Overseas French territory
Overseas country and Collectivity of France
French Polynesia
(
POL
-in-
EE
-zh?
;
French
:
Polynesie francaise
[p?linezi
f???s?ːz]
;
Tahitian
:
P?r?netia Far?ni
) is an
overseas collectivity
of
France
and its sole
overseas country
. It comprises 121 geographically dispersed islands and
atolls
[5]
stretching over more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) in the
South Pacific Ocean
. The total land area of French Polynesia is 3,521 square kilometres (1,359 sq mi),
[2]
with a population of 278,786 (Aug. 2022 census)
[3]
of which at least 205,000 live in the
Society Islands
and the remaining population lives in the rest of the archipelago.
French Polynesia is divided into five groups of islands:
- the
Society Islands
archipelago, comprising the
Windward Islands
and the
Leeward Islands
- the
Tuamotu Archipelago
- the
Gambier Islands
- the
Marquesas Islands
- the
Austral Islands
.
Among its 121 islands and atolls, 75 were inhabited at the 2017 census.
[5]
Tahiti
, which is in the Society Islands group, is the most populous island, being home to nearly 69% of the population of French Polynesia as of 2017
[update]
.
Papeete
, located on Tahiti, is the capital of French Polynesia. Although not an integral part of its territory,
Clipperton Island
was administered from French Polynesia until 2007.
Hundreds of years after the
Great Polynesian Migration
, European explorers began traveling through the region, visiting the islands of French Polynesia on several occasions. Traders and whaling ships also visited. In 1842, the French took over the islands and established a French
protectorate
that they called
Etablissements francais d'Oceanie (EFO)
(French Establishments/Settlements of Oceania).
In 1946, the
EFO
became an
overseas territory
under the constitution of the
French Fourth Republic
, and
Polynesians
were granted the right to vote through citizenship. In 1957, the
EFO
were renamed French Polynesia. In 1983 French Polynesia became a member of the
Pacific Community
, a regional development organization. Since 28 March 2003, French Polynesia has been an overseas collectivity of the French Republic under the constitutional revision of article 74, and later gained, with law 2004-192 of 27 February 2004, an administrative autonomy, two symbolic manifestations of which are the title of the
President of French Polynesia
and its additional designation as an
overseas country
.
[6]
History
[
edit
]
The French frigate
Floreal
in November 2002, at anchor in
Bora Bora
lagoon
Anthropologists and historians believe the Great Polynesian Migration commenced around 1500 BC as
Austronesian peoples
went on a journey using
celestial navigation
to find islands in the South Pacific Ocean. The first islands of French Polynesia to be settled were the Marquesas Islands in about 200 BC. The
Polynesians
later ventured southwest and discovered the Society Islands around AD 300.
[7]
European encounters began in 1521 when Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan
, sailing at the service of the
Spanish Crown
, sighted
Puka-Puka
in the
Tu?motu-Gambier Archipelago
. In 1606 another Spanish expedition under
Pedro Fernandes de Queiros
sailed through Polynesia sighting an inhabited island on 10 February
[8]
which they called Sagitaria (or Sagittaria), probably the island of
Rekareka
to the southeast of Tahiti.
[9]
In 1722, Dutchman
Jakob Roggeveen
while on an expedition sponsored by the Dutch West India Company, charted the location of six islands in the Tuamotu Archipelago and two islands in the Society Islands, one of which was
Bora Bora
.
British explorer
Samuel Wallis
became the first European navigator to visit Tahiti in 1767. French explorer
Louis Antoine de Bougainville
also visited Tahiti in 1768, while British explorer
James Cook
arrived in 1769,
[7]
and
observed the transit of Venus
. He would stop in Tahiti again in 1773 during his second voyage to the Pacific, and once more in 1777 during his third and last voyage before being killed in Hawaii.
In 1772, the Spanish
Viceroy of Peru
Don
Manuel de Amat
ordered a number of expeditions to Tahiti under the command of
Domingo de Bonechea
who was the first European to explore all of the main islands beyond Tahiti.
[10]
A short-lived Spanish settlement was created in 1774,
[7]
and for a time some maps bore the name
Isla de Amat
after Viceroy Amat.
[11]
Christian missions
began with Spanish priests who stayed in Tahiti for a year. Protestants from the
London Missionary Society
settled permanently in Polynesia in 1797.
Society Island kingdoms
King
P?mare II
of Tahiti was forced to flee to
Mo'orea
in 1803
[
why?
]
; he and his subjects were converted to Protestantism in 1812. French Catholic missionaries arrived on Tahiti in 1834; their expulsion in 1836 caused France to send a gunboat in 1838. In 1842, Tahiti and
Tahuata
were declared a
French protectorate
, to allow Catholic missionaries to work undisturbed. The capital of
Papeet?
was founded in 1843. In 1880, France annexed Tahiti, changing the status from that of a protectorate to that of a
colony
. The island groups were not officially united until the establishment of the French protectorate in 1889.
[12]
After France declared a protectorate over Tahiti in 1842 and
fought a war with Tahiti (1844?1847)
, the British and French signed the
Jarnac Convention
in 1847, declaring that the kingdoms of
Raiatea
,
Huahine
and
Bora Bora
were to remain independent from both powers and that no single chief was to be allowed to reign over the entire archipelago. France eventually broke the agreement, and the islands were annexed and became a colony in 1888 (eight years after the Windward Islands) after many native resistances and conflicts called the
Leewards War
, lasting until 1897.
