Australian photographer
James Francis
"
Frank
"
Hurley
OBE
(15 October 1885 ? 16 January 1962) was an Australian photographer and adventurer. He participated in a number of expeditions to
Antarctica
and served as an official photographer with Australian forces during both
world wars
. He was the official photographer for the
Australasian Antarctic Expedition
and the
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
of 1914?16.
His artistic style produced many memorable images. He also used staged scenes,
composites
and photographic manipulation.
Early life
[
edit
]
Frank Hurley was the third of five children to parents Edward and Margaret Hurley and was raised in
Glebe, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
.
[1]
He ran away from home at the age of 13 to work on the Lithgow steel mill, returning home two years later to study at the local technical school and attend science lectures at the
University of Sydney
.
When he was 17 he bought his first camera, a 15-shilling
Kodak
Box Brownie
which he paid for at the rate of a shilling per week. He taught himself photography and set himself up in the postcard business, where he gained a reputation for putting himself in danger in order to produce stunning images, including placing himself in front of an oncoming train to capture it on film.
Hurley married Antoinette Rosalind Leighton on 11 April 1918.
[2]
The couple had four children: identical twin daughters, Adelie (later a press photographer) and Toni, one son, Frank, and youngest daughter Yvonne.
[3]
Antarctic expeditions
[
edit
]
During his lifetime, Hurley spent more than four years in Antarctica.
[4]
At the age of 23, in 1908, Hurley learned that Australian explorer
Douglas Mawson
was planning an expedition to Antarctica; fellow Sydney-sider
Henri Mallard
in 1911, recommended Hurley for the position of official photographer to Mawson's
Australasian Antarctic Expedition
, ahead of himself.
[5]
Hurley asserts in his biography that he then cornered Mawson as he was making his way to their interview on a train, using the advantage to talk his way into the job.
[6]
Mawson was persuaded, while Mallard, who was the manager of Harringtons?a local Kodak franchise?to which Hurley was in debt, provided photographic equipment. The expedition departed in 1911, returning in 1914. On his return, he edited and released a documentary,
Home of the Blizzard
, using his footage from the expedition.
[2]
Hurley was also the official photographer on
Sir Ernest Shackleton
's
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
which set out in 1914 and was marooned until August 1916; Hurley's photographic kit for the expedition included the cinematograph machine, plate still camera and several smaller Kodak cameras, along with various lenses, tripods, and developing equipment, most of which had to be abandoned with the loss of their ship
Endurance
in 1915
.
He kept only a hand-held Vest Pocket Kodak camera and three rolls of film and for the rest of the expedition, he shot a total of just 38 images. He also selected and saved 120 of his glass-plate negatives smashing about 400 remaining ones.
[1]
Some of the plates from the expedition are now part of the
State Library of New South Wales
collection.
[3]
Hurley produced many pioneering colour images of the expedition using the then-popular
Paget process
of colour photography. He photographed in
South Georgia
in 1917. He later compiled his records into the documentary film
South
in 1919. His footage was also used in the 2001
IMAX
film
Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure
. He then returned to the Antarctic in 1929 and 1931, on Mawson's
British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition
.
Wartime photography
[
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]
In 1917, Hurley joined the
Australian Imperial Force
(AIF) as an honorary captain, and captured many stunning battlefield scenes during the
Third Battle of Ypres
. In keeping with his adventurous spirit, he took considerable risks to photograph his subjects, also producing many rare panoramic and colour photographs of the conflict. Hurley kept a diary from 1917 to 1918, chronicling his time as a war photographer.
[7]
In it, he described his commitment "to illustrate to the public the things our fellows do and how war is conducted", and his short-lived resignation in October 1917 when he was ordered not to produce
composite images
?a practice that was especially popular among professional photographers at the time and one that he believed could portray the disgust and horror that he felt during the war in such a way that his audience would feel it too.
[8]
His period with the AIF ended in March 1918.
[9]
For the 1918 London exhibition,
Australian War Pictures and Photographs
, he employed composites for photomurals to convey drama of the war on a scale otherwise not possible using the technology available. This brought Hurley into conflict with the AIF on the grounds that montage diminished documentary value. He wrote that he would dress in civilian clothes and eavesdrop on soldiers who were visiting his exhibitions; he concluded that the composites were justified by the favourable comments they attracted.
[9]
[11]
Charles Bean
, official war historian, labelled Hurley's composite images "fake".
[2]
[12]
Hurley again worked as an official photographer during the Second World War. He was employed by the Australian Department of Information as head of the Photographic Unit from September 1940 until early 1943, based in Cairo. He took the only film of the initial victory against the Italians at Sidi Barrani in December 1940, which was given to Cinesound and Movietone News for global release. He also covered the battle of Bardia and the Siege of Tobruk in 1941, and both of the battles at El Alamein in 1942.
[13]
Several volumes of his War Diaries cover this period.
[14]
In early 1943, the AIF 9th Division was recalled to Australia to fight the Japanese forces in the Pacific theatre. Hurley resigned his position, but remained in the Middle East, and accepted the position of Middle East Director of Army Features and Propaganda Films with the British Ministry of Information. In this capacity, he travelled a reported 200,000 miles covering the region from Libya to Persia, making regular items for
War Pictorial News
and 2-reel features. He photographed two conferences of leaders at Cairo and Teheran in 1943. Only one diary volume survives for this period. It includes a summary of his 1943 work, and covers a four-month journey from Cairo to Teheran commencing in February 1944, during which he took footage for
The Road to Russia
(1944),
A Day in the Life of a King
(1944), possibly the first film of the Marsh Arabs
Garden of Eden
(1945), and one other feature about Teheran itself. Other features of this period include
Cairo
(1944), and
The Holy Land
(1945).
