Binational region of the United States and Canada
Place
The
Great Lakes region
of
Northern America
is a binational
Canadian
?
American
region centered around the
Great Lakes
that includes the
U.S. states
of
Illinois
,
Indiana
,
Michigan
,
Minnesota
,
New York
,
Ohio
,
Pennsylvania
, and
Wisconsin
and the
Canadian province
of
Ontario
. Canada's
Quebec
province is at times included as part of the region because the
St. Lawrence River
watershed is part of the continuous hydrologic system. The region forms a distinctive historical, economic, and cultural identity. A portion of the region also encompasses the
Great Lakes megalopolis
.
State and provincial governments are represented in the
Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers
, which also serves as the Secretariat to the
Great Lakes St. Lawrence Compact
and the
Great Lakes?Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement
.
The Great Lakes region takes its name from the corresponding
geological
formation of the
Great Lakes Basin
, a narrow watershed encompassing the Great Lakes, bounded by watersheds to the region's north by the
Hudson Bay
, to the west by the
Mississippi
, and to the east and south by the
Ohio
. To the east, the rivers of
St. Lawrence
,
Richelieu
,
Hudson
,
Mohawk
and
Susquehanna
form an arc of watersheds east to the
Atlantic
.
The Great Lakes region, as distinct from the
Great Lakes Basin
, defines a unit of sub-national political entities defined by the U.S. states and the Canadian province of Ontario encompassing the Great Lakes watershed, and the states and province bordering one or more of the Great Lakes.
Geography
[
edit
]
The
Palaeozoic
strata
are parts of a great area of similar layers hundreds of feet in thickness. These strata decline gently southward from the great
upland
of the
Laurentian Highlands
of eastern Canada. The visible upland area of today was a small part of the primeval continent with the remainder of it still buried under a Palaeozoic cover. The visible part was the last part of the primeval continent to sink under the advancing Palaeozoic seas. This district may be considered an ancient coastal plain. The weaker layers are worn down in sub-parallel belts of lower land between the upland and the belts of more resistant strata, which rise in
uplands
. Illustrations of this type of forms are found in the district of the
Great Lakes
. The chief upland belt or
escarpment
is formed by the firm
Niagara limestone/dolomite
, which takes its name from the gorge and falls cut through the upland by the
Niagara River
. The
Niagara Escarpment
has a relatively strong slope or enfacing escarpment on the side towards the upland, and a long gentle
slope
on the other side. Its relief is seldom more than 200 or 300 feet (91 m) and is generally small. Its continuity and its contrast with the associated lowlands on the underlying and overlying weak strata make it an important feature. The escarpment would lie straight east?west if the slant of the strata were uniformly to the south. However, the strata are somewhat warped and so the escarpment's course is strongly convex to the north in the middle, gently convex to the south at either end.
The escarpment begins where its determining
limestone
/
dolomite
begins, in west-central
New York
. There, it separates the lowlands that separate
Lake Ontario
from
Lake Erie
. It curves to the northwest through the Ontario province to the island belt that divides the
Georgian Bay
from
Lake Huron
. From there, it heads westward through the land-arm between
Lake Superior
and
Lake Michigan
and southwestward into the narrow points dividing
Green Bay
from Lake Michigan. Finally, it fades away with the thinning out of the limestone and is hardly traceable across the
Mississippi River
. The arrangement of the Great Lakes closely matches the course of the lowlands worn on the two belts of weaker strata on either side of the Niagara escarpment. Lake Ontario, Georgian Bay and Green Bay occupy depressions in the lowland on the inner side of the escarpment. Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan lie in depressions in the lowland on the outer side. When the two lowlands are traced eastward, they become confluent after the Niagara limestone has faded away in central New York, and the single lowland is continued under the name of the
Mohawk Valley
. This is an east?west longitudinal depression that has been eroded on a belt of relatively weak strata between the resistant crystalline rocks of the Adirondacks on the north and the northern escarpment of the
Appalachian plateau
(
Catskills
-
Helderbergs
) on the south. Early in U.S. history, this provided a vital economic route between the Atlantic seaports and the U.S. interior.
