In this
Spanish name
, the first or paternal
surname
is
Estevanez
and the second or maternal family name is
Rodriguez
.
Francisco Estevanez Rodriguez
|
---|
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Francisco_Estevanez_Rodriguez.png) |
Born
| Francisco Estevanez Rodriguez
1880
|
---|
Died
| 1953
|
---|
Occupation(s)
| lawyer, landowner
|
---|
Known for
| politician
|
---|
Political party
| Integrism
,
Carlism
|
---|
Francisco Estevanez Rodriguez
(1880?1953) was a Spanish politician, publisher, philanthropist, agrarian syndicalist and religious activist. He is best known as deputy to the
Cortes
during two terms between 1931 and 1936. Politically he was a
Traditionalist
, first member of the
Integrist
branch and then active within
Carlism
. He also published two small
Burgos
periodicals, continuously donated money and supported various charity schemes, strove to build rural trade unions which unite landholders and farmers, and was involved in numerous
Catholic
initiatives usually related to the
Burgos archbishopric
office.
Family and youth
[
edit
]
Burgos
, late 19th century
The Estevanez
[1]
family was related to northern
Castile
, to the area at the confluence of
Santander
,
Burgos
and
Palencia
provinces; the paternal grandfather of Francisco,
[2]
Valentin Estevanez Sainz de Baranda y Teran, originated from
Soncillo
.
[3]
Social status of the Estevanez is not clear. It seems that they either belonged or aspired to petty nobility, the
hidalguia
.
[4]
On the one hand, Valentin was noted as owner of an unspecified estate; on the other, he practiced as a
physician
.
[5]
His daughter and the aunt of Francisco, Margarita Estevanez Mazon, was a nun and grew to
abbess
of the Augustine convent in Burgos.
[6]
His son and the father of Francisco,
Aquilino Estevanez Mazon
(died 1901),
[7]
studied medicine in
Madrid
and also became a doctor.
[8]
One more son of Valentin was a
pharmacist
.
[9]
In the 1870s Aquilino married Maria Rodriguez, descendant to a noble and much better positioned Rodriguez family from Burgos. Her aunt, Maria Benita Rodriguez Macho, in 1867-1870 served as abbess of the iconic
Real Monasterio de las Huelgas abbey
;
[10]
her uncle, Tiburcio Rodriguez Calderon de Thorices, was first a catedratico of
theology
in
Colegio Espanol in Rome
, then
canonigo peniternciario
serving in the
Burgos cathedral
,
[11]
and finally a
Jesuit
scholar.
[12]
It is not clear where Aquilino and Maria settled initially; later they were related to Burgos,
Valdeolea
[13]
and
Mataporquera
.
[14]
The couple had at least 5 children including Francisco, probably 3 of them boys and 2 girls.
[15]
One brother of Francisco became a lawyer;
[16]
one sister entered a monastery and served as a Catholic nun.
[17]
None of the sources consulted provides any information on early education of the young Francisco. In 1897 he was called into the army and if served indeed he was posted to a garrison on the peninsula.
[18]
According to one rather unfriendly source Francisco intended to be a religious and studied in an unspecified
seminary
, but he fell in love and when forced to choose between priesthood and marriage he opted for the latter.
[19]
It is certain that he studied law, but details are not clear; most likely he pursued academic career in
Salamanca
in the early 1900s.
[20]
Following graduation he was sworn as abogado in Burgos in 1904 and commenced the law practice in the city.
[21]
charity action, Spain 1946 (sample)
Estevanez was rumored to marry an unnamed "distinguida senorita" in 1904,
[22]
but he actually wed in 1911. The bride was Carmen Obesso Palacio
[23]
(1885-1976),
[24]
it is not clear whether the same girl as he had been reported to marry 7 years earlier. Related to
Mazandrero
and
Aguilar del Campoo
,
[25]
she was descendant to a prestigious local family of landowners
[26]
and was Estevanez' distant relative.
[27]
The couple settled in Burgos at Calle Nuno Basura 16, in the immediate vicinity of the cathedral.
[28]
They had no own children.
[29]
However, Francisco and Carmen acted as
godparents
to tens if not hundreds of children from poor families, which implied financial aid and general assistance; they were first noted in such role in 1914,
[30]
and later also in 1923,
[31]
1944
[32]
and 1947.
[33]
Early Integrist engagements
[
edit
]
Ramon Nocedal
Both paternal and maternal ancestors of Estevanez were Carlists. His maternal uncle Tiburcio Rodriguez could have been involved in the 1869 assassination of the Burgos anticlerical civil governor
Isidoro Gutierrez
;
[34]
he was later persecuted
[35]
and joined headquarters of
Carlos VII
during the
Third Carlist War
. It is there where he met the father of Francisco, Aquilino,
[36]
a young medic serving in the Carlist
general staff
.
[37]
However, in the 1880s Aquilino Estevanez joined the Carlist breakaway faction, first known as
Nocedalistas
and later as the Integrists. The young Francisco was growing up as an Integro; already as a boy he was listed along his father and brothers as financially contributing to the homage of
Felix Sarda y Salvany
, one of the chief theorists of the group.