[13]
[14]
In the 1880s, France claimed the
Tuamotu Archipelago
, which formerly belonged to the
P?mare Dynasty
, without formally annexing it. Having declared a protectorate over Tahuata in 1842, the French regarded the entire Marquesas Islands as French. In 1885, France appointed a governor and established a general council, thus giving it the proper administration for a colony. The islands of
Rimatara
and
R?rutu
unsuccessfully lobbied for British protection in 1888, so in 1889 they were annexed by France. Postage stamps were first issued in the colony in 1892. The first official name for the colony was
Etablissements de l'Oceanie
(Establishments in Oceania); in 1903 the general council was changed to an advisory council and the colony's name was changed to
Etablissements Francais de l'Oceanie
(French Establishments in Oceania).
[15]
In 1940, the administration of French Polynesia recognised the
Free French Forces
and many Polynesians served in World War II. Unknown at the time to the French and Polynesians, the
Konoe
Cabinet in
Imperial Japan
on 16 September 1940 included French Polynesia among the many territories which were to become
Japanese possessions
, as part of the "
Eastern Pacific Government-General
" in the
post-war world
.
[16]
However, in the course of the war in the Pacific the Japanese were not able to launch an actual invasion of the French islands.
A two-franc
World War II
emergency-issue banknote (1943), printed in
Papeete
, and depicting the outline of
Tahiti
on the reverse
In 1946, Polynesians were granted French citizenship and the islands' status was changed to an overseas territory; the islands' name was changed in 1957 to
Polynesie Francaise
(French Polynesia). In 1962, France's early
nuclear testing
ground in
Algeria
was no longer usable when Algeria became independent and the
Moruroa atoll
in the Tuamotu Archipelago was selected as the new testing site; tests were conducted underground after 1974.
[17]
In 1977, French Polynesia was granted partial internal autonomy; in 1984, the autonomy was extended. French Polynesia became a full overseas collectivity of France in 2003.
[18]
In September 1995, France stirred up widespread protests by resuming nuclear testing at
Fangataufa
atoll after a three-year moratorium. The last test was on 27 January 1996. On 29 January 1996, France announced that it would accede to the
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
, and no longer test nuclear weapons.
[19]
French Polynesia was relisted in the
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
in 2013, making it eligible for a UN-backed independence referendum. The relisting was made after the indigenous opposition was voiced and supported by the Polynesian Leaders Group, Pacific Conference of Churches, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Non-Aligned Movement, World Council of Churches, and Melanesian Spearhead Group.
[20]
Governance
[
edit
]
Under the terms of Article 74 of the
French constitution
and the
Organic Law
2014?192 on the statute of autonomy of French Polynesia, politics of French Polynesia takes place in a framework of a
parliamentary
representative democratic
French overseas collectivity, whereby the President of French Polynesia is the
head of government
, and of a
multi-party system
.
Executive power
is exercised by the government.
Legislative power
is vested in both the government and the
Assembly of French Polynesia
(the territorial assembly).
Political life in French Polynesia was marked by great instability from the mid-2000s to the mid-2010s. The anti-independence right-wing president of French Polynesia,
Gaston Flosse
, who had been in power since 1991, had supported the resumption of the
French nuclear weapons tests
in 1995, and had obtained from his longtime friend and political ally
Jacques Chirac
, then president of France, a status of expanded autonomy for French Polynesia in 2004, failed to secure an absolute majority in the
2004 French Polynesian legislative election
, resulting in deadlock at the
Assembly of French Polynesia
. Flosse's longtime opponent, the pro-independence leader
Oscar Temaru
, whose pro-independence coalition had won one less seat than Flosse's party in the Assembly, was nonetheless elected president of French Polynesia by the Assembly in June 2004 thanks to the votes of two non-aligned Assembly members. This resulted in several years of political instability, as neither the pro- nor the anti-independence camps were assured of a majority, depending on the votes of smaller non-aligned parties representing the interests of the distant islands of French Polynesia (as opposed to Tahiti). Temaru was toppled from the presidency of French Polynesia in October 2004, succeeded by Flosse who was toppled in March 2005, succeeded by Temaru again who was toppled in December 2006, succeeded by
Gaston Tong Sang
, a close ally of Flosse.
On 14 September 2007, the pro-independence leader
Oscar Temaru
was elected president of French Polynesia for the third time in three years (with 27 of 44 votes cast in the territorial assembly).
[21]
He replaced former president
Gaston Tong Sang
, opposed to independence, who lost a
no-confidence vote
in the Assembly of French Polynesia on 31 August after the longtime former president of French Polynesia,
Gaston Flosse
, hitherto opposed to independence, sided with his long enemy Oscar Temaru to topple the government of Gaston Tong Sang. Oscar Temaru, however, had no stable majority in the Assembly of French Polynesia, and new territorial elections were held in February 2008 to solve the political crisis.