In
Wisconsin
, the inner lowland has an interesting feature. It is a knob of resistant quartzites, known as Baraboo Ridge, rising from the buried upland floor through the partly denuded cover of lower Palaeozoic strata. This knob or ridge can be thought of as an ancient physiographic fossil, as it is an ancient
monadnock
having been preserved from destructive attacks of weather by burial under sea-floor deposits. It has been recently re-exposed through the erosion of its cover. The occurrence of the lake basins in the lowland belts on either side of the Niagara escarpment is an abnormal feature. Glacial erosion has formed them through the
glacial drift
obstructing the normal outlet valleys and to crustal warping in connection with or independent of the glacial sheet.
Lake Superior
is unlike the other lakes. The greater part of its basin occupies a depression in the upland area, independent of the overlap of Palaeozoic strata. The western half of the basin occupies a trough of
synclinal
structure. The Great Lakes receive the drainage of a small peripheral land area, enclosed by a water-parting from the rivers that run to
Hudson Bay
or the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
on the north and to the
Gulf of Mexico
on the south.
The three lakes of the middle group: Lake Michigan, Lake Huron and Lake Erie stand at practically the same level. Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are connected by the
Straits of Mackinac
with the
Mackinac Bridge
spanning the straits. Lake Huron and Lake Erie are connected by the
St. Clair River
and
Detroit River
, with the small
Lake St. Clair
between them. The land northeast of the rivers is undergoing a slow elevation. The
Niagara River
connecting Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, with a fall of 326 feet (99 m) (160 feet (49 m) at the cataract) in 30 miles (48 km), is thought to have been of recent origin, as an older river would have a mature valley. The original valley that is thought to have connected the two depressions through the Niagara Escarpment is thought to have been at the present route of the
Welland Canal
, and to have been completely filled with
glacial drift
. The same is true for the
St. Lawrence
, where there may not have been an original valley. The
Ontarian River
that was a precursor to Lake Ontario is thought to have drained westward, and the St. Lawrence drainage to have been created by subsidence due to the weight of the ice sheet.
History
[
edit
]
Pre-Columbian history
[
edit
]
Paleo-Indian
cultures were the earliest in North America, with a presence in the Great Plains and Great Lakes areas from about 12,000 BCE to around 8,000 BCE.
[
citation needed
]
Prior to European settlement,
Iroquoian
people lived around Lakes
Erie
and
Ontario
,
Algonquian peoples
around most of the rest, and a variety of other indigenous nation-peoples including the
Menominee
,
Ojibwa
,
Illinois
,
Pottawatmie
,
Huron
,
Shawnee
,
Erie
,
Fox
,
Miami
,
Meskwaki
and
Ho-Chunk
(Winnebago). With the first permanent European settlements in the early seventeenth century, all these nation-peoples developed an extensive fur trade with French, Dutch, and English merchants in the St. Lawrence, Hudson and Mohawk Valleys, and Hudson's Bay, respectively.
European Exploration and Early Settlement
[
edit
]
The prospects of fur monopolies and discovery of a fabled
Northwest Passage
to Asia generated sporadic but intense competition among the three most powerful northwest Europe imperial nations to control the territory. A century and a half of naval and land wars among France, The Netherlands and Britain resulted finally in British control of the region, from the Ohio River to the Arctic, and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. Beyond the region, North American claims remained disputed among Britain, France, Spain and Russia.
Britain defeated France decisively at the
Battle of the Plains of Abraham
near Quebec City in 1759, and the
Treaty of Paris (1763)
that ended
The Seven Years' War
, known in America as the
French and Indian War
ceded the entire region to the victor.
Indian Reserve
is the historical term for this largely
uncolonized
area.set aside in the
Royal Proclamation of 1763
[2]
for use by
Native Americans
, who already inhabited it.