[38]
In his teen years he started publishing in the Integrist Madrid daily
El Siglo Futuro
; the first piece identified comes from 1897.
[39]
In 1901 in an open letter to the Integrist leader
Ramon Nocedal
he fully embraced the intransigent and vehemently anti-liberal politico-religious program of the group.
[40]
Prior to 1904 Estevanez purchased a local Burgos daily
El Castellano
, founded in 1900
[41]
as "diario catolico de informacion general".
[42]
He turned it into a belligerent Integrist press tribune
[43]
which vehemently advocated adamant Catholic stand.
[44]
His zeal produced conflicts and incidents;
[45]
at one point he resigned from the director job
[46]
but he kept contributing, not a step deviating from the fixed line which hailed great Christians confronting sinister
Liberalism
. Some of his pieces were re-printed in other periodicals,
[47]
yet it seems at one point ? perhaps as late as in the 1910s ? he either sold or otherwise lost control of
El Castellano
.
[48]
Another thread of his religious activity was charity, to become his trademark later on; from his teens engaged in organizations like Congregacion de San Luis Gonzaga
[49]
he took part in numerous juntas and committees.
[50]
Energetic in the Burgos Integrist organization, in 1906 he grew to secretary of Junta Integrista Regional for the entire
Old Castile
region.
[51]
Juan Olazabal
As his law career progressed
[52]
and in 1909 Estevanez was sworn as magistrado suplente of Audiencia de Burgos
[53]
his prestige grew and his position strengthened. As Integrist politician he did not share the earlier anti-Carlist venom of the group and in 1910 he was noted speaking at a Catholic rally in Palencia jointly with Carlist militants
Larramendi
,
Bilbao
and
Polo
.
[54]
The same year he was about to launch his first bid for the Cortes, and in
Cervera de Pisuerga
he was reported to stand as a joint Traditionalist candidate.
[55]
His candidacy was agreed with the Carlist leader
Feliu
though it is not clear whether it was approved by the new Integrist leader,
Olazabal
;
[56]
it seems that he withdrew in the last minute.
[57]
In 1911 he was supposed to run on a joint Catholic anti-Liberal ticket in by-elections in
Miranda del Ebro
,
[58]
but there is no confirmation of him actually standing. In the mid-1910s he focused on his law career and
charity
; there is no information on his political engagements.
[59]
Late Restoration and Dictatorship
[
edit
]
Cristo de Burgos
When approaching 40 years of age Estevanez was a locally recognized Burgos figure, known mostly for his law practice
[60]
and religious charity initiatives. It seems also that having inherited and married into rural estates,
[61]
he was increasingly involved in buildup of agrarian syndicates which would unite both landowners and farmers.
[62]
In the early 1920s he started to publish
El Defensor de los Labradores
, a periodical which advanced the cause.
[63]
His political weight was moderate. He gradually made it to the Spanish Integrist executive and during a 1918 general party assembly Estevanez was listed among heavyweights,
[64]
entrusted with co-heading "Organizacion y Juventudes" section;
[65]
in 1920 he served as jefe of the provincial Integrist organization.
[66]
However, his renewed attempts to enter nationwide politics failed. In the last general elections of the Alfonsist monarchy in
1923
he ran as "catolico agrario" and narrowly lost to a conservative counter-candidate.
[67]
In the early 1920s Estevanez got engaged in
missionary activity
centered in Burgos and launched by the newly appointed archbishop of Burgos
Juan Benlloch
; acting on direct instructions of the
pope Benedict XV
, Benlloch tried to convert an earlier Colegio de Ultramar into Seminario de Misiones, a future hub of apostolic action overseas.
[68]
In 1921 Estevanez travelled to
Cuba
, possibly on a related mission;
[69]
in 1922 he was already in close entourage of Benlloch, who grew to
cardinal
in the meantime.
[70]
Named
gentilhombre de camara
[71]
and camarero secreto
[72]
of the archbishop, in 1923-1924 Estevanez accompanied Benlloch on a long religious and political mission
[73]
to America, which involved visits to Cuba,
Peru
and
Chile
.
[74]
In the mid- and late 1920s he was greatly engaged in numerous Catholic religious initiatives in Burgos, co-organizing feasts,
[75]
sponsoring various associations
[76]
or welcoming ecclesiastic hierarchs.
[77]
With no children on their own, both Estevanez and his wife remained very active in charity, be it in
Cruz Roja
[78]
or in education.
[79]
In truly Integrist fashion his stand demonstrated an amalgam of personal,
[80]
religious and political features,
[81]
though his zeal produced also lawsuits.
[82]
Juan Benlloch
(middle)
There is no information on Estevanez engaging in
primoderiverista
institutions like
Union Patriotica
or
Somaten
, though it is likely that close to Benlloch, he at least initially viewed the regime favorably;
[83]
Estevanez is only known to have contributed to general patriotic initiatives of the regime.
[84]
He kept advocating Christian syndicalist solidarity when publishing
El Defensor de los Labradores
[85]
and it is likely that at one point in the late 1920s he regained control over
El Castellano
.
[86]
Apart from his agrarian economy he obtained a license for operating bus connection between Burgos and Aguilar del Campoo
[87]
and to handle post services on the route.