[15]
Hurley returned to Australia in September 1946.
[16]
Cinematography
[
edit
]
Hurley also used a
film camera
to record a range of experiences including the Antarctic expeditions, the building of the
Sydney Harbour Bridge
, and war in the Middle East during World War II. The camera was a
Debrie Parvo
L 35 mm hand-crank camera made in France. This camera is now in the collection of the
National Museum of Australia
.
[17]
Hurley made several documentaries throughout his career, most notably
Pearls and Savages
(1921). He wrote and directed several dramatic feature films, including
Jungle Woman
(1926) and
The Hound of the Deep
(1926). He also worked as cinematographer for
Cinesound Productions
where his best known film credits include
The Squatter's Daughter
(1933),
The Silence of Dean Maitland
(1934) and
Grandad Rudd
(1935).
Select films
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
McGregor (2004) p 8
- ^
a
b
c
Pike, A. F. (1983).
"James Francis (Frank) Hurley (1885?1962)"
.
Australian Dictionary of Biography
. Vol. 9. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
Australian National University
.
ISBN
978-0-522-84459-7
.
ISSN
1833-7538
.
OCLC
70677943
. Retrieved
7 November
2013
.
- ^
a
b
"Hurley, Adelie"
.
www.womenaustralia.info
. Retrieved
12 December
2018
.
- ^
Ennis, Helen (2010).
Frank Hurley's Antarctica
. Australia: National Library of Australia. p. 2.
- ^
while Hurley records his approach to Mawson differently in his memoir, the fact of this introduction via Mallard was established by David P. Millar in Millar (1984).
- ^
Jack Cato
in his obituary explains Hurley's motivation and enthusiasm; 'We were both fired with the Spirit of Adventure; we were both happy in the knowledge that the camera was the key that would open that Magic Door.' Cato, Jack, 'For the Late Frank Hurley, Three Tributes',
Australian Popular Photography
, March 1962.
- ^
"Series 03: Frank Hurley diaries and related papers, 21 August 1917 ? 13 August 1918, kept while official photographer to the Australian Imperial Force"
.
Catalogue
. State Library of NSW
. Retrieved
14 July
2014
.
- ^
"Frank Hurley war diary, 21 August ? 28 October 1917"
.
- ^
a
b
Scepanovic, Milan (6?7 October 2018). "The camera doesn't lie".
The Great War, part 4: endgame and aftermath
. Canberra: The Australian. p. 28.
- ^
"Truth and photography"
.
sl.nw.gov.au
. State Library of New South Wales. 2017.
Archived
from the original on 20 March 2022.
None but those who have endeavoured can realise the insurmountable difficulties of portraying a modern battle by the camera. To include the event on a single negative, I have tried and tried, but the results are hopeless. Now, if negatives are taken of all the separate incidents in the action and combined, some idea may then be gained of what a modern battle looks like.
- ^
For an account of the conflict between Hurley and the war correspondent Charles Bean, see Gough, Paul. "'Exactitude is truth': representing the British military through commissioned artworks". Journal of War and Culture Studies Volume: 1 | Issue: 3 December 2008 Page(s): 341?356 (
ISSN
1752-6272
), and also the excellent discussion of this, and Hurley's use of montage in some of his Antarctic imagery, in McGregor, Alasdair (2004)
Frank Hurley: a photographer's life
.
Camberwell:Viking/Penguin
- ^
Martyn Jolly, "Australian First?World?War photography Frank Hurley and Charles Bean."
History of photography
23.2 (1999): 141-148
https://doi.org/10.1080/03087298.1999.10443814
- ^
McGregor (2004) p 353-387
- ^
National Library of Australia MS 883-
Papers of Frank Hurley
, 1912-1962 [manuscript]./Series 1/Item 18 - 23/
- ^
National Library of Australia MS 883-
Papers of Frank Hurley
, 1912-1962 [manuscript]./Series 1/Item 24/
- ^
McGregor, A 2004 p 387-397
- ^
"Frank Hurley's movie camera - National Museum of Australia"
. Archived from
the original
on 17 March 2011
. Retrieved
20 May
2009
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Hurley, Frank, 1885?1962 & Ponting, Herbert, 1870?1935 &
Boddington, Jennie
, 1922? (1979). Antarctic photographs 1910?1916. Macmillan, London
- Dixon Robert (2012).
Photography, early cinema and colonial modernity
: Frank Hurley's synchronised lecture entertainments.
- Edited by Robert Dixon and Christopher Lee (2011).
The Diaries of 1912?1941
.
- Ennis, Helen (2010).
Frank Hurley's Antarctica
. Canberra: National Library of Australia.
ISBN
9780642276988
.
- Kleinig, Simon (August 2003).
"Hiking with Hurley"
.
NLA News, Volume 13, Number 11
. National Library of Australia. Archived from the original on 19 September 2003
. Retrieved
23 January
2021
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
link
)
- McGregor, Alasdair (2004).
Frank Hurley: A photographer's life
. Camberwell: Viking.
ISBN
9780670888955
.
- Jolly, Martyn. "Australian First?World?War photography Frank Hurley and Charles Bean."
History of photography
23.2 (1999): 141?148.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03087298.1999.10443814
- Millar, David P. (1984).
From snowdrift to shellfire : Capt. James Francis (Frank) Hurley, 1885?1962
. Sydney: David Ell Press.
ISBN
9780908197590
.
External links
[
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