[3]
The
British
government had contemplated establishing an
Indian barrier state
in the portion of the reserve west of the
Appalachian Mountains
, and bounded by the
Ohio
and
Mississippi
rivers and the
Great Lakes
. Britain's claims were intensely disputed by a confederation of Indians during
Pontiac's Rebellion
, which induced major concessions to still sovereign Indian nations; and by the
Iroquois Confederacy
, whose six member nations-
Mohawk
,
Oneida
,
Onondaga
,
Cayuga
,
Seneca
and
Tuscarora
-never conceded sovereignty to either Britain or, later, The United States.
[4]
During the American Revolution, the region was contested between Britain and rebellious American colonies. Hoping for favorable claims of territorial control in an eventual peace treaty with Britain, American adventurers led by Kentucky militia leader
George Rogers Clark
briefly occupied village settlements, including Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Vincennes unopposed, with passive support from Francophone inhabitants. In the Peace of Paris (1784) Britain ceded what became known as the
Northwest Territory
, the area bounded by Great Lakes, Mississippi and Ohio rivers, and the eastern colonies of New York and Pennsylvania, to the fledgling United States. Britain, which may have entertained ambitions to repossess the area if America failed to govern it, retained control over its forts and licensed fur trade for fifteen years. By well-established trade and military routes across the Great Lakes, the British continued to supply not only their own troops but a
wide alliance of
Native American nations through Detroit,
Fort Niagara
,
Fort Michilimackinac
, and so on, until these posts were turned over to the United States following the
Jay Treaty
(1794).
During the
Confederacy Period
of 1781?1789, the Continental Congress passed three ordinances whose authority was unclear regarding the region's governance on the American side. The
Land Ordinance of 1784
established the broad outlines of future governance. The territory would be divided into six states, which would be given broad powers of constitutional instituting, and admitted to the nation as equal members. The
Land Ordinance of 1785
specified the manner in which land would be distributed in the Territory, favoring sale in small parcels to settlers who would work their own farms.
The
Northwest Ordinance
of 1787 defined the political protocols by which American states south of the lakes would enter the union as political equals with the original thirteen colonies. The ordinance, adopted in its final form just before the writing of the
United States Constitution
, was a sweeping, visionary proposal to create what was at the time a radical experiment in democratic governance and economy. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 prohibited
slavery
, restricted
primogeniture
, mandated universal
public education
, provided for affordable farm land to people who settled and improved it, and required peaceful, lawful treatment of the Indian population. The ordinance prohibited the establishment of state religion and established civic rights that foreshadowed the
United States Bill of Rights
. Civil rights included freedom from
cruel and unusual punishment
,
trial by jury
, and exemption from unreasonable
search and seizure
. States were authorized to organize constitutional conventions and petition for admission as states equal to the
original thirteen
. Five states evolved from its provisions: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin. The northeastern section of Minnesota, from the
Mississippi
to
St. Croix River
, also fell under ordinance jurisdiction and extended the constitution and culture of the Old Northwest to the
Dakotas
. The surge of settlement generated tension culminating in the
Battle of Fallen Timbers
in 1794.
Britain, fearing that fast American settlement could lead to annexation of its western provinces, countered with
The Constitution Act of 1791
, granting limited self-government to Canadian provinces and creating two new provinces out of Canada: Lower Canada (today's Quebec) and Upper Canada (Ontario).
Development of transportation
[
edit
]
Settlement and economic expansion on both sides accelerated after the 1825 opening of The
Erie Canal
, an astonishingly successful public venture that effectively integrated markets and commerce between the Atlantic seaboard and the region. The region on both sides of the border became a vast research and design laboratory for agricultural machinery and techniques. Owner-operator family farms transformed both demographics and ecology into a vast terrain of farmlands, producing primarily wheat and corn. In western New York and northeast Ohio, the St. Lawrence, Mohawk, and Hudson rivers provided outlets for commercial corn and wheat, while The Ohio River let agricultural products from western Pennsylvania and southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois journey downstream to New Orleans. Mining, primarily soft metals of copper, zinc, and lead; and timber to supply rapidly expanding sawmills that supplied lumber for new settlements.
