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Duke of Holstein-Gottorp from 1616 to 1659
Frederick III of Holstein-Gottorp
(22 December 1597 – 10 August 1659) was a Duke of
Holstein-Gottorp
.
He was the elder son of Duke
Johann Adolf of Holstein-Gottorp
and Princess
Augusta of Denmark
. His mother was a daughter of King
Frederick II of Denmark
.
He had ambitious plans concerning the development of sea trade. With this purpose he established
Friedrichstadt
in 1621, in sympathy with city of
Gluckstadt
established in 1617 by
Christian IV of Denmark
. Furthermore, he attempted to find a commercial way to
Russia
and
Persia
that would not pass around Africa.
[
citation needed
]
For this reason he sent on 6 November 1633 the expedition from
Hamburg
to
Moscow
under the management of a commercial agent of
Otto Bruggemann
and a ducal adviser,
Philipp Crusius
, and with
Adam Olearius
as secretary.
On 14 August 1634 the delegation arrived at Moscow. Although it was not successful in concluding a commercial agreement with Tsar
Michael I of Russia
, nevertheless, immediately after the return of the delegation to
Gottorp
on 6 April 1635, Frederick began the preparation of the following expedition.
[
citation needed
]
In 1636, he sent his delegation to Persia, and in 1639
Safi of Persia
sent a return delegation with presents for the Duke.
The difficult task of leading the country through the
Thirty Years' War
confronted Frederick. He tried a policy of neutrality, which meant in practice the refusal of the union with
Denmark
and inclinations toward
Sweden
.
[
citation needed
]
In 1654 he hosted the recently abdicated
Christina, Queen of Sweden
. She wrote to her successor to recommend two of his daughters as potential brides. Thus, he married his daughter
Hedvig Eleonora
to King
Charles X of Sweden
.
Since the Swedish attempt at being the
Great Power
ultimately failed, Frederick's pro-Swedish policy led to the weakening of the house of Holstein-Gottorp.
Frederick as the patron of art and culture was more successful. Thus he founded on 3 September 1642 together with Prince
Louis I of Anhalt-Kothen
the
Fruitbearing Society
. Furthermore, he contributed to the creation of the
Globe of Gottorf
. The painter
Jurgen Ovens
worked more than 30 years for him and his successor
Christian Albrecht of Holstein-Gottorp
.
Frederick died in 1659 in the fortress of Tonning, while the fortress was besieged in the course of the
Second Karl Gustav War
between Denmark and Sweden.
Family and children
[
edit
]
He was married in
Dresden
on 21 February 1630 to Princess
Marie Elisabeth of Saxony
, daughter of Elector
John George I of Saxony
and
Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia
. They had sixteen children, ten of whom lived to adulthood:
- Sofie Auguste
(5 December 1630 – 12 December 1680), married on 16 September 1649 to
John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
. Mother of
John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg
, grandmother of
Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
, and great-grandmother of
Catherine II of Russia
.
- Magdalene Sibylle
(24 November 1631 – 22 September 1719), married on 28 November 1654 to
Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Gustrow
. Mother of
Louise of Mecklenburg-Gustrow
, Queen of Denmark.
- Johann Adolf (29 September 1632 – 19 November 1633), died in infancy.
- Marie Elisabeth
(6 June 1634 – 17 June 1665), married on 24 November 1650 to
Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt
.
- Friedrich (17 July 1635 – 12 August 1654), died unmarried.
- Hedwig Eleonore
(23 October 1636 – 24 November 1715), married on 24 October 1654 to King
Charles X of Sweden
.
- Adolf August (1 September 1637 – 20 November 1637), died in infancy.
- Johann Georg (8 August 1638 – 25 November 1655), died unmarried.
- Anna Dorothea (13 February 1640 – 13 May 1713), died unmarried.
- Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
(3 February 1641 – 6 January 1695), married on 24 October 1667 to
Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark
.
- Gustav Ulrich (16 March 1642 – 23 October 1642), died in infancy.
- Christine Sabine (11 July 1643 – 20 March 1644), died in infancy.
- August Friedrich (6 May 1646 – 2 October 1705), Prince-Regent of Eutin and Prince-Bishop of Lubeck; married on 21 June 1676 to Christine of Saxe-Weissenfels (daughter of
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels
, and his first wife
Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
); no issue.
- Adolf (24 August 1647 – 27 December 1647), died in infancy.
- Elisabeth Sofie (24 August 1647 – 16 November 1647), twin of Adolf, died in infancy.
- Auguste Marie
(6 February 1649 – 25 April 1728), married on 15 May 1670 to
Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach
.
Ancestors
[
edit
]
Ancestors of Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
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Embassies
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See also
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References
[
edit
]
- Granlund, Lis (2004). "Queen Hedwig Eleonora of Sweden: Dowager, Builder, and Collector". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.).
Queenship in Europe 1660-1815: The Role of the Consort
. Cambridge University Press. pp. 56?76.
ISBN
0-521-81422-7
.
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