[88]
Last but not least, Estevanez was active building up a network of Catholic agrarian syndicates, according to himself striving to build "clase social agro-pecuaria organizada" in the province.
[89]
Late Integrist projects
[
edit
]
cardenal Segura
In the spring of 1930, shortly after the fall of Primo de Rivera, Estevanez assumed a more active political stance. In line with recommendations of the
primate
Pedro Segura
(whom he knew from Segura's Burgos archbishopric term of 1926?1927)
[90]
and in co-operation with the Burgos archbishop
Manuel de Castro
he tried to mount a grand Catholic provincial political organization, "union habitual fuera de partidos y a los fines unicamente de la Religion y de la Patria".
[91]
Nothing came out of these schemes; also their scaled-down version, a temporary general alliance possibly centered around the Integrist nucleus failed to materialize.
[92]
In late 1930 and early 1931 he seemed already focused merely on reconstruction of the Integrist structures, e.g. lobbying with Segura about clerical subscriptions to
El Siglo Futuro
,
[93]
and on general Catholic propaganda.
[94]
During the first
republican
campaign to the Cortes of June
1931
the Burgos Integrists joined forces with
Partido Agrario
; it seems that Estevanez personally negotiated the provincial alliance with leader of the Agrarians,
Jose Martinez de Velasco
.
[95]
The result was a common list known as "Candidatura Catolico-Agraria", by some scholars referred to as "en realidad tradicionalista".
[96]
Both Estevanez' periodicals,
El Castellano
[97]
and
El Defensor de Labradores
,
[98]
staged a propaganda campaign on his behalf.
[99]
His former record in charity
[100]
and in agrarian syndicates
[101]
also greatly worked to his advantage,
[102]
especially in the countryside,
[103]
though some scholars prefer rather to stress his position in "oligarquia burgalesa".
[104]
His bid proved successful
[105]
and Estevanez was among 3 Integrists
[106]
who obtained the Cortes ticket; once in the chamber, they all joined the Agrarian minority;
[107]
some scholars count him among the Agrarians
[108]
even though Estevanez identified himself as an Integrist.
[109]
wheat fields,
Castile
In the parliament Estevanez joined Comision de Estado,
[110]
but he gained some sort of notoriety during the plenary sessions.
[111]
This was due to his grandiose apology of Spanish Catholic tradition,
[112]
claim that all public power comes from the Almighty and challenging fellow deputies by asking whether they read the
Gospel
, to which many cheerfully responded either to the negative or with laughter.
[113]
As a result, he gained opinion of one of the most reactionary deputies,
[114]
sort of a prehistoric relic, mocked as fanatic, extravagant and picturesque ridicule;
[115]
some dubbed him "cavernicola de las estalatitas".
[116]
Undeterred, in one of the opening Cortes sessions when discussing reported extremism of the Left he declared the government responsible and warned that "the Republic was already reaping a revolutionary harvest from the seeds it had sown itself".
[117]
In practical terms he opposed secular education designs
[118]
and legislation aimed against religious orders.
[119]
Another visible thread of his activity was related to defense of the agrarian status quo, at least in Castile. By some historians named "one of most powerful
landowners
" of the Burgos province
[120]
he is considered a spokesman "for cereal growers' interests in Castilla"
[121]
who zealously defended their interests and was a perfect embodiment of "common interests between landowners, order and religion".
[122]
Carlist
[
edit
]
Carlist standard
Some scholars refer to Estevanez of early 1931 as "integrista carlista",
[123]
claim that
El Castellano
ran a Carlist campaign
[124]
or vaguely note him against the Carlist background,
[125]
yet there is no confirmation of his Carlist identity prior to late 1931. At the time Estevanez supported the party leader Olazabal in his strategy of re-unification with the Carlists.
[126]
In December he participated in a Madrid conference
[127]
attended by many Integrist and Carlist heavyweights;
[128]
in a grand lecture he de-emphasized Integrist threads and dwelled on common Traditionalist principles,
[129]
though he remained silent on usual Carlist dynastic objectives.
[130]
The rapprochement
[131]
was complete in the spring of 1932, when already as member of the united Carlist organization
Comunion Tradicionalista
he started to appear on public rallies.
[132]
In the
1933 electoral campaign
Estevanez ran as a Traditionalist hopeful
[133]
within Candidatura de las Derechas
[134]
and triumphed comfortably;
[135]
this time he entered the Carlist minority.
[136]
Though Estevanez used to join trademark Carlist initiatives like legislation against
freemasonry
[137]
and shared the party intransigence when declaring that "adhesionismo a este regimen es imposible",
[138]
within the party he was not particularly distinguished. He did not assume any major post in the organization,
[139]
was only mentioned in a Carlist luxury publication which hailed 100 years of the movement
[140]
barely spoke at rallies and did not publish in party newspapers. None of the scholarly historiographic works notes him as involved in forging the party line, except that in controversies on closing a monarchist alliance with the
Alfonsists
he sided with advocates of this option.