Agricultural and industrial production generated distinctive political and social cultures of independent republican producers, who consolidated an ideology of personal liberty, free markets, and great social visions, often expressed in religious terms and enthusiasms. The region's alliance of antislavery with free soil movements contributed troops and agricultural goods that proved critical in the Union's victory. The
Homestead
and
Morrill Acts
, donating federal land to extend the agrarian economic franchise, and support state universities, modeled western expansion and education for all future states.
The British-Canadian
London Conference of 1866
, and subsequent
Constitution Act
of 1867 analogously derived from political, and some military, turmoil in the former jurisdiction of
Upper Canada
, which was renamed and organized in the new dominion as the province of
Ontario
. Like the provisions of the ordinance, Ontario prohibited slavery, made provisions for land distribution to farmers who owned their own land, and mandated universal
public education
.
Immigration and industrialization
[
edit
]
Industrial production, organization, and technology have made the region among the world's most productive manufacturing centers. Nineteenth-century monopolies such as International Harvester, Standard Oil, and United States Steel established the pattern of American centralized industrial consolidation and eventual global dominance. The region hosted the world's greatest concentrations of production for oil, coal, steel, automobiles, synthetic rubber, agricultural machinery, and heavy transport equipment. Agronomy industrialized as well, in meat processing, packaged cereal products, and processed dairy products. In response to disruptions and imbalances of power resulting from so vast a concentration of
economic power
, industrial workers organized the
Congress of Industrial Organizations
, a coherent agricultural cooperative movement, and the Progressive politics led by Wisconsin's Governor and Senator
Robert M. La Follette
. State universities, professional social work, and unemployment and workers' compensation were some of the region's permanent contributions to American social policy.
The Great Lakes region has produced globally influential breakthroughs in agricultural technology, transportation and building construction.
Cyrus McCormick
's reaper,
John Deere
's steel plow,
Joseph Dart
(
Dart's Elevator
), and George Washington Snow's balloon-frame construction are some of innovations that made significant, global impact. The
University of Chicago
and
Case Western Reserve University
figured prominently in developing
nuclear power
. Automobile manufacture developed simultaneously in
Ohio
and
Indiana
and became centered in the
Detroit
area of
Michigan
.
Henry Ford
's movable
assembly line
drew on regional experience in
meat processing
, agricultural machinery manufacture, and the industrial engineering of steel in revolutionizing the modern era of mass production manufacturing.
Chicago
-based
Montgomery Ward
and
Sears Roebuck
companies complemented mass manufactures with mass retail distribution.
Chicago
,
Detroit
, and
Cleveland
carry important roles in the field of architecture. Chicago pioneered the world's first skyscraper, the
Home Insurance Building
designed by
William LeBaron Jenney
. Engineering innovation established Chicago from that time on to become one of the world's most influential epicenters of contemporary urban and commercial architecture. Equally influential was the 1832 invention of balloon-
framing
in Chicago which replaced heavy timber construction requiring massive beams and great woodworking skill with pre-cut timber. This new lumber could be nailed together by farmers and settlers who used it to build homes and barns throughout the western prairies and plains. Wisconsin-born, Chicago-trained Sullivan apprentice
Frank Lloyd Wright
designed prototypes for architectural designs from the commercial skylight atrium to suburban ranch house.
German-born
Pennsylvania
immigrant
John A. Roebling
invented steel wire rope, a pivotal part of suspension bridges he designed and whose construction he supervised in Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Buffalo, based on earlier successful canal aqueducts. His most famous project was the
Brooklyn Bridge
. Contributions to modern transportation include the
Wright brothers
' early airplanes, designed and perfected in their Dayton, Ohio mechanics' workshops; distinctive
Great Lakes freighters
, and railroad beds constructed of wooden ties and steel rails. The early nineteenth century
Erie Canal
and mid-twentieth century
St. Lawrence Seaway
expanded the scale and capacity of massive water-born freight.
Agricultural associations joined the nineteenth century
Grange
, which in turn generated the agricultural cooperatives that defined much of rural political economy and culture throughout the region.
Fraternal
, ethnic, and civic organizations extended cooperatives and supported local ventures from insurance companies to orphanages and hospitals. The region was the political base, and provided much leadership political parties in the region.
