run for Council in the 30 years preceding the 2009 election, one of whom had withdrawn before the election.
[37]
[38]
In June 2008, the
United States Department of Justice
opened an investigation into the city's election system.
[39]
In 2008, the city government hosted three public community meetings regarding election reform, in concert with the ACLU, NAACP, and
FairVote
.
[40]
Over 100 residents attended the forums, including one of the unsuccessful African American candidates, Jeanette
Gordy, who said, "My concern is that people don't get off their royal behinds. By going to meetings I got what I wanted and found out I had power as a citizen."
[41]
In 2009, the city implemented several election reforms with the goal of increasing diversity: increasing the city council from five to seven members, adding another precinct in Greenbelt East to shorten voter lines, and amending the city charter to allow early voting.
[42]
In the election held November 3, 2009, Emmett Jordan, an African American, was chosen by 75% of voters, electing him to the Council as Mayor Pro Tem, the second-highest city official.
[43]
[44]
Voter turnout increased from 1,898 to 2,399 voters (a 26% increase in ballots cast) from 2007 to 2009.
[45]
In the election held November 5, 2013, Emmett Jordan was chosen by 77% of voters, and receiving highest vote count was then elected Mayor by the council.
[46]
[47]
County government
[
edit
]
Prince George's County Police Department
District 1 Station in
Hyattsville
;
[48]
District 2 Station in
Brock Hall CDP
, with a Bowie postal address;
[49]
and District 6 Station in
Beltsville CDP
serve the community.
[50]
Federal government
[
edit
]
Greenbelt Historic District
[
edit
]
The federally planned and constructed inner core of the city was designated as the
Greenbelt Historic District
by the
Maryland Historical Trust
, and subsequently placed on the
National Park Service
's maintained
National Register of Historic Places
on November 25, 1980. The historic district was elevated to
National Historic Landmark District
status on February 18, 1997. The district contains
Roosevelt Center
(originally named simply
The Center
, and later renamed in honor of President Roosevelt) and many buildings in the
Art Deco
style.
[7]
Roosevelt Center contains the Greenbelt Co-op Supermarket and Pharmacy (the Co-op), which opened in 1984, and the original, historic
Old Greenbelt Theatre
, while also adding the
Greenbelt Arts Center
(located underneath the Co-op, in what was previously the city's
bowling alley
), and additional new businesses such as the
New Deal Cafe
, with its name honoring the origins of its location.
[7]
[52]
[53]
Both the Co-op and the New Deal Cafe carry on a tradition from the city's inception, as they operate as
non-profit
cooperative membership corporations
.
[53]
[54]
[52]
[55]
Education
[
edit
]
Greenbelt is served by
Prince George's County Public Schools
(PGCPS).
[56]
[57]
There are three public elementary schools serving sections of Greenbelt:
[58]
- Greenbelt Elementary School (Greenbelt)
- Magnolia Elementary School (unincorporated Prince George's County,
Lanham
address)
- Springhill Lake Elementary School (Greenbelt)
All of Greenbelt is served by Greenbelt Middle School (Greenbelt),
[59]
which includes a
Talented and Gifted
magnet program.
All of Greenbelt is served by
Eleanor Roosevelt High School
(Greenbelt),
[60]
a school which includes a Science and Technology
magnet
program and an
AP Capstone
program.
[61]
There is a public magnet school within the City:
- Dora Kennedy French Immersion School (Greenbelt), which serves K through 8th grade students. The school uses
language immersion
with instruction in the
French language
.
There are no private schools within the City of Greenbelt. There is a Catholic school in nearby
Lanham CDP
, Academy of Saint Matthias the Apostle.
[62]
[63]
History of schools
[
edit
]
The
Lanham Act
was used to build North End Elementary School.
[64]
The original Greenbelt High School building (later used for Greenbelt Junior High, Greenbelt Middle, and currently Dora Kennedy French Immersion School) opened in
c.
1937
.
[65]
Originally, the
Federal Works Agency
controlled North End Elementary School, Greenbelt High School, and the Center School.
High Point High School
, in
Beltsville
, opened in fall 1954, and began serving students from Greenbelt. The former Greenbelt High School then became Greenbelt Junior High School. The
county
bought Center School for $260,000, after the
federal government
renovated it in July 1958. The county also bought Greenbelt Junior High and North End Elementary.
[64]
Roosevelt High was scheduled to open in fall 1976.
[66]
The new Greenbelt Middle School opened on August 20, 2012.