The
Assembly of French Polynesia
The party of Gaston Tong Sang won the territorial elections, but that did not solve the political crisis: the two minority parties of Oscar Temaru and Gaston Flosse, who together had one more member in the territorial assembly than the political party of Gaston Tong Sang, allied to prevent Gaston Tong Sang from becoming president of French Polynesia. Gaston Flosse was then elected president of French Polynesia by the territorial assembly on 23 February 2008 with the support of the pro-independence party led by Oscar Temaru, while Oscar Temaru was elected speaker of the territorial assembly with the support of the anti-independence party led by Gaston Flosse. Both formed a coalition cabinet. Many observers doubted that the alliance between the anti-independence Gaston Flosse and the pro-independence Oscar Temaru, designed to prevent Gaston Tong Sang from becoming president of French Polynesia, could last very long.
[22]
At the
French municipal elections held in March 2008
, several prominent mayors who were member of the Flosse-Temaru coalition lost their offices in key municipalities of French Polynesia, which was interpreted as a disapproval of the way Gaston Tong Sang, whose party French Polynesian voters had placed first in the territorial elections the month before, had been prevented from becoming president of French Polynesia by the last minute alliance between Flosse and Temaru's parties. Eventually, on 15 April 2008 the government of Gaston Flosse was toppled by a
constructive vote of no confidence
in the territorial assembly when two members of the Flosse-Temaru coalition left the coalition and sided with Tong Sang's party. Tong Sang's majority in the territorial assembly was very narrow, and he was toppled in February 2009, succeeded by Temaru (supported again by Flosse).
Oscar Temaru's return to power was brief as he fell out with Gaston Flosse and was toppled in November 2009, succeeded by Gaston Tong Sang. Tong Sang remained in power for a year and a half before being toppled in a vote of no confidence in April 2011, and succeeded by Temaru. Oscar Temaru's fifth stint as president of French Polynesia lasted two years, during which he campaigned for the re-inscription of French Polynesia on the
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
. Temaru lost the
2013 French Polynesian legislative election
by a wide margin, only two weeks before the
United Nations
re-registered French Polynesia on its list of non-self governing territories. This was interpreted by political analysts as a rejection by French Polynesian voters of Temaru's push for independence as well as the consequence of the socioeconomic crisis affecting French Polynesia after years of political instability and corruption scandals.
Gaston Flosse, whose anti-independence party was the big winner of the 2013 election, succeeded Oscar Temaru as president of French Polynesia in May 2013, but he was removed from office in September 2014 due to a corruption conviction by France's highest court. Flosse was replaced as president of French Polynesia by his second-in-command in the anti-independence camp,
Edouard Fritch
, who was also Flosse's former son-in-law (divorced from Flosse's daughter). Fritch fell out with Flosse in 2015 as both leaders were vying for control of the anti-independence camp, and Fritch was excluded from Gaston Flosse's party in September 2015, before founding his own anti-independence party,
Tapura Huiraatira
, in February 2016. His new party managed to keep a majority in the Assembly of French Polynesia, and Fritch remained president of French Polynesia.
Political stability has returned in French Polynesia since the split of the anti-independence camp in 2015?2016. Tapura Huiraatira won 70% of the seats in the Assembly of French Polynesia at the
2018 French Polynesian legislative election
, defeating both Oscar Temaru's pro-independence party and Gaston Flosse's anti-independence party, and Edouard Fritch was re-elected president of French Polynesia by the Assembly in May 2018. By 2022, Edouard Fritch was the longest-serving president of French Polynesia since Gaston Flosse in the 1990s and early 2000s.
Administration
[
edit
]
Bora Bora
Between 1946 and 2003, French Polynesia had the status of an overseas territory (
territoire d'outre-mer
, or
TOM
). In 2003, it became an overseas collectivity (
collectivite d'outre-mer
, or COM). Its statutory law of 27 February 2004 gives it the particular designation of
overseas country inside the Republic
(
pays d'outre-mer au sein de la Republique
, or POM), but without legal modification of its status.
[23]
Relations with mainland France
[
edit
]
High Commission of the
French Fifth Republic
Despite a local assembly and government, French Polynesia is not in a
free association
with France, like the
Cook Islands
with
New Zealand
. As a French overseas collectivity, the local government has no competence in justice, university education, security and defense. Services in these areas are directly provided and administered by the Government of France, including the
National Gendarmerie
(which also polices rural and border areas in metropolitan France), and
French military forces
. The collectivity government retains control over primary and secondary education, health, town planning, and the environment.
[24]
The highest representative of the State in the territory is the
High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia
(
French
:
Haut commissaire de la Republique en Polynesie francaise
).
French Polynesia also sends three
deputies
to the
French National Assembly
in three constituencies,
the 1st
representing Papeete and its north-eastern suburbs, plus the
commune
(municipality) of
Mo'orea-Mai'ao
, the
Tu?motu-Gambier
administrative division, and the Marquesas Islands administrative division,
the 2nd
representing much of Tahiti outside Papeete and the Austral Islands administrative subdivision, and
the 3rd
representing the
Leeward Islands
administrative subdivision
and the south-western suburbs of Papeete. French Polynesia also sends two senators to the
French Senate
.
Defence
[
edit
]
The defence of the collectivity is the responsibility of the
French Armed Forces
. Some 900 military personnel are deployed in the territory ? incorporating the Pacific-Polynesian Marine Infantry Regiment (RIMaP-P)
[25]
[26]
? along with modest air transport and surveillance assets.
[27]
The latter include three
Falcon 200 Gardian maritime surveillance aircraft
from
French Naval Aviation
, which are to be replaced by the more modern
Falcon 2000 Albatros
starting in 2025.