The region's greatest institutional contributions were major corporate, labor, educational and cooperative organizations. It hosted some of the most influential national and international corporations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century monopoly age, including John Deere Plow, McCormack Reaper, New York Central and Erie railroads, Carnegie Steel, U.S. Steel,
International Harvester
and Standard Oil.
20th century
[
edit
]
As a result of industrialization, the population became more concentrated into urban areas. In part to balance democratic representation against the economic and political power of these corporations, the region hosted industrial labor organization, consolidated agricultural cooperatives and state educational systems. The
Big Ten Conference
memorializes the nation's first region in which every state sponsored major research, technical-agricultural, and teacher-training colleges and universities. The
Congress of Industrial Organizations
grew out of the region's coal and iron mines; steel, automobile and rubber industries; and breakthrough
strikes
and contracts of Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan.
The role of government also grew during the early 20th century. In the rural areas, most people obtained food and manufactured goods from neighbors and other people they knew personally. As industry and commerce grew, goods such as food, materials, and medicines were no longer made by neighbors, but by large companies. During
World War II
, the region became the global epicenter of motorized land vehicles, including cars, trucks and jeeps, as well as a major supplier of engine, transmission, and electrical components to the wartime aeronautics industry. Despite extreme labor shortages, the region increased mechanization, and absorbed large numbers of women and immigrant labor, to increase its food production.
Economy
[
edit
]
Great Lakes region
State
or
Province
|
2008 GDP
millions
of USD
|
%
|
New York
|
1,141,088
|
25.2
|
Illinois
|
633,697
|
14.0
|
Ontario
|
584,460
|
12.9
|
Pennsylvania
|
553,301
|
12.2
|
Ohio
|
471,508
|
10.4
|
Michigan
|
382,544
|
8.4
|
Minnesota
|
262,847
|
5.8
|
Indiana
|
254,861
|
5.6
|
Wisconsin
|
240,429
|
5.3
|
TOTAL
|
4,528,128
|
100.00
|
Manufacturing
[
edit
]
Navigable terrain, waterways, and ports spurred an unprecedented construction of transportation infrastructure throughout the region. The region is a global leader in advanced manufacturing and research and development, with significant innovations in both production processes and business organization. John D. Rockefeller's
Standard Oil
set precedents for centralized pricing, uniform distribution, and controlled product standards through Standard Oil, which started as a consolidated refinery in Cleveland.
Cyrus McCormick
's Reaper and other manufacturers of agricultural machinery consolidated into
International Harvester
in Chicago.
Andrew Carnegie
's steel production integrated large-scale open-hearth and
Bessemer processes
into the world's most efficient and profitable mills. The largest, most comprehensive monopoly in the world,
United States Steel
, consolidated steel production throughout the region. Many of the world's largest employers began in the Great Lakes region.
Mass marketing in the modern sense was born in the region. Two competing Chicago retailers?
Montgomery Ward
and
Sears Roebuck
?developed mass marketing and sales through catalogues, mail-order distribution, and the establishment of their brand names as purveyors of consumer goods. The region's natural features, cultural institutions, and resorts make it a popular destination for tourism.
Advantages of accessible waterways, highly developed transportation infrastructure, finance, and a prosperous market base make the region the global leader in automobile production and a global business location.
Henry Ford
's movable assembly line and integrated production set the model and standard for major car manufactures. The Detroit area emerged as the world's automotive center, with facilities throughout the region.
Akron, Ohio
became the global leader in rubber production, driven by the demand for tires. Over 200 million tons of cargo are shipped annually through the Great Lakes.
[5]
[6]
[7]
According to the
Brookings Institution
, if it stood alone as a country, the Great Lakes economy would be one of the largest economic units on Earth (with a $6-trillion gross regional product). This region also contains what area urban planners call the
Great Lakes Megalopolis
, which has an estimated 59 million people.
Chicago
is emerging as the third
megacity
in the
United States
, after the New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas, with a metro population approaching ten million.