[141]
As belligerent
[142]
president of Camara Oficial Agricola de Burgos
[143]
Estevanez focused on agriculture. He vehemently opposed governmental
agrarian reform
[144]
which he considered socialist;
[145]
though he supported growth of the class of rural owner farmers he envisaged the process as based on credit, syndicates, and agricultural organizations,
[146]
not on state socialism.
[147]
In defense of private property
[148]
he also lobbied for flexible application of new regulations like terminos municipales or jurados mixtos; when speaking to minister of labor he described these measures as undermining Castilian rural life.
[149]
He lobbied for protective measures against wheat imports
[150]
and control of prices,
[151]
though in general he preferred the wholesale trade be left to syndicates and agricultural chambers.
[152]
Facing his onslaught
[153]
the ministry of agriculture stroke back and charged the organizations he headed with poor organization.
[154]
Carlists in an electoral committee, 1930s
During the
1936 electoral campaign
Estevanez stood in Burgos
[155]
as a Traditionalist
[156]
candidate of Frente Contrarrevolucionario de Derechas alliance
[157]
and won comfortably.
[158]
However, his ticket was annulled by the
Frente-Popular
-dominated Cortes,
[159]
since as involved in negotiation of government grain contracts
[160]
he was reportedly in violation of the electoral law.
[161]
Neither in 1931 nor in 1933 was he challenged on similar grounds; as tens of right-wing tickets were cancelled at the same time, in historiography the 1936 process of their validation is at times considered "worst and most audacious fraud".
[162]
Deprived of his parliamentary tribune, Estevanez used his position of head of Federacion Catolico Agraria Burgalesa to lobby about wheat contracts,
[163]
trade barriers
[164]
and price regulations.
[165]
Civil War: enthusiast turned skeptic
[
edit
]
Estevanez (1st f/R) and other Carlists in Burgos, 1937
It is not clear whether Estevanez took part in the Carlist
conspiracy against the Republic
.
[166]
However, immediately after the
rebels
had taken control of Burgos he published a large article which hailed the insurgents and dwelled on their patriotic stand against the background of such historical events like the
battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
.
[167]
In mid-August he was among the city personalities who welcomed
Franco
in Burgos,
[168]
yet there is no information on Estevanez assuming any position either in the local administration or in the Carlist wartime executive, despite the fact that Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra partially resided in Burgos and many party leaders moved to the city,
[169]
the informal capital of the Nationalist zone.
[170]
Amidst the wave of
rearguard repression
Estevanez called for order and in press piece wrote that "let there be not a single individual who takes justice into his own hands! Justice yes, but by means of appropriate procedures and competent tribunals!".
[171]
It is likely that in September he contributed to release of
Manuel Machado
, few days earlier arrested in his office.
[172]
In wake of the
forced political unification
of April 1937 Estevanez was applauded in heavily censored press as a champion of patriotic movement, "nosotros carlistas y vosotros fascistas" who fought against "servants of Russia", yet it is not clear whether he actually supported the merger.
[173]
He did not assume any post in the newly created state party,
Falange Espanola Tradicionalista
, and there is no information he accepted its ticket; similarly no source confirms he continued as independent Carlist. He remained active in Camara Agricola
[174]
and used his links in Latin America to raise support for the Nationalists.
[175]
In mid-1937 he was admitted by
Gomez-Jordana
, president of the quasi-government
Junta Tecnica del Estado
, yet it is not clear what issues they discussed.
[176]
Estevanez kept practicing as a lawyer and in this role he defended individuals charged with politically flavored crimes,
[177]
he went on with charity action and was involved in running the Burgos Hogar del Herido.
[178]
nueva
Babilonia
?
In early 1938 it was already evident that Estevanez got hugely disappointed with the emerging
Francoist regime
. In private correspondence with cardenal Segura he heavily criticized pro-German stand, censorship and
Fuero del Trabajo
,
[179]
which advanced "organizacion corporativa contranatural". He declared not understanding "how they intend to found a Catholic state by negating true liberty"; he also lambasted "nueva Babilonia" which "pretends to be a Catholic state but which imitates neo-pagan social structures".
[180]
In mid-1938 he was already in conflict with the Francoist administration; the new restrictive
Ley de Prensa
was intended to drive independent newspapers out of the market and spelled problems to his newspapers.
[181]
Estevanez
[182]
requested help on part of religious administration and the
primate Goma
;
[183]
it is possible that he actually transferred ownership of
El Castellano
, at the time issued twice a day in a morning and evening edition,
[184]
to the Toledo curia.
[185]
The maneuvers did not help
[186]
and both newspapers closed down either in 1939
[187]
or slightly later.
[188]
Francoism and after
[
edit
]
working the fields, Francoism
There is scarce information on Estevanez' public activity after the
Civil War
. None of the sources consulted notes him as involved in political activities, either within Carlism
[189]
or any other structures; in police files he appeared as "desafecto totalmente a FET y de las JONS".
[190]
He seemed rather focused on agricultural organizations. In 1939 he was among co-founders of a re-created
Confederacion Nacional Catolico-Agraria
, the nationwide Catholic agricultural trade union, yet he did not enter its executive;
[191]
the following year the syndicate lost its autonomy and identity, forcibly incorporated into the Falangist Delegacion Nacional de Sindicatos.