[28]
[29]
The former is composed of two
CN-235
tactical transport aircraft drawn from the Air Force's ET 82 "Maine" transport squadron.
[26]
Three principal
French Navy
vessels are based in the territory, including: the surveillance frigate
Prairial
, the patrol and support ship
Bougainville
and the coast guard vessel
Arago
. As of 2021, two smaller port and coastal tugs (RPCs),
Maroa
and
Manini
, were also operational in the territory.
[30]
[31]
Flottille 35F of French naval aviation deploys a detachment of three
AS 365N Dauphin
helicopters in Tahiti.
[32]
The helicopters carry out a variety of roles in the territory or may be embarked on
Prairial
as required.
[33]
In 2024
Arago
is to be replaced by
Teriieroo to Teriierooiterai
, a vessel of the new
Felix Eboue
class
of patrol vessels. The French Navy will further reinforce its offshore patrol capabilities in the region by deploying a second vessel of the class (
Philip Bernardino
) to Tahiti by 2025.
[34]
[35]
The
National Gendarmerie
deploys some 500 active personnel and civilians, plus around 150 reservists, in French Polynesia.
[36]
The patrol boat
Jasmin
of the
Maritime Gendarmerie
is also based in the territory and is to be replaced by a new PCG-NG patrol boat in about 2025?2026.
[37]
[38]
Geography
[
edit
]
Map of French Polynesia
Bora Bora
, Leeward Islands
The islands of French Polynesia make up a total land area of 3,521 square kilometres (1,359 sq mi),
[2]
scattered over more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) of ocean. There are 121 islands in French Polynesia and many more islets or
motus
around
atolls
.
[5]
The highest point is
Mount Orohena
on Tahiti.
It is made up of five archipelagos. The largest and most populated island is Tahiti, in the Society Islands.
The archipelagos are:
Islands of French Polynesia
Name
|
Land area (km
2
)
[2]
|
Population
2022 Census
|
Density
(per km
2
)
2022
|
Notes
|
Marquesas Islands
|
1,049.3
|
9,478
|
9
|
12 high islands; administratively making the Marquesas Islands subdivision
|
Society Islands
|
1,597.6
|
245,987
|
154
|
administratively subdivided into the Windward Islands subdivision (4 high islands and 1 atoll)
and the Leeward Islands subdivision (5 high islands and 4 atolls)
|
Tuamotu Archipelago
|
698.7
|
15,159
|
22
|
80 atolls, grouping over 3,100 islands or islets; administratively part of the Tuamotu-Gambier subdivision
|
Gambier Islands
|
27.8
[39]
[40]
|
1,570
|
56
|
6 high islands and 1 atoll; administratively part of the Tuamotu-Gambier subdivision
|
Austral Islands
|
147.8
|
6,592
|
45
|
5 high islands and 1 atoll; administratively part of the Austral Islands subdivision
|
TOTAL
|
3,521.2
|
278,786
|
79
|
121 high islands and atolls (75 inhabited at the 2017 census; 46 uninhabited)
[5]
|
Aside from Tahiti, some other important atolls, islands, and island groups in French Polynesia are:
Ah?
,
Bora Bora
,
Hiva 'Oa
,
Huahine
,
Mai'ao
,
Maupiti
,
Meheti'a
,
Mo'orea
,
Nuku Hiva
,
Raiatea
,
Taha'a
,
Tetiaroa
,
Tupua'i
and
T?pai
.
French Polynesia is home to four terrestrial ecoregions:
Marquesas tropical moist forests
,
Society Islands tropical moist forests
,
Tuamotu tropical moist forests
, and
Tubuai tropical moist forests
.
[41]
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
The 5 administrative subdivisions and 48
communes
of French Polynesia.
French Polynesia is divided in five administrative subdivisions (
subdivisions administratives
):
- Marquesas Islands
(
French
:
les iles Marquises
or officially
la subdivision administrative des iles Marquises
)
- Leeward Islands
(
French
:
les iles Sous-le-Vent
or officially
la subdivision administrative des iles Sous-le-Vent
) (the two
subdivisions administratives
Windward Islands and Leeward Islands are part of the Society Islands)
- Windward Islands
(
French
:
les iles du Vent
or officially
la subdivision administrative des iles du Vent
) (the two
subdivisions administratives
Windward Islands and Leeward Islands are part of the Society Islands)
- Tu?motu-Gambier
(
French
:
les Iles Tuamotu-Gambier
or officially
la subdivision administrative des iles Tuamotu-Gambier
) (the Tuamotus and the Gambier Islands)
- Austral Islands
(
French
:
les iles Australes
or officially
la subdivision administrative des iles Australes
) (including the
Bass Islands
)
The five administrative subdivisions are not local councils; they are solely
deconcentrated
subdivisions of the French central State. At the head of each administrative subdivision is an
administrateur d'Etat
("State administrator"), generally simply known as
administrateur
, also sometimes called
chef de la subdivision administrative
("head of the administrative subdivision"). The
administrateur
is a civil servant under the authority of the High Commissioner of the French Republic in French Polynesia in
Papeete
.