Toronto
is the largest city in Canada and the fourth largest city proper in North America behind
Mexico City
, New York City and Los Angeles. Cities along the Great Lakes have access to the
Atlantic Ocean
through the
St. Lawrence Seaway
, making them international ports.
Financial
[
edit
]
Chicago
is the largest economic and financial center. Chicago was named the fourth most important business center in the world in the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index.
[8]
The 2017
Global Financial Centres Index
ranked Chicago as the twenty-fourth most competitive city in the world, behind Toronto, also in the Great Lakes region, at seventh.
[9]
The
Chicago Board of Trade
(established 1848) listed the first ever standardized "exchange traded" forward contracts, which were called
futures contracts
.
[10]
As a world financial center it is home to major financial and
futures exchanges
, including the
Chicago Stock Exchange
, the
Chicago Board Options Exchange
(CBOE), and the
Chicago Mercantile Exchange
(the "Merc"), which is owned, along with the
Chicago Board of Trade
(CBOT) by Chicago's
CME Group
. The CME Group, in addition, owns the
New York Mercantile Exchange
(NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX), and the
Dow Jones Indexes
.,
[11]
as well as headquarters of the
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago
(the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve).
Toronto
is an international centre for business and finance. Generally considered the financial capital of Canada, Toronto has a high concentration of banks and brokerage firms on Bay Street, in the Financial District. The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) is the world's seventh-largest stock exchange by market capitalization. The five largest financial institutions of Canada, collectively known as the Big Five, have their global operational headquarters in Toronto.
Outside of Chicago and Toronto, many other cities are host to financial centers as well. Major bank headquarters are located in Ohio including
Huntington Bancshares
in Columbus,
Fifth Third Bank
in Cincinnati, and
KeyCorp
in Cleveland. Insurance companies such as
Anthem
in Indianapolis,
Nationwide Insurance
in Columbus,
American Family Insurance
in Madison, Wisconsin,
State Farm Insurance
in Bloomington, Illinois, and
Progressive Insurance
and
Medical Mutual of Ohio
in Cleveland.
Population centers
[
edit
]
Rank
|
Area
|
State/
Province
|
Image
|
CSA/CMA
2010 population
|
Projected
[12]
[13]
2025 population
|
Projected increase
2010?2025
|
1
|
Chicago
|
IL-IN-WI
|
|
9,804,845
|
11,250,100
|
1,530,255
|
2
|
Toronto
|
ON
|
|
5,741,400
|
7,408,000
|
1,666,600
|
3
|
Detroit
|
MI
|
|
5,327,764
|
6,191,000
|
863,236
|
4
|
Cleveland
|
OH
|
|
3,515,646
|
3,795,658
|
280,012
|
5
|
Milwaukee
|
WI
|
|
1,760,268
|
1,913,000
|
157,732
|
6
|
Ottawa ? Gatineau
|
ON-QC
|
|
1,451,415
|
1,596,556
|
145,141
|
7
|
Grand Rapids
|
MI
|
|
1,327,366
|
1,530,000
|
202,634
|
8
|
Buffalo
|
NY
|
|
1,203,493
|
1,040,400
|
-163,093
|
9
|
Rochester
|
NY
|
|
1,149,653
|
1,248,600
|
98,947
|
10
|
Hamilton
|
ON
|
|
740,200
|
954,858
|
214,658
|
11
|
Toledo
|
OH
|
|
672,220
|
672,220
|
0
|
12
|
Kalamazoo
|
MI
|
|
524,030
|
540,000
|
15,970
|
13
|
Lansing
|
MI
|
|
523,609
|
547,325
|
23,716
|
14
|
Kitchener ? Cambridge ? Waterloo
|
ON
|
|
492,400
|
635,196
|
142,796
|
15
|
London
|
ON
|
|
492,200
|
634,938
|
142,738
|
16
|
Fort Wayne
|
IN
|
|
414,315
|
455,623
|
39,366
|
17
|
St. Catharines ? Niagara
|
ON
|
|
404,400
|
521,676
|
117,276
|
18
|
Windsor
|
ON
|
|
330,900
|
426,861
|
95,961
|
19
|
South Bend-Mishawaka
|
IN
|
|
319,224
|
|
|
20
|
Erie
|
PA
|
|
280,985
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Culture
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
June 2020
)
|
Religion
[
edit
]
The Great Lakes region has a strong, established Lutheran tradition (as established by populations from Nordic and Germanic countries), but this tradition has become more diversified in recent years.
