Type of mosque designated for Friday noon prayers
For a list of mosques named "Jama masjid", "Jameh mosque", "Great mosque", etc, see
List of grand mosques
.
A
congregational mosque
or
Friday mosque
(
Arabic
:
??????? ??????
,
masjid j?mi‘
, or simply:
??????
,
j?mi‘
;
Turkish
:
Cami
), or sometimes
great mosque
or
grand mosque
(
Arabic
:
???? ????
,
j?mi‘ kabir
;
Turkish
:
Ulu Cami
), is a
mosque
for hosting the Friday noon prayers known as
jumu'ah
.
[3]
It can also host the
Eid prayers
in situations when there is no
musalla
or
eidgah
available nearby to host the prayers. In early
Islamic history
, the number of congregational mosques in one city was strictly limited. As cities and populations grew over time, it became more common for many mosques to host Friday prayers in the same area.
[4]
[5]
Etymology
[
edit
]
The full
Arabic
term for this kind of mosque is
masjid j?mi‘
(
??????? ??????
), which is typically translated as "mosque of congregation" or "congregational mosque".
[4]
"Congregational" is used to translate
j?mi‘
(
??????
), which comes from the Arabic
root
"? - ? - ?" which has a meaning ‘to bring together’ or ‘to unify’ (verbal form:
???
and
????
).
[6]
[4]
In Arabic, the term is typically simplified to just
j?mi‘
(
??????
). Similarly, in Turkish the term
cami
(
Turkish pronunciation:
[d??ami]
) is used for the same purpose.
[7]
As the distinction between a "congregational mosque" and other mosques has diminished in more recent history, the Arabic terms
masjid
and
jami'
have become more interchangeable.
[8]
[9]
In non-Arab Muslim nations, the word
j?mi‘
("that which gathers, congregates or assembles") is often conflated with another word from the same root,
jumu‘ah
(
Arabic
:
???????
,
lit.
'assembly, gathering'), a term which refers to the
Friday noon prayers
(
Arabic
:
?????? ??????????
,
romanized
:
?al?? al-jumu‘ah
,
lit.
'prayer of assembly') or the
Friday
itself (
Arabic
:
????? ??????????
,
romanized
:
yawm al-jumu‘ah
,
lit.
'day of assembly').
[10]
History
[
edit
]
Since the
early periods of Islam
, a functional distinction existed between large central mosques built and controlled by the state versus small local mosques built and maintained by the general population.
[11]
In the early years of Islam, under the
Rashidun caliphs
and many of the
Umayyad caliphs
, each city generally had only one congregational mosque where Friday prayers were held, while smaller mosques for regular prayers were built in local neighbourhoods. In fact, in some parts of the Islamic world such as in
Egypt
, Friday services were initially not permitted in villages and in other areas outside the main city where the congregational mosque stood.
[12]
The ruler or governor of the city usually built his residence (the
dar al-imara
) next to the congregational mosque, and in this early period the ruler also delivered the
khutbah
(Friday sermon) during Friday prayers.
[11]
[13]
This practice was inherited from the example of
Muhammad
and was passed on the caliphs after him. In the provinces, the local governors who ruled on behalf of the caliph were expected to deliver the
khutbah
for their local community.
[13]
The
minbar
, a kind of pulpit from which the
khutbah
was traditionally given, also became a standard feature of congregational mosques by the early
Abbasid
period (late eighth century).
[14]
[15]
In later centuries, as the Islamic world became increasingly divided between different political states, as the Muslim population and the cities grew, and as new rulers wished to leave their mark of patronage, it became common to have multiple congregational mosques in the same city.
[11]
[12]
For example,
Fustat
, the predecessor of modern
Cairo
, was founded in the seventh century with just one congregational mosque (the
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
). However, by the 15th century, under the
Mamluks
, the urban agglomeration of Cairo and Fustat had 130 congregational mosques.
[11]
In fact, the city became so saturated with congregational mosques that by the late 15th century its rulers could rarely build new ones.
[16]
A similar proliferation of congregational mosques occurred in the cities of
Syria
,
Iraq
,
Iran
, and
Morocco
, as well as in the newly conquered
Constantinople
(
Istanbul
) under
Ottoman
rule.
[11]
Architecture and function
[
edit
]
Congregational mosques function as a community space.
[17]
As a community space, it allows for prayer and social engagement.