Four administrative subdivisions (Marquesas Islands, Leeward Islands, Tuamotu-Gambier, and Austral Islands) each also form a deconcentrated subdivision of the government of French Polynesia. These are called
circonscriptions
("districts"). The head of a
circonscription
is the
tavana hau
, known as
administrateur territorial
in French ("territorial administrator"), but the
Tahitian
title
tavana hau
is most often used. The
tavana hau
is the direct representative of the
president of French Polynesia's government
who appoints him or her. The Windward Islands, due to their proximity to Papeete, do not form a deconcentrated subdivision of the government of French Polynesia.
The 5 administrative subdivisions are themselves divided in 48
communes
. Like all other communes in the French Republic, these are municipalities in which local residents with either a French or another
EU
citizenship elect a municipal council and a mayor in charge of managing local affairs within the commune. Municipal elections occur every six years on the same date as in the rest of the French Republic (the last municipal elections
took place in 2020
).
30 communes are further subdivided in 98
associated communes
which have each a delegate mayor and a registry office. These 30 communes were subdivided in associated communes either because they have a large land territory (particularly in the larger islands such as
Tahiti
or
Nuku Hiva
) or because they are made up of
atolls
distant from each other (particularly in the Tuamotu archipelago), which led to the creation of associated communes for each inhabited atoll.
17 communes (out of French Polynesia's 48 communes) have banded together in three separate
communities of communes
. These indirectly elected
intercommunal councils
are still relatively new in French Polynesia, and unlike in
metropolitan France
and its
overseas regions
it is not mandatory for the communes in French Polynesia to join an intercommunal council. The three intercommunal councils in existence as of 2022, all formed on a voluntary basis, were:
- community of communes of the Marquesas Islands (in French:
communaute de communes des iles Marquises
, or CODIM), formed in 2010 by all the communes in the administrative subdivision of the Marquesas Islands
- community of communes Hava'i (in French:
communaute de communes Hava'i
, or CCH), formed in 2012 by all the communes in the administrative subdivision of the Leeward Islands, with the exception of
Bora-Bora
which preferred to remain separate for financial reasons
- community of communes Tereh?amanu (in French:
communaute de communes Tereh?amanu
), formed in 2021 by 5
exurban
and rural communes on the eastern side of the island of
Tahiti
:
Hitiaa O Te Ra
,
Taiarapu-Est
,
Taiarapu-Ouest
,
Teva I Uta
, and
Papara
.
These communities of communes, as elsewhere in the French Republic, are not full-fledged
territorial collectivities
, but only federations of communes. From a legal standpoint, the only territorial collectivities in French Polynesia are the overseas collectivity of French Polynesia and the 48 communes.
Demographics
[
edit
]
Tahitian girls, c. 1860?1879
Total population was 278,786 according to the August 18, 2022 census,
[3]
68.7% of whom lived on the island of
Tahiti
alone. The urban area of Papeete, the capital city, has 136,771 inhabitants (2017 census).
[42]
At the 2017 census, 89.0% of people living in French Polynesia had been born there (up from 87.3% in 2007); 8.1% had been born in
Metropolitan France
(down from 9.3% in 2007); 1.2% were born elsewhere in
overseas France
(down from 1.4% in 2007); and 1.7% were from foreign countries (down from 2.0% in 2007).
[43]
The population of natives of Metropolitan France living in French Polynesia has declined in relative terms since the 1980s, but in absolute terms their population peaked at the 2007 census, when 24,265 lived in French Polynesia (not counting their children born there).
[44]
With the local economic crisis, their population declined to 22,278 at the 2012 census,
[44]
and 22,387 at the 2017 census.
[43]
Place of birth of residents of French Polynesia
(at the 1983, 1988, 1996, 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 censuses)
Census
|
Born in
French Polynesia
|
Born in
Metropolitan France
|
Born in
Overseas France
|
Born in foreign
countries with French
citizenship at birth¹
|
Immigrants²
|
2017
|
89.0%
|
8.1%
|
1.2%
|
0.9%
|
0.8%
|
2012
|
88.7%
|
8.3%
|
1.3%
|
0.9%
|
0.8%
|
2007
|
87.3%
|
9.3%
|
1.4%
|
1.1%
|
0.9%
|
2002
|
87.2%
|
9.5%
|
1.4%
|
1.2%
|
0.8%
|
1996
|
86.9%
|
9.3%
|
1.5%
|
1.3%
|
0.9%
|
1988
|
86.7%
|
9.2%
|
1.5%
|
1.5%
|
1.0%
|
1983
|
86.1%
|
10.1%
|
1.0%
|
1.5%
|
1.3%
|
¹
Persons born abroad of French parents, such as
Pieds-Noirs
and children of French
expatriates
.
²
An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who didn't have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
|
Source: ISPF,
[44]
[43]
|
At the 1988 census, the last census which asked questions regarding ethnicity, 66.5% of people were ethnically unmixed
Polynesians
, 7.1% were ethnically Polynesians with light European or East Asian mixing, 11.9% were
Europeans
(mostly
French
), 9.3% were people of mixed European and Polynesian descent, the so-called Demis (literally meaning "Half"), and 4.7% were
East Asians
(mainly
Chinese
).
[1]
Chinese, Demis, and the white populace are essentially concentrated on the island of Tahiti, particularly in the urban area of Papeete, where their share of the population is thus much greater than in French Polynesia overall.
[1]
Despite a long history of ethnic mixing, ethnic tensions have been growing in recent years, with politicians using a
xenophobic
discourse and fanning the flame of nationalism.
