Monarch during a period of Russian history
The
Prince of Vladimir
,
from 1186
Grand Prince of Vladimir
(
Russian
:
Великий князь Владимирский
),
also translated as
Grand Duke of Vladimir
, was the title of the monarch of
Vladimir-Suzdal
. The title was passed to the
prince of Moscow
in 1389.
[4]
Overview
[
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]
The monarch of Vladimir-Suzdal's title,
veliky
knyaz
or
velikii kniaz
(
Russian
:
Великий Князь
,
romanized
:
velikiy knyaz' / velikii kniaz'
,
Church Slavonic
:
велик?и кн?зь
,
romanized:
velik?i kn?z'
) is variously translated into English as "
grand duke
"
[
citation needed
]
or "
grand prince
".
Consequently, Vladimir-Suzdal has been interchangeably described as a "grand principality"
or "grand duchy".
[
citation needed
]
Linguist
Alan Timberlake
(2000) found that the first time the phrase
velik?i kn?z
'
shows up in the
Suzdalian Chronicle
(in the
Laurentian
,
Radziwiłł
and
LPS
manuscripts) is under the year 1186, where it is applied to
Vsevolod Yurievich
.
In his early reign from 1177 to 1186, he is simply referred to as "prince Vsevolod" (
kn?z
'
(zhe) Vsevolod
'
).
From 1157 to 1238, the principality's capital was
Vladimir on the Klyazma
,
[
citation needed
]
which had been founded in 1108.
In 1151
Andrey Bogolyubsky
secretly left
Vyshgorod
, the domain of his father in the
Principality of Kiev
, and migrated to Suzdal.
[
citation needed
]
In 1157 he became prince of the principalities of Vladimir, Suzdal and Rostov.
[
citation needed
]
He
sacked Kiev in 1169
, installing his younger brother
Gleb
as new grand prince of Kiev.
The city of Vladimir was sacked by a
Mongol invasion
in 1238. The second important city,
Suzdal'
, was also destroyed by Mongols. The entire principality was then overrun in 1242 by the Mongols under
Batu Khan
, founder of the
Golden Horde
.
[
citation needed
]
The state of
Vladimir-Suzdal
(formally the grand principality of Vladimir
) became dominant among the various petty northeastern Rus' principalities left after the dissolution of the Kievan Rus' state.
[
citation needed
]
The title of Grand Prince of Vladimir became one of the three titles (along with Kiev and Novgorod
[
citation needed
]
) possessed by the most important rulers among the Rus' nobility.
[
citation needed
]
In the forest region, Vladimir enjoyed hegemony for a time, but it too disintegrated into a series of petty states.
[
citation needed
]
By the 14th century, Vladimir-Suzdal had splintered into various appanage principalities including
Nizhny Novgorod (Novgorod-Suzdal)
,
Tver
and
Moscow (Muscovy)
who all claimed the title of Grand Prince of Vladimir, and sought to gain the favour of the Tatar-Mongol khan of the
Golden Horde
to secure it.
[a]
In the early 14th century, the khan awarded the title to
Yury of Moscow
to counterbalance the strength of
Tver
; and after the
Tver Uprising of 1327
, which the Muscovites helped put down,
Ozbeg Khan
named
Ivan "Kalita" of Moscow
the new grand prince of Vladimir.
By the mid-14th century and especially during the
Great Troubles
(1359?1382), the khan's alliance with Moscow made the latter militarily and administratively powerful enough to economically and demographically devastate its rivals, notably Tver.
The khans therefore started awarding the grand princely title to Moscow's rivals.
In 1353,
Konstantin Vasilyevich
[
ru
;
uk
]
of
Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal
unsuccessfully tried to obtain the title of grand prince of Vladimir,
and in 1371 it was awarded to
Mikhail II of Tver
.
But by that time it was too late for the Golden Horde to curb the rise of Muscovy.
Tokhtamysh
allowed
Vasily I of Moscow
to succeed his father
Dmitry Donskoy
as grand prince of Vladimir in 1389.
List
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See also
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Notes
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]
- ^
During the 14th century, "political history is dominated by the vicious struggle between Moscow and Tver' for supremacy in Vladimir-Suzdalia. In the drive for power, both states had to address Sarai, for the Golden Horde had the uncontested prerogative of determining succession to the symbolic throne of the grand prince of Vladimir. In this new political climate, the Mongols abandoned the now obsolete policy of respecting the traditional Russian lines of succession."
References
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Bibliography
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]