Administrative subdivision of Portugal
Freguesia
(
Portuguese pronunciation:
[?f?????zi.?]
), usually translated as "
parish
" or "civil parish", is the third-level
administrative subdivision
of
Portugal
, as defined by the
1976 Constitution
.
[1]
It is also the designation for
local government
jurisdictions in the former Portuguese overseas territories of
Cape Verde
and
Macau
(until 2001). In the past, was also an administrative division of the other Portuguese overseas territories. The
parroquia
in the Spanish autonomous communities of Galicia and Asturias is similar to a
freguesia
. The average land area of a Portuguese parish is about 29.83 km
2
(11.52 sq mi) and an average population of about 3,386 people. The largest parish by area is Alcacer do Sal (Santa Maria do Castelo e Santiago) e Santa Susana, with a land area of 888.35 km
2
(342.99 sq mi), and the smallest parish by area is Sao Bartolomeu (Borba), with a land area of 0.208 km
2
(0.080 sq mi). The most populous parish is Algueirao - Mem Martins, with a population of 68,649 people and the least populous is Mosteiro, with a population of just nineteen people.
A
freguesia
is a subdivision of a
municipio
(city), which is a cluster of municipalities, like a US
county
. Most often, a parish takes the name of its seat, which is usually the most important (or the single) human agglomeration within its area, which can be a neighbourhood or city district, a group of hamlets, a village, a town or an entire city. In cases where the seat is itself divided into more than one parish, each one takes the name of a landmark within its area or of the patron saint from the usually coterminous
Catholic
parish (
paroquia
in Portuguese). Be it a city district or village, the civil parish is often based on an ecclesiastical parish.
Since the creation of a democratic local administration, in 1976, the Portuguese parishes have been ruled by a system composed by an executive body (the
junta de freguesia
, "parish board/council") and a deliberative body (the
assembleia de freguesia
, "parish assembly"). The members of the
assembleia de freguesia
are publicly elected every four years. The presidents of the parish boards are also members of the
municipal assembly
.
[1]
History
[
edit
]
The parish, in contrast with the municipalities, had their base in the ecclesiastical divisions that "had its origin in the fact that neighbours professed the same religion and professed their faith and divinity in the same temple".
[2]
Freguesia
, the traditional Portuguese word for parish, had its beginning in the
filius ecclesiae
(child of the church) and
filius gregis
(child of the shepherds's flock), the collectivity of the religious faithful, with similar aspirations and interests.
[2]
Between 1216 and 1223,
Afonso II of Portugal
began a process of legitimizing the Portuguese territory by conferring charters to nobles, clergy and municipal chambers (which would not be completed until after 1249, under
Afonso III of Portugal
), making the parish the smallest division. But, the power of the clergy built these areas, accumulating immense wealth and power. The liberal government of
Mouzinho da Silveira
abolished the parishes in 1832, but the government of
Manuel da Silva Passos
restored them in 1836.
[2]
The
freguesia
began to refer to the civil/administrative entity, while the
paroquia
(
Latin
:
parochia
) became affiliated with the religious entity.
Present situation
[
edit
]
Portugal
[
edit
]
Before the 2013 local government reforms, the 308 municipalities were subdivided into 4,259 civil parishes.
[3]
[4]
In 2011, after more than two weeks of bailout negotiations in light of the
sovereign debt crisis
with the
International Monetary Fund
, the
European Central Bank
and the
European Commission
, the Portuguese government was obliged to reduce the number of municipal and parish local governments after July 2012.
[5]
The government of
Pedro Passos Coelho
introduced a plan to reform the administrative divisions, claiming it would create efficiencies and save money. The plan envisioned the reform of the management, territorial geography and political form of how Portugal functioned at the local level, including specifically at the
freguesia
and
concelho
levels.
[3]
It was determined that these changes would then be formalized before the 2013 local government elections, as part of a process to reduce expenditures, a condition of the $110 billion accord.
[5]
In addition to the reduction of the number of representatives in the local boards, the plan also established criteria for the reduction, amalgamation or extinction of various civil parishes.
[3]
The reform was implemented according to Law 11-A/2013 of 28 January 2013, which defined the reorganization of the civil parishes.
[6]
This way, the number of parishes was reduced from 4,259 to 3,091.
Municipalities in Portugal are usually divided into multiple
freguesias
, but seven municipalities are not:
Alpiarca
,
Barrancos
,
Castanheira de Pera
,
Porto Santo
,
Sao Bras de Alportel
and
Sao Joao da Madeira
all consist of a single civil parish, and
Corvo
is a special case of a municipality without civil parishes, where all usual parish duties and functions are performed by the municipality directly.
Barcelos
is the municipality with the most civil parishes (61, since 2013).
Portugal has no
unincorporated areas
; all the national territory (apart from the above-mentioned example of Corvo) belongs to a civil parish, including uninhabited islands:
Selvagens Islands
to
Se
, and
Berlengas
to
Peniche
,
Desertas Islands
to
Santa Cruz
, and
Formigas Islets
to
Vila do Porto
, in the municipalities with the same name (except for Se, which belongs to
Funchal
).
Cape Verde
[
edit
]
Of
Cape Verde
's 22
municipalities
, which form the highest level of sub-national government in the small African state, some but not all are subdivided into parishes. There are 32 parishes in the country.
Macau
[
edit
]
Macau
is an autonomous
special administrative region
in
Southern China
that was historically a part of the
Portuguese Empire
until its
handover to China
in 1999. During the period of Portuguese rule it was divided into two
municipalities
which were subdivided into a total of seven parishes. In 2001 the municipalities were dissolved and their administrative functions transferred to the
Municipal Affairs Bureau
. The parishes were legally retained but no longer serve an administrative function.
See also
[
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]
References
[
edit
]
Bibliography
[
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]
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Regional subdivisions
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Local subdivisions
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Settlements
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- Historical subdivisions in
italics
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