[45]
[46]
Historical population
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1907
| 30,600
| ?
|
---|
1911
| 31,900
| +1.05%
|
---|
1921
| 31,600
| ?0.09%
|
---|
1926
| 35,900
| +2.58%
|
---|
1931
| 40,400
| +2.39%
|
---|
1936
| 44,000
| +1.72%
|
---|
1941
| 51,200
| +3.08%
|
---|
1946
| 58,200
| +2.60%
|
---|
1951
| 63,300
| +1.48%
|
---|
1956
| 76,323
| +3.64%
|
---|
1962
| 84,551
| +1.75%
|
---|
| Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1971
| 119,168
| +4.25%
|
---|
1977
| 137,382
| +2.31%
|
---|
1983
| 166,753
| +3.04%
|
---|
1988
| 188,814
| +2.57%
|
---|
1996
| 219,521
| +1.90%
|
---|
2002
| 245,516
| +1.83%
|
---|
2007
| 259,596
| +1.17%
|
---|
2012
| 268,270
| +0.66%
|
---|
2017
| 275,918
| +0.57%
|
---|
2022
| 278,786
| +0.21%
|
---|
|
|
Official figures from past censuses.
[3]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
|
Culture
[
edit
]
Languages
[
edit
]
Home languages in French Polynesia (2017 Census)
|
Languages
|
|
percent
|
French
|
|
73.9%
|
Tahitian
|
|
20.2%
|
Marquesan
|
|
2.6%
|
Mangareva
|
|
0.2%
|
Austral languages
|
|
1.2%
|
Tuamotuan
|
|
1%
|
Chinese
|
|
0.6%
|
Other
|
|
0.4%
|
All the indigenous languages of French Polynesia are
Polynesian
. French Polynesia has been linguistically diverse since ancient times, with each community having its own local speech variety. These dialects can be grouped into seven languages on the basis of
mutual intelligibility
:
Tahitian
,
Tuamotuan
,
Rapa
,
Austral
,
North Marquesan
,
South Marquesan
, and
Mangarevan
. Some of these, especially Tuamotuan, are really
dialect continua
formed by a patchwork of different dialects. The distinction between languages and dialects is notoriously difficult to establish, and so some authors may view two varieties as dialects of the same language, while others may view them as distinct languages. In this way, North and South Marquesan are often grouped together as a single Marquesan language, and Rapa is often viewed as part of Austral subfamily. At the same time, Ra'ivavae is often viewed as distinct from them.
French
is the sole official language of French Polynesia.
[52]
An
organic law
of 12 April 1996 states that "French is the official language, Tahitian and other Polynesian languages can be used." At the 2017 census, among the population whose age was 15 and older, 73.9% of people reported that the language they spoke the most at home was French (up from 68.6% at the 2007 census), 20.2% reported that the language they spoke the most at home was
Tahitian
(down from 24.3% at the 2007 census), 2.6% reported
Marquesan
and 0.2% the related
Mangareva language
(same percentages for both at the 2007 census), 1.2% reported any of the
Austral languages
(down from 1.3% at the 2007 census), 1.0% reported
Tuamotuan
(down from 1.5% at the 2007 census), 0.6% reported a
Chinese dialect
(41% of which was
Hakka
) (down from 1.0% at the 2007 census), and 0.4% another language (more than half of which was
English
) (down from 0.5% at the 2007 census).
[53]
At the same census, 95.2% of people whose age was 15 or older reported that they could speak, read and write French (up from 94.7% at the 2007 census), whereas only 1.3% reported that they had no knowledge of French (down from 2.0% at the 2007 census).
[53]
86.5% of people whose age was 15 or older reported that they had some form of knowledge of at least one Polynesian language (up from 86.4% at the 2007 census but down from 87.8% at the 2012 census), whereas 13.5% reported that they had no knowledge of any of the Polynesian languages (down from 13.6% at the 2007 census but up from 12.2% at the 2012 census).
[53]
Music
[
edit
]
French Polynesia appeared in the
world music
scene in 1992, recorded by French musicologist
Pascal Nabet-Meyer
with the release of
The Tahitian Choir
's recordings of unaccompanied vocal Christian music called
himene t?rava
.
[54]
This form of singing is common in French Polynesia and the Cook Islands, and is notable for a unique drop in pitch at the end of the phrases, a characteristic formed by several different voices, accompanied by a steady grunting of staccato,
nonlexical
syllables.
[55]
Dance
[
edit
]
Tahitian dance as a movement art evolved alongside Tahitian oral transmission of cultural knowledge.
[56]
In fact, dance movement or gesture has significance, that supported the transmission of cultural knowledge.
[57]
Dance styles include
'Aparima
and
'upa'upa
.
However, after the
London Missionary Society
brought their religion to the islands, they pressured King
P?mare II
(whom they had converted from traditional beliefs to their
Reformed tradition
) to introduce a new legal code.
[58]
This code, now known as the P?mare Code, came into effect in 1819
[59]
and banned numerous traditional practices including dancing, chants, floral costumes, tattooing and more.
[60]
Religion
[
edit
]
Cemetery in the
Tu?motu
Christianity
is the main religion of the islands. A majority of 54% belongs to various
Protestant
churches, especially the
Maohi Protestant Church
, which is the largest and accounts for more than 50% of the population.