[18]
Congregational mosques have a crucial role in communities Islamic practices.
[17]
The Qur'an does not state architectural parameters for a congregational mosque, and as a result there are both differences and similarities between congregational mosques of different regions.
[19]
[
page needed
]
As all male members of the community are expected to attend Friday prayers,
[3]
congregational mosques must be large enough to accommodate them and their size thus varies from community to community. The Qur'an does highlight that the prayer hall has to accommodate the population of the community.
[20]
[
page needed
]
Almost all congregational mosques feature a
minbar
, which is an elevated platform where the Friday sermon is given. The
minbar
is usually places near the
qibla
wall (the wall standing in the direction of prayer) and the
mihrab
.
[14]
[15]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Look up
jama
or
masjid
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- ^
Hugh Godfrey; Maturin Williamson; Robert G. Hoyland (2018).
The Oxford Illustrated History of the Holy Land
(Hardcover)
.
Oxford University Press
. p. 340.
ISBN
9780198724391
. Retrieved
24 April
2024
.
- ^
Rosie Bsheer (2020).
Archive Wars The Politics of History in Saudi Arabia
.
Stanford University Press
.
ISBN
9781503612587
. Retrieved
24 April
2024
.
masjid al- haram jami` masajid Makkah ? " [ Does praying anywhere in Mecca
- ^
a
b
See:
- M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mosque".
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 548?549.
ISBN
9780195309911
.
Islam requires no physical structure for valid prayer, which may be performed anywhere, and a minimal
masjid
("place of prostration") may consist only of lines marked on the ground, but a building constructed especially for the purpose is preferred, in particular for congregational prayer at Friday noon, the principal weekly service. Such a building may be called a
masjid
or a
j?mi
(Turk.
cami
), from
masjid al-j?mi?
(Pers.
masjid-i j?mi?
; Urdu
j?mi? masjid
), meaning "congregational mosque." This term is often rendered in English as "great mosque," or "Friday mosque," a translation of
masjid-i juma?
, a Persian variant.
- Uurlu, A. Hilal; Yalman, Suzan (2020).
"Introduction"
.
The Friday Mosque in the City: Liminality, Ritual, and Politics
. Intellect Books.
ISBN
978-1-78938-304-1
.
The English term 'mosque' derives from the Arabic masjid, a term designating a place of prostration, whereas the term jami', which is translated variously as Friday mosque, great mosque or congregational mosque, originates from the Arabic term jama', meaning to gather.
- Bearman, Peri (2014). "Masjid J?mi?". In Emad El-Din, Shahin (ed.).
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780199739356
.
The Friday prayer (
?al?t al-jum?a
), which is mandatory for every adult male Muslim (Shiite Islam makes an exception if no Imam is present), came to be conducted in a large, congregational mosque, known as the
masjid j?mi?
(< Ar.
jama?a
"to assemble"), or Friday mosque. In the early Islamic period, only one Friday mosque in a community was permitted, since the address to the congregation was to be conducted by the ruler of that community. With the growth of the Muslim population, however, this became increasingly untenable.
- Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (2016-04-27).
"Glossary"
.
Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs
. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
ISBN
978-1-58839-589-4
.
masjid-i jami
(Turkish,
Ulu Cami
) Congregational mosque where the male Muslim community performs the Friday prayer, during which the khutba is pronounced; also known as a Great Mosque or a Friday Mosque.
- Petersen, Andrew (1996). "jami or jami masjid".
Dictionary of Islamic architecture
. Routledge. p. 131.
ISBN
9781134613663
.
A congregational mosque which can be used by all the community for Friday prayers.
- Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Mosque".
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780195305135
.
J?mi?
is a designation for the congregational mosque dedicated to Friday communal prayer; in modern times it is used interchangeably with
masjid
.
- Fleet, Kate; Kramer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). "Friday prayer".
Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
. Brill.
ISSN
1873-9830
.
All schools but the ?anbal?s require that Friday prayers be held in a physical edifice; the ?anbal?s hold that they can be performed in a tent or in the open country. The schools of law differ on the number of participants required to constitute a valid congregation for Friday prayers: the Sh?fi??s and ?anbal?s require forty, the M?lik?s twelve, and the ?anaf?s only two or three praying behind the im?m (in each case, counting only persons obligated to perform the prayer). Such limitations had significant practical repercussions, as when the ?anaf? authorities of Bukh?r? prevented the performance of Friday congregational prayers at a congregational mosque (
j?mi?