[192]
Estevanez was then noted as involved in local organizations of wheat producers, notably in the mid-1940s he acted as president of Camara Oficial Agricola in the Burgos province, heavily engaged in trade, distribution and quality control. It seems also that the chamber made some effort to protect small producers; as the 1940s were in Spain the years of food shortages and hunger, the position of Estevanez rendered him a locally prominent person.
[193]
As to his own economy he held some rural estates in the provinces of Burgos,
[194]
Santander
[195]
and elsewhere,
[196]
apart from urban property in the immediate vicinity of the Burgos cathedral;
[197]
it is not clear whether after the Civil War he kept practicing as a lawyer.
[198]
Another thread of Estevanez' post-war activity was traditionally charity. Apart from personally supporting children from poor families
[199]
he acted as member of Junta Directiva of Congregacion Mariana de Caballeros.
[200]
In the mid- and late 1940s the Estevanez couple at least twice travelled to
Latin America
[201]
and at least some of these journeys were related to charity and religion, as he was noted as involved in the Cuban Sociedad Benefica Burgalesa.
[202]
It is not clear whether he was awarded the Chilean
Medalla de Merito
and the Peruvian
Sol del Peru
during his 1940s visits or during the earlier 1920s trips with cardenal Benlloch.
[203]
Estevanez appeared in the Burgos press societe columns or as involved in local religious feasts until the early 1950s, always noted as a respected and prestigious citizen.
[204]
However, his death was not acknowledged by nationwide media and he soon went into almost total oblivion; his memory was not cherished by Carlism of the late Francoism and is absent also in the present-day Carlist propaganda. Except a minor related piece he has not earnt a monograph;
[205]
when mentioned in historiographic works he is usually presented as a reactionary landowner busy with preserving social inequality in rural Castile.
[206]
The figure of Estevanez made a marginal and peculiar entry into literature; as a secondary character he appears in
Inquietud en el Paraiso
by
Oscar Esquivias
.
[207]
The 2005
novel
is set in Burgos before and during the outbreak of the Civil War; Estevanez is pictured in an episode possibly related to actual events, namely when introducing Manuel Machado to general
Fidel Davila
.
[208]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
many press titles preferred the "Estebanez" spelling, also with reference to "Francisco Estebanez", see e.g.
La Libertad
20.03.36, available
here
. Also some present-day scholars prefer this spelling, see e.g. Robert Vallverdu i Marti,
El Carlisme Catala Durant La Segona Republica Espanyola 1931-1936
, Barcelona 2008,
ISBN
9788478260805
, pp. 84, 101, 149 and more. The death certificate and death notices in the press, published by the family, preferred the "Estevanez" spelling, it is also the version adopted in the official Cortes service
- ^
in the 1930s a popular weekly suggested that Estevanez was the grandson of
Nicolas Maria Rivero
, minister of interior during the First Republic. Rationale behind this speculation is not clear, but it appears to be entirely false, see
Mundo Grafico
11.11.31, available
here
- ^
Maria Cruz Ebro,
Memorias de una burgalesa, 1885-1931
, Burgos 1952, p. 163
- ^
an individual named Vicente Estevanez y Teran from Soncillo, who appears to be the brother of Vicente and paternal granduncle of Francisco, in the mid-19th century formally asked the appropriate tribunal for confirmation of his status of the hidalgo, Adolfo Barredo de Valenzuela, Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent (eds.),
Revista Hidalguia
44 (1961), p. 55
- ^
Cruz Ebro 1952, p. 163
- ^
Diario de Burgos
08.06.21, available
here
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
18.12.01, available
here
- ^
Cruz Ebro 1952, p. 163
- ^
Boletin oficial de la provincia de Santander
05.10.98, available
here
- ^
Josemaria Escriva de Balaguer,
La Abadesa de Las Huelgas: estudio teologico juridico
, Madrid 1988,
ISBN
9788432124389
, p. 161, see also
Lista de abadesas
, [in:]
Monasterio de Las Huelgas
service, available
here
- ^
Cruz Ebro 1952, p.162
- ^
Amancio Rodriguez Lopez,
El Real Monasterio de las Huelgas de Burgos y el Hospital del Rey
, vol. 1, Burgos 1907 (reprint 2011),
ISBN
9788490011461
, p. 227
- ^
Aquilino Estevanez resided in Valdeolea in the late 1890s,
Boletin oficial de la provincia de Santander
07.03.98, available
here
- ^
Aquilino Estevanez died in Mataporquera,
El Siglo Futuro
18.12.01, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
17.12.52, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
02.01.72, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
17.12.52, available
here
- ^
Boletin oficial de la provincia de Santander
27.10.97, available
here
- ^
the source is not highly credible as it provided also clearly false information on Estevanez' grandfather. However, given the high rate of religious servants in the family, the seminar episode of Francisco appears to be credible. The newspaper which floated the news compared him to Marcones, a character from the
La Puchera
novel of Jose Maria de Pereda, see
Mundo Grafico
11.11.31, available
here
. Indeed, Marcones "aun era libre, aun estaba en el mundo, aun era un hombre como todos los demas, aun era dueno de elegir, si el obstaculo se atravesaba, entre la Iglesia... y el matrimonio", Jose M. de Pereda,
La Puchera
, Madrid 1901, p. 244, available online
here
- ^
in 1901 Estevanez sought and was admitted residence in Salamanca,
El Adelanto
29.08.01, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
11.03.04, available
here
- ^
El Labaro
18.07.04, available
here
- ^
Cruz Ebro 1952, p. 163, see also
Diario de Burgos
27.12.53, available
here
; in some sources her surname is spelled as "Obeso Palacios", see e.g.