[61]
It traces its origins to
P?mare II
, the king of Tahiti, who converted from traditional beliefs to the
Reformed tradition
brought to the islands by the
London Missionary Society
.
Catholics
constitute a large minority of 38.3%
[62]
of the population (2019)
[62]
which has its own
ecclesiastical province
, comprising the Metropolitan
Archdiocese of Papeete
and its only
suffragan
, the
Diocese of Taiohae
.
[63]
The number and proportion of Catholics has increased significantly since 1950, when they represented 21.6% of the total population.
[62]
Data from 1991 revealed that Catholics were in the majority in the
Tuamotu Islands
,
[64]
Gambier Islands
[64]
and the
Marquesas Islands
,
[64]
while Protestants formed the majority in the
Austral Islands
[64]
and several of the
Society Islands
such as Tahiti.
[64]
This diversity is due to the fact that Protestant missionaries (from
England
and the
United States
) first came to one group of islands, and after French colonisation the
Catholic Church
spread to several more scattered islands, but also to the main island of Tahiti.
[64]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
had 28,147 members as of 2018
[update]
.
[65]
Community of Christ
, another denomination within the
Latter-Day Saint
tradition, claimed 9,256 total French Polynesian members as of 2018
[66]
including Mareva Arnaud Tchong who serves in the church's governing
Council of Twelve Apostles
. There were about 3,000
Jehovah's Witnesses
in Tahiti as of 2014
[update]
,
[67]
and an estimated 500 Muslims in French Polynesia.
[68]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
Due to the island location and the fact that the French Polynesia produce a significant array of fruits and vegetables, natural local produce, especially coconut, features in many of the dishes of the islands as does fresh seafood.
foods like
Faraoa 'ipo
,
Poisson cru
and
R?ti'a
.
Sports
[
edit
]
Va'a (traditional Polynesian outrigger canoe) during the Hawaiki Nui Va'a race
The
sport
of
football
in the island of
Tahiti
is run by the
Federation Tahitienne de Football
.
Va'a
[
edit
]
The Polynesian traditional sport
va'a
is practiced in all the islands.
[69]
French Polynesia hosts the
Hawaiki nui va'a
[
fr
;
it
;
no
]
an international race between Tahiti, Huahine and Bora Bora.
Surfing
[
edit
]
French Polynesia is famous for its
reef break
waves.
Teahupo'o
is probably the most renowned, regularly ranked in the best waves of the world.
[70]
This site hosts the annual
Billabong Pro Tahiti
surf competition, the 7th stop of the
World Championship Tour
,
[71]
and is scheduled to host the surfing events of the
2024 Summer Olympics
.
[72]
Kitesurfing
[
edit
]
There are many spots to practice kitesurfing in French Polynesia, with Tahiti, Moorea, Bora-Bora, Maupiti and Raivavae being among the most iconic.
[73]
Fakarava atoll, south pass
Diving
[
edit
]
French Polynesia is internationally known for diving. Each archipelago offers opportunities for divers.
Rangiroa
and
Fakarava
in the
Tuamotu
islands are the most famous spots in the area.
[74]
Rugby
[
edit
]
Rugby is also popular in French Polynesia, specifically Rugby union.
[75]
Television
[
edit
]
Television channels with local programming include
Polynesie la 1ere
(established in 1965) and
Tahiti Nui Television
(established in 2000). Channels from metropolitan France are also available.
Economy and infrastructure
[
edit
]
Tourism is an important source of income for French Polynesia.
The legal tender of French Polynesia is the
CFP franc
which has a fixed exchange rate with the
euro
. The nominal
gross domestic product
(or GDP) of French Polynesia in 2019 was 6.01 billion
U.S. dollars
at market exchange rates, the seventh-largest economy in Oceania after
Australia
,
New Zealand
,
Hawaii
,
Papua New Guinea
,
New Caledonia
, and
Guam
.
[4]
The GDP per capita was US$21,615 in 2019 (at market exchange rates, not at
PPP
), lower than in Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, Guam, and New Caledonia, but higher than in all other independent insular states and dependent territories of
Oceania
.
[4]
French Polynesia was severely affected by the
Global Financial Crisis of 2008
and subsequent
Great Recession
, and experienced as a result 4 years of
recession
from 2009 to 2012. French Polynesia renewed with economic growth in 2013, and experienced strong economic growth in the 2nd half of the 2010s, with an average
real GDP
growth rate of +2.8% per year from 2016 to 2019, before being affected by the
COVID-19 pandemic
in 2020, which has led to another recession.
[76]
French Polynesia has a moderately developed economy, which is dependent on imported goods, tourism, and the financial assistance of mainland France. Tourist facilities are well developed and are available on the major islands. Main agricultural productions are
coconuts
(
copra
), vegetables and fruits. French Polynesia exports
noni
juice, a high quality
vanilla
, and the famous
black Tahitian pearls
which accounted for 55% of exports (in value) in 2008.
[77]
French Polynesia's seafloor contains rich deposits of
nickel
,
cobalt
,
manganese
, and
copper
that are not exploited.
[78]
In 2008, French Polynesia's imports amounted to 2.2 billion U.S. dollars and exports amounted to 0.2 billion U.S. dollars.
[77]
Transportation
[
edit
]
There are 53 airports in French Polynesia; 46 are paved.