) erected in a substantial community in the region in the fifth/eleventh century and ultimately razed the building (Wheatley, 235). Sh?fi??s further required that Friday prayers be held at only one place in each settlement. Until the fourth/tenth century, the number of Friday mosques (designated congregational mosques with a pulpit) was severely limited, even in major metropolitan centres; in later centuries, Friday mosques proliferated to accommodate the needs of urban populations (Wheatley, 234?5).
- Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins, Marilyn (2001).
Islamic Art and Architecture: 650?1250
(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 20.
ISBN
9780300088670
.
They were thus not only religious buildings but also the main social and political centres, as implied by the construct
al-masjid al-jami?
, usually translated as congregational mosque.
- Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011). "Glossary".
Islam: Art and Architecture
. h.f.ullmann. p. 610.
ISBN
9783848003808
.
Mosque
(Ar.: masjid, Turk.: cami, Engl.: "place of prostration") The general term masjid refers to mosques that could be used every day. The particularly important Friday (or congregational) mosques, where the communal Friday worship is held, are called masjid-i jami or -i juma.
- ^
a
b
c
Bearman, Peri (2014). "Masjid J?mi?". In Emad El-Din, Shahin (ed.).
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780199739356
.
The Friday prayer (
?al?t al-jum?a
), which is mandatory for every adult male Muslim (Shiite Islam makes an exception if no Imam is present), came to be conducted in a large, congregational mosque, known as the
masjid j?mi?
(< Ar.
jama?a
"to assemble"), or Friday mosque. In the early Islamic period, only one Friday mosque in a community was permitted, since the address to the congregation was to be conducted by the ruler of that community. With the growth of the Muslim population, however, this became increasingly untenable.
- ^
Fleet, Kate; Kramer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). "Friday prayer".
Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
. Brill.
ISSN
1873-9830
.
All schools but the ?anbal?s require that Friday prayers be held in a physical edifice; the ?anbal?s hold that they can be performed in a tent or in the open country. The schools of law differ on the number of participants required to constitute a valid congregation for Friday prayers: the Sh?fi??s and ?anbal?s require forty, the M?lik?s twelve, and the ?anaf?s only two or three praying behind the im?m (in each case, counting only persons obligated to perform the prayer). Such limitations had significant practical repercussions, as when the ?anaf? authorities of Bukh?r? prevented the performance of Friday congregational prayers at a congregational mosque (
j?mi?
) erected in a substantial community in the region in the fifth/eleventh century and ultimately razed the building (Wheatley, 235). Sh?fi??s further required that Friday prayers be held at only one place in each settlement. Until the fourth/tenth century, the number of Friday mosques (designated congregational mosques with a pulpit) was severely limited, even in major metropolitan centres; in later centuries, Friday mosques proliferated to accommodate the needs of urban populations (Wheatley, 234?5).
- ^
Mitias, Michael H.; Al Jasmi, Abdullah (2018).
"Form and Function in the Congregational Mosque"
.
Estetika: The Central European Journal of Aesthetics
.
55
(1): 25?44.
doi
:
10.33134/eeja.169
.
- ^
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Mosque".
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 548?549.
ISBN
9780195309911
.
Islam requires no physical structure for valid prayer, which may be performed anywhere, and a minimal
masjid
("place of prostration") may consist only of lines marked on the ground, but a building constructed especially for the purpose is preferred, in particular for congregational prayer at Friday noon, the principal weekly service. Such a building may be called a
masjid
or a
j?mi
(Turk.
cami
), from
masjid al-j?mi?
(Pers.
masjid-i j?mi?
; Urdu
j?mi? masjid
), meaning "congregational mosque." This term is often rendered in English as "great mosque," or "Friday mosque," a translation of
masjid-i juma?
, a Persian variant.
- ^
Pedersen, J.; Hillenbrand, R.; Burton-Page, J.; Andrews, P.A.; Pijper, G.F.; Christie, A.H.; Forbes, A.D.W.; Freeman-Greenville, G.S.P.; Samb, A. (1991). "Masd?j?id". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Dijkema, F. Th.; Nurit, S. (eds.).
Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
. Vol. 6. Brill. pp. 655?656.