El Cantabrico
29.06.11, available
here
, or "Obesso Palacio", see
Diario de Burgos
27.12.53, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
23.03.76, available
here
,
Diario de Burgos
24.03.76, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
03.01.20, available
here
- ^
El Cantabrico
21.07.11, available
here
- ^
Cruz Ebro 1952, p. 163
- ^
El Correo Espanol
08.11.11, available
here
- ^
see Estevanez' death certificate, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
04.04.14, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
17.05.23, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
08.04.44, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
09.09.47, available
here
- ^
the crowd, rising the cries of Viva Carlos VII!, was instigated by an anonymous canonigo and other religious, and lynched the governor inside the Burgos cathedral,
El asesinato del Gobernador de Burgos
, [in:]
La Aventura de la Historia service
, available
here
- ^
"perseguido con ocasion del asesinato del gobernador" and "a quien persiguieron por carlista", Manuel Revuelta Gonzalez,
La Compania de Jesus en la Espana Contemporanea
, vol. 3, Madrid 2008,
ISBN
9788484682370
, pp. 53, 1028
- ^
Cruz Ebro 1952, p. 163
- ^
Luis Castro Berrojo,
Capital de la Cruzada: Burgos durante la Guerra Civil
, Barcelona 2006,
ISBN
9788484327226
, pp. 29-30; Estevanez is wrongly indexed as "Francisco Estevanez Calderon", see p. 374
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
02.04.87, available
here
- ^
it was a correspondence covering a local pilgrimage in Valladolid,
El Siglo Futuro
19.05.97, available
here
- ^
"El liberalismo e s pecado y peor ex genere suo que el robo, el asesinato y el adulterio (...) ¡Fuera caretas! El liberalismo es muerte, ruina, desolacion y sintesis de todos los atropellos yfieros males",
El Siglo Futuro
13.03.01, available
here
- ^
Melchor Ferrer
,
Historia del tradicionalismo Espanol
, vol. XXX/2, Sevilla 1979. p. 136
- ^
Castro Berrojo 2006, p. 140
- ^
Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja
,
La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda Republica y la Guerra Civil (1931-1937)
, [in:]
El Argonauta Espanol
9 (2012), p. 5
- ^
Mundo Grafico
11.11.31, available
here
- ^
in 1904 Estevanez was slapped by conde de Berberana, who felt offended by one of his articles,
El Labaro
12.03.04, available
here
- ^
in 1904 Estevanez ceased as director and nominated Jose Miguel Olivan,
El Labaro
03.08.04, available
here
- ^
compare
La Lectura Popular
01.06.05, available
here
- ^
in the early 1920s Estevanez sued the director of
El Castellano
over defamation,
Diario de Burgos
16.05.25, available
here
- ^
El Labaro
02.12.97, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
20.01.12, available
here
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
27.08.06, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
13.03.08, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
13.03.09, available
here
- ^
El Diario Palentino
08.04.10, available
here
- ^
La Independencia
24.04.10, available
here
, also
El Norte
26.04.10, available
here
- ^
El Norte
05.05.10, available
here
- ^
the triumphant candidate, a Conservative Jose Maria Garay y Rowart, was declared victorious as had no counter-candidate, see details of his 1910 Cortes ticket available
here
- ^
El Salmantino
06.07.11, available
here
- ^
his relations with the Carlists must have been correct, as he kept advertising in the flagship Carlist daily, see
El Correo Espanol
08.11.11, available
here
- ^
in mid-1920s Estevanez served as juez in Reinosa,
Boletin oficial de la provincia de Santander
17.12.23 available
here
- ^
"owned lucrative estates principally devoted to the cultivation of wheat", Martin Blinkhorn,
Carlism and Crisis in Spain
, Cambridge 2008],
ISBN
9780521086349
, p. 57
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
15.06.31, available
here
- ^
none of the sources consulted provides information when the daily was founded. The earlierst note on
El Defensor
comes from 1922, see
Diario de Burgos
11.11.22, available
here
- ^
like Juan Olazabal,
Manuel Senante
,
Jose Sanchez Marco
, Ladislao de Zavala,
Marcial Solana
or Juan Lamamie de Clairac
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
15.05.18, available
here
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
16.06.20, available
here
- ^
the victorious candidate gathered 10,545 votes, Estevanez mustered support of at least 8,187 voters,
La Voz
01.05.23, available
here
,
Diario de Burgos
03.05.23, available
here
- ^
Ruben Dominguez Mendez,
El viaje del Cardenal Benlloch por Iberoamerica en 1923. Los intereses de Espana e Italia en la correspondencia diplomatica del Archivio Segreto Vaticano
, [in:]
Confluenze
5 (2013), p. 226
- ^
La Atalaya
17.05.21, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