[
citation needed
]
Education
[
edit
]
Sports
[
edit
]
Large professional sports leagues such as the
National Football League
(NFL), the
Canadian Football League
(CFL),
Major League Baseball
(MLB),
National Basketball Association
(NBA),
Women's National Basketball Association
(WNBA),
National Hockey League
(NHL) and
Major League Soccer
(MLS) have team franchises in several cities in the region.
Politics
[
edit
]
Blue collar industry traditionally represent in the Great Lakes region. In the United States, it is a stronghold of the
Democratic Party
although in recent years many states in Great Lakes region have become
swing states
. In
Ontario
, it has long been divided between rural and urban districts, with many rural ridings voted more conservative, and larger urban and Suburban areas voting Liberal or NDP.
Transportation
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
August 2021
)
|
The Great Lake region is served by
Interstate 94
,
Interstate 75
,
Ontario Highway 401
,
Amtrak
Lake Shore Limited
and VIA rail services.
The three largest international airports in the Great Lake region are
Chicago O'Hare
,
Toronto Pearson
, and
Detroit Metro Airport
. All three airports are major airline hubs that provide nonstop connectivity to other regions and continents.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
"Great Lakes States 2020"
. Retrieved
April 12,
2020
.
- ^
"Royal Proclamation"
. Archived from
the original
on October 20, 2013
. Retrieved
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- ^
Colin Gordon Calloway (2006).
The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America
. Oxford University Press. pp. 97?99.
ISBN
978-0-19-804119-1
.
- ^
The Middle Ground: Empires, Indians and Republics in The Great Lakes Region 1603?1815, Richard White, 1991 Cambridge University Press
- ^
"About Our Great Lakes -Great Lakes Basin Facts- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Lab (GLERL)"
. Archived from
the original
on March 8, 2012
. Retrieved
May 7,
2016
.
- ^
"Economy of the Great Lakes Region"
. Archived from
the original
on May 4, 2012
. Retrieved
May 7,
2016
.
- ^
U.S Army Corps of Engineers (January 2009).
Great Lakes Navigation System: Economic Strength to the Nation
Archived
July 18, 2011, at the
Wayback Machine
. Retrieved on July 27, 2010.
- ^
"
London named world's top business center by MasterCard
",
CNN
, June 13, 2007.
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China Development Institute; Z/Yen Partners (September 2017).
"The Global Financial Centres Index 22"
(PDF)
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.
- ^
"Timeline-of-achievements"
.
CME Group
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"Futures & Options Trading for Risk Management"
. CME Group. April 13, 2010
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References
[
edit
]
- Cronon, William (1988). Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
, W.W. Norton. pp. 333?340.
- Onuf, Peter S (1987).
A History of the Northwest Ordinance
, Indiana University Press.
- Taylor, Alan (2010) "The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels and Indian Allies", Knopf
- White, Richard (1991),
The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires and Republics in The Great Lakes Region 1965-1815
, Cambridge University Press
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Chandler, Alfred D. and Hikino, Takashi (1994),
Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism
, Harvard University Press.
- Chandler, Alfred D., (1977)
The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
, Harvard University Press.
- Cronon, William (1991).
Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
, W.W. Norton.
- Foner, Eric (1970).
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War
, Oxford University Press
- Reese, T (2001).
Soft Gold: A History of the Fur Trade in the Great Lakes Region and Its Impact on Native American Culture
, Heritage Press.
- Shannon, Fred (1945).
The Farmer's Last Frontier: Agriculture, 1860?1897
, Farrar & Rineheart.
- Taylor, Alan (2007),
The Divided Ground: Indians, Settlers and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution
, Vintage Books.
External links
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]
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