[18]
Fa'a'? International Airport
is the only international airport in French Polynesia. Each island has its own airport that serves flights to other islands.
Air Tahiti
is the main airline that flies around the islands.
Communication
[
edit
]
In 2017, Alcatel Submarine Networks, a unit of
Nokia
, launched a project to connect many of the islands in French Polynesia with underwater fiber optic cable. The project, called NATITUA, is intended to improve French Polynesian broadband connectivity by linking Tahiti to 10 islands in the Tuamotu and Marquesas archipelagos.
[79]
In August 2018, a celebration was held to commemorate the arrival of a submarine cable from
Papeete
to the atoll of Hao, extending the network by about 1000 kilometres.
[80]
Notable people
[
edit
]
Painting of
Two Women of Tahiti
by
Paul Gauguin
- Taina Barioz
(born 1988),
World Champion
skier representing France.
- Billy Besson
, Olympic sailor representing France
- Michel Bourez
(born 1985), professional surfer.
- Cheyenne Brando
(1970?1995), model, daughter of
Marlon Brando
and
Tarita Teriipaia
.
- Jacques Brel
(1929?1978), Belgian musician who lived in French Polynesia near the end of his life.
- Jean Gabilou
(born 1944), singer, represented France in the
1981 Eurovision Song Contest
.
- Chantal Galenon
(born 1956), politician and women's rights activist.
- Paul Gauguin
(1848?1903), French
post-impressionist
painter who spent the last years of his life in French Polynesia.
- Conrad Hall
(1926?2003), American cinematographer.
- Vaitiare Hirson-Asars
(born 1964), actress.
- Ella Koon
(born 1979), singer, actress and model.
- Karina Lombard
(born 1969), French-American model and actress.
- Pouv?na'a '?'opa
(1895?1977), politician and Tahitian nationalist.
- Fabrice Santoro
(born 1972), professional tennis player.
- Tarita Teriipaia
(born 1941), actress, third wife of Marlon Brando.
- Marama Vahirua
(born 1980), footballer, cousin of Pascal Vahirua.
- Pascal Vahirua
(born 1966), French former international footballer.
- Celestine Hitiura Vaite
(born 1966), writer.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Polynesians with light European or East Asian mixing.
- ^
Mixed European and Polynesian descent.
- ^
Mostly French.
- ^
Mostly Chinese.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
Most recent ethnic census, in 1988.
"Frontieres ethniques et redefinition du cadre politique a Tahiti"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 26 March 2009
. Retrieved
31 May
2011
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"R1- Population sans doubles comptes, des subdivisions, communes et communes associees de Polynesie francaise, de 1971 a 1996"
. Institut Statistique de Polynesie Francaise (ISPF). Archived from
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on 31 March 2022
. Retrieved
4 March
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Recensement de la population 2022 - La population legale en Polynesie francaise au 18 aout 2022"
(PDF)
. ISPF.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 25 November 2022
. Retrieved
12 December
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Les grands indicateurs des comptes economiques"
. Institut de la statistique de la Polynesie francaise (ISPF). Archived from
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on 14 May 2021
. Retrieved
3 March
2022
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"French Polynesia at a glance 2020"
(PDF)
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2022
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- ^
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2015
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a
b
c
Ganse, Alexander.
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20 October
2007
.
- ^
James Burney (1803)
A Chronological History of the Voyages or Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean
, Vol. 5, London, p. 222
- ^
Geo. Collingridge (1903).
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.
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Archived
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- ^
Kirk, Robert K. (8 November 2012).
Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520?1920
. McFarland.
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Archived
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- ^
Manso Porto, Carmen (1997).
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- ^
Ganse, Alexander.
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- ^
Robert D. Craig (2002).
Historical Dictionary of Polynesia
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ISBN
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Matt K. Matsuda (2005). "Society Islands: Tahitian Archives".
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- ^
Ganse, Alexander.
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- ^
The Japanese claim to the French Pacific islands, along with many other vast territories, appears in 16 September 1940 "Sphere of survival for the Establishment of a New Order in Greater East Asia by Imperial Japan", published in 1955 by Japan's Foreign Ministry as part of the two-volume "Chronology and major documents of Diplomacy of Japan 1840?1945" ? here quoted from "Interview with Tetsuzo Fuwa: Japan's War: History of Expansionism", Japan Press Service, July 2007
- ^
Ganse, Alexander.
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the original
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2007
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- ^
a
b
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Archived
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.
Central Intelligence Agency
.. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- ^
Whitney, Craig R (30 January 1996).
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- ^
Reeves, Rachel; Hunt, Luke (10 October 2012).
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.
The Diplomat
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.
BBC News
. 14 September 2007.
Archived
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[Polynesia: Gaston Flosse announces a unity government].
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- ^
Angelo, Tony; Moyrand, A (2010). "Administrative Regimes of French Overseas Territories: New Caledonia and French Polynesia". In Angelo, Tony; Sage, Yves-Louis (eds.).
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(PDF)
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- ^
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.
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- ^
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.
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.
- ^
a
b
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2022
.
- ^
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.
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.
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.
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16 September
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8 December
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.
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(in French). 12 June 2019.
Archived
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4 March
2023
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.
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2023
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- ^
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(PDF)
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(PDF)
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. Retrieved
4 March
2022
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- ^
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(PDF)
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2022
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