02.12.22, available
here
- ^
Cruz Ebro 1952, p. 387
- ^
Mundo Grafico
11.11.31, available
here
- ^
Benlloch acted as ambassador of both Pope Pius XI and King Alfonso XIII of Spain, Ricardo Daniel Cubas Ramacciotti,
The Politics of Religion and the Rise of Social Catholicism in Peru (1884-1935): Faith, Workers and Race before Liberation Theology
, Leiden 2017,
ISBN
9789004355699
, p. 74
- ^
Dimitri Pablos Papanikas,
La iglesia de la "Raza". La iglesia Catolica Espanola y la construccion de la identidad nacional en Argentina 1910-1930
[PhD thesis Universidad Autonoma de Madrid], Madrid 2012, p. 186
- ^
1923 co-organized Fiesta de Santo Tomas,
Diario de Burgos
09.03.23, available
here
- ^
like Asamblea Eucaristica,
Diario de Burgos
12.10.27, available
here
- ^
in 1924 Estevanez was among these welcoming the Jesuit general
Ledochowski
in Burgos,
Diario de Burgos
09.09.24, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
17.03.23, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
23.09.24, available
here
- ^
in 1924 Estevanez got his house at Nuno Rasura 14 consecrated,
Diario de Burgos
31.05.24, available
here
- ^
e.g. he led political-religious events like consecration of the local Integrist organization in the name of the Sacred Heart of Jesus,
El Siglo Futuro
16.06.20, available
here
- ^
in 1925 Estevanez sued the director of
El Castellano
, who allegedly accused him of "playing loosely with Catholic social doctrine",
Diario de Burgos
16.05.25, available
here
. In 1926 he was engaged in another civil lawsuit,
Diario de Burgos
12.06.26, available
here
- ^
the Primo de Rivera coup took place when Benlloch and his entourage were on the Atlantic travelling to America. The cardinal sent an enthusiastic radio message to Primo, Pablos Papanikas 2012, p. 187
- ^
e.g. in 1926 he contributed financially to monument of Cervantes in Madrid, an initiative of gobierno civil,
Diario de Burgos
11.11.26, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
10.09.25, available
here
- ^
in 1931 he was reported as owner of
El Castellano
,
Mundo Grafico
11.11.31, available
here
- ^
at least since 1928,
Diario de Burgos
03.04.28, available
here
, see also
Diario de Burgos
02.12.29, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
12.11.29, available
here
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
15.06.31, available
here
- ^
in the late 1930s Estevanez was referred to as Segura's "viejo conocido", Santiago Martinez Sanchez,
El Cardenal Pedro Segura y Saenz (1880-1957)
[Phd thesis Universidad de Navarra], Pamplona 2002, p. 321
- ^
Martinez Sanchez 2002, p. 155. The person in question, in main text referred to as "Francisco Estevanez" ("un integrista, presidente de la Federacion de Sindicatos Catolicos de Burgos") is further identified in footnotes and on basis of original document in the Segura archive as "Francisco Estevanez Calderon", which remains puzzling
- ^
"si esto no fuera posible, entonces puede y debe recurrirse a la union transeunte", Martinez Sanchez 2002, p. 155
- ^
Martinez Sanchez 2002, p. 166
- ^
in March 1931 Estevanez took part in a conference in Palencia, where he delivered a lecture "Santo Tomas y los estudiantes catolicos",
El Dia de Palencia
07.03.31, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
20.06.31, available
here
- ^
Luis Teofilo Gil Cuadrado,
El Partido Agrario Espanol (1934-1936); un alternativa conservadora y republicana
[PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2006, p. 113, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 126
- ^
it seems that he re-possessed
El Castellano
some time between 1925 and 1931, as he was referred to as its owner during the 1931 elections, see
El Defensor de Cordoba
30.06.31, available
here
,
Diario de Burgos
02.06.31, available
here
, Rafael Ibanez Hernandez,
La familia catolica obrera durante la Segunda Republica: el Circulo Catolico de Obreros de Burgos
, [in:]
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma
10 (1997), p. 182
- ^
though unnamed, it is probably
El Castellano
and
El Defensor
referred by a historian who noted that Estevanez "owned two small local newspapers", Blinkhorn 2008, p. 57
- ^
some scholars give Estevanez as a sample of a peculiar phenomenon, which consisted of a large contingent of press-related individuals (owners, publishers, journalists) winning parliamentary seats; following lawyers and academics they were the 3rd largest professional group in the Cortes, which prompted some historians to coin the name "republica de periodistas", see Antonio Checa Godoy,
Prensa y partidos politicos durante la II Republica
, Salamanca 1989,
ISBN
9788474815214
, p. 17
- ^
Estevanez claimed having donated huge sums to Sindicatos Catolicos, provided free law consultations and dedicated time and money to the poor,