Linguistic usage varied somewhat in course of time with conditions. In the time of ?Umar there was properly in every town only one
masd?j?id d?j??mi?
for the Friday service. But when the community became no longer a military camp and Islam replaced the previous religion of the people, a need for a number of mosques for the Friday service was bound to arise. This demanded mosques for the Friday service in the country, in the villages on the one hand and several Friday mosques in the town on the other. This meant in both cases an innovation, compared with old conditions, and thus there arose some degree of uncertainty. The Friday service had to be conducted by the ruler of the community, but there was only one governor in each province; on the other hand, the demands of the time could hardly be resisted and, besides, the Christian converts to Islam had been used to a solemn weekly service. (...) The great spread of Friday mosques was reflected in the language. While inscriptions of the 8th/14th century still call quite large mosques
masd?j?id
, in the 9th/15th most of them are called
d?j??mi?
(cf. on the whole question, van Berchem, CIA, i, 173-4); and while now the madrasa [q.v.] begins to predominate and is occasionally also called
d?j??mi?
, the use of the word
masd?j?id
becomes limited. While, generally speaking, it can mean any mosque (e.g. al-Ma?r?z?, iv, 137, of the Mu?ayyad mosque), it is more especially used of the smaller unimportant mosques.
- ^
Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Mosque".
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780195305135
.
J?mi?
is a designation for the congregational mosque dedicated to Friday communal prayer; in modern times it is used interchangeably with
masjid
.
- ^
Quran
62:9?11
,
Quran
62:10?11
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Mosque".
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780195305135
.
- ^
a
b
Pedersen, J.; Hillenbrand, R.; Burton-Page, J.; Andrews, P.A.; Pijper, G.F.; Christie, A.H.; Forbes, A.D.W.; Freeman-Greenville, G.S.P.; Samb, A. (1991). "Masd?j?id". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Dijkema, F. Th.; Nurit, S. (eds.).
Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
. Vol. 6. Brill. pp. 644?706.
- ^
a
b
Esposito, John L., ed. (2009). "Khu?bah".
The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780195305135
.
- ^
a
b
Petersen, Andrew (1996). "minbar".
Dictionary of Islamic architecture
. Routledge. pp. 191?192.
- ^
a
b
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Minbar".
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780195309911
.
- ^
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2008). "The Mamluk City: From Fustat to al-Qahira". In Jayyusi, Salma K. (ed.).
The City in the Islamic World (Volume 1)
. Brill. pp. 295?316.
ISBN
9789004171688
.
- ^
a
b
Mitias, Michael H.; Al Jasmi, Abdullah (2018).
"Form and Function in the Congregational Mosque"
.
Estetika: The European Journal of Aesthetics
.
55
(1): 25.
doi
:
10.33134/eeja.169
.
ISSN
2571-0915
.
- ^
Trevathan, Idries; Aljalhami, Mona; Macleod, Murdo; Mansour, Mona, eds. (2020).
The Art of Orientation: An Exploration of the Mosque Through Objects
. Munich Germany: Hirmer Publisher. pp. 20?21.
ISBN
978-3-7774-3593-0
.
OCLC
1229090641
.
- ^
Imbrey, Jai, ed. (2017).
Mosques : splendors of Islam
. Rizzoli New York.
ISBN
978-0-8478-6035-7
.
OCLC
975133976
.
- ^
Frishman, Martin; Khan, Hasan-Uddin, eds. (1994).
The Mosque: History, Architectural Development & Regional Diversity
. New York: Thames and Hudson.
ISBN
0-500-34133-8
.
OCLC
31758698
.
|
---|
Styles
| |
---|
Elements
| Materials
| | |
---|
Arches
| |
---|
Roofs
| |
---|
Religious
objects
| |
---|
Decorations
| |
---|
Rooms
| |
---|
Gardens
| |
---|
Outdoor
objects
| |
---|
Passive
cooling
| |
---|
|
---|
Types
| Religious
| |
---|
Civilian
| |
---|
Military
| |
---|
|
---|
Resources
| |
---|
Influences
| |
---|
Category pages
| |
---|
|
|
---|
Sufis
| | |
---|
Concepts
| |
---|
Awrad
| |
---|
Waridates
| |
---|
Misconducts
| |
---|
Ceremonies
| |
---|
Arts
| |
---|
Places
| |
---|
Objects
| |
---|