[65]
Public libraries
[
edit
]
Greenbelt is served by the Greenbelt Branch of the
Prince George's County Memorial Library System
.
[67]
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Abraham Chasanow
- Erin Harpe, lead singer of
Erin Harpe & the Delta Swingers
- Isaiah Prince
, offensive lineman for the Ohio State University and the
Cincinnati Bengals
- Phyllis Richman
, restaurant critic for
The Washington Post
from 1976 to 2000
- Dorothy Sucher
, author
- Steve Rochinski
, jazz guitarist, recording artist, composer/arranger, educator, and author ? childhood home from 1955 to 1960
- Rosa Salazar
, actor
- Joe Pug
, musician
Economy
[
edit
]
Top employers
[
edit
]
According to Greenbelt's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,
[68]
the top employers in the city were:
Note that data was taken from only employers who made information available, and the list does not include the US Federal Government (including NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center adjacent to Greenbelt).
In late 2023, the
General Services Administration
(GSA) announced that
FBI
was consolidating offices in Greenbelt. It is a huge project, next to the Metro station, to serve 7,500 staff. Besides the FBI complex, substantial development around the Metro station is planned. It is 13 miles (20 kilometers) northeast of the District. Site selection has been a 10 year project. The state of Virginia has challenged the choice, putting the Inspector General to work reviewing the selection,
[69]
with no change to the GSA decision as of March 2024.
[70]
Gallery
[
edit
]
Albert S. "Buddy" Attick Lake Park
Grade-separated pedestrian path
Extensive pedestrian pathway system connects residences
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
"TIGERweb 5.0 - Greenbelt city, internal point latitude and longitude"
.
United States Census Bureau
, Geography Division /
Esri
.
Archived
from the original on September 14, 2018
. Retrieved
October 2,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"State of Maryland Incorporated Places - Current/ACS18 - Data as of January 1, 2018"
.
tigerweb.geo.census.gov
. Retrieved
October 2,
2018
.
- ^
Larsen, Christian L.; Andrews, Richard D. (1951). "I: Origin and Growth".
The Government of Greenbelt
. Studies in Public Administration. College Park: Bureau of Public Administration, College of Business and Public Administration, University of Maryland. pp. 1?8.
hdl
:
2027/uc1.b3526707
.
OCLC
551390464
.
- ^
"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"
. United States Census Bureau
. Retrieved
April 26,
2022
.
- ^
a
b
"Greenbelt city, Maryland"
.
United States Census Bureau
. Retrieved
April 15,
2022
.
- ^
Loewen, James W. (2018).
Sundown towns : a hidden dimension of American racism
(2018 ed.). New York. pp. 112?113.
ISBN
978-1-62097-434-6
.
OCLC
1029803624
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Williamson, Mary Lou (1987). Phillips, Nancy O. (ed.).
Greenbelt: History of a New Town, 1937-1987
. Norfolk, VA: Donning Co. pp. 1?43.
hdl
:
2027/mdp.39015061000652
.
ISBN
978-0-8986-5612-1
.
OCLC
607530163
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Franklin D. Roosevelt: Executive Order 7027 Establishing the Resettlement Administration"
.
The American Presidency Project
.
Archived
from the original on September 13, 2018
. Retrieved
September 13,
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Today in History - April 8"
.
The Library of Congress
.
Archived
from the original on September 3, 2018
. Retrieved
September 13,
2018
.
- ^
"All Zip Codes in Greenbelt MD"
.
Zip-Codes.com
. Datasheer, L.L.C.
Archived
from the original on September 13, 2018
. Retrieved
September 12,
2018
.
- ^
"Zip Code 20770, Greenbelt, Maryland Boundary Map Version 4.0"
.
ZipMap.net
. USNaviguide LLC.
Archived
from the original on September 13, 2018
. Retrieved
September 12,
2018
.
- ^
"
CENSUS 2000 BLOCK MAP: GODDARD CDP
Archived
2018-09-01 at the
Wayback Machine
."
U.S. Census Bureau
. Retrieved on September 1, 2018. 1990 Census map of Prince George's County (
index map
) has Goddard CDP on
Page 9
Archived
2018-09-01 at the
Wayback Machine
.
- ^
"
Driving Directions to the Goddard Visitor Center
Archived
2017-05-05 at the
Wayback Machine
." Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved on September 1, 2018. "8800 Greenbelt Road Greenbelt, MD 20771" -
Driving Directions Map
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Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Greenbelt
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