Diario de Burgos
01.08.31, available
here
- ^
"no es necesario presentarle a los labradores. Conocen bien sus campanas y vida de sacrificios por la clase social agro-pecuaria organizada, por la Federacion de Sindicatos y por sus propagandas en favor de los labradores y ganaderos",
El Siglo Futuro
15.06.31, available
here
- ^
Blinkhorn 2008, p. 57
- ^
Gil Cuadrado 2006, p. 104; Estevanez obtained 42,6% of all votes cast, Gil Cuadrado 2006, p. 113, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 126
- ^
Castro Berrojo 2006, p. 27
- ^
see his 1931 electoral data at the official Cortes service, available
here
- ^
the other two were a Salamanca landowner
Jose Maria Lamamie de Clairac
and a fellow Estevanez' Burgos candidate, canonigo
Ricardo Gomez Roji
- ^
La Nacion
27.07.31, available
here
- ^
see e.g. Gil Cuadrado 2006, pp. 117, 120
- ^
like his father; Estevanez admitted also the Carlist episode of his father,
Diario de Burgos
01.08.31, available
here
- ^
La Nacion
27.07.31, available
here
,
La Libertad
01.08.31, available
here
- ^
however, in June 1933 Estevanez was a candidate to presidency of Tribunal de Garantias Constitucionales, a body elected by the Cortes; he got 2 votes, compared to 204 of Alvaro de Albornoz and 88 of Ortega y Gasset,
La Voz
14.07.33, available
here
. He later planned to run for a simple member in the Tribunal, but eventually withdrew to give way to another right-wing candidate,
El Dia de Palencia
30.08.33, available
here
, Wilhelm Boucsein,
Verfassungssicherung und Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der zweiten spanischen Republik: (1931-1936)
, Heidelberg 1977,
ISBN
9783881290753
, p. 203
- ^
spanning the Reconquista and conquest of the New World,
undo Grafico
16.09.31, available
here
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
17.12.31, available
here
- ^
Castro Berrojo 2006, p. 29
- ^
Mundo Grafico
16.09.31, available
here
- ^
probably the insult was intended as "cavernicola de las estalactitas",
Diario de Burgos
01.08.31, available
here
- ^
Blinkhorn 2008, p. 59
- ^
e.g. Estevanez co-founded Agrupacion para la Defensa y Libertad de los Padres en la educacion de los hijos,
Diario de Burgos
08.08.31, available
here
- ^
La Cruz
08.06.33, available
here
. Back in 1932 he co-authored a competitive draft of law on the religious,
El Defensor de Cordoba
29.12.32, available
here
- ^
none of the sources consulted provides information on Estevanez' landholdings and it is not clear how much land he actually possessed
- ^
Julian Casanova,
The Spanish Republic and Civil War
, Cambridge 2010,
ISBN
9781139490573
, p. 30
- ^
Casanova 2010, p. 70
- ^
Ibanez Hernandez 1997, p. 182
- ^
Ferrer 1979, p. 136
- ^
Blinkhorn 2008, pp. 57, 59, Jordi Canal,
El Carlismo
, Madrid 2000,
ISBN
8420639478
, p. 291
- ^
Blinkhorn 2008, p. 73
- ^
titled "Doctrina y Accion Tradicionalista"
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
17.12.31, available
here
- ^
Estevanez described Traditionalism as political system which "tiene como principal fin la proclamacion del reinado de Dios y de su justicia: el reinado social de Jesucristo" and declared that "adhesionismo a este regimen es imposible",
El Siglo Futuro
17.12.31, available
here
- ^
however, at another opportunity he supported revindicacion of Catalan rights, a clear component of traditional Carlist theory usually missing in the Integrist toolset,
La Independencia
10.05.32, available
here
- ^
among some common Integrist-Carlist initiatives joined by Estevanez there was a letter highly critical of the papal nuncio Tedeschini, signed in December 1931 along Senante, Lamamie,
Rodezno
and
Beunza
, Cristobal Robles Munoz,
Los Catolicos integristas y la republica en Espana (1930-1934)
, [in:] Antonio Matos Ferreira, Joao Miguel Almeida,
Religiao e cidadania: protagonistas, motivacoes e dinamicas sociais no contexto iberico
, Lisboa 2011,
ISBN
9789728361365
, p. 72
- ^
on May 8, 1932 Estevanez was first noted speaking at grand Traditionalist rally with Rodezno, Larramendi,
Chicharro
,
Urraca
, Senante,
Oreja
, Lamamie, Beunza and Diaz Aguado,
El Siglo Futuro
06.05.32, available
here
, see also
Hoja oficial de la provincia de Barcelona
09.05.32, available
here
- ^
Ahora
21.12.33, available
here
; some scholars claim that in 1933 Estevanez ran as Agrarian, Evelyn Dillge-Mischung,
Die Agrarbevolkerung in Altkastilien wahrend der Zweiten Spanischen Republik: sozio-okonomische Lage und politischen Verhalten
, Frankfurt a/M 1989,
ISBN
9783631407875
, p. 137
- ^
Heraldo de Madrid
17.10.33, available
here
- ^
see Estevanez' 1933 mandate data at the official Cortes service, available
here
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
22.11.33, available
here
- ^
Ferrer 1979, p. 112
- ^
El Siglo Futuro
17.12.31, available
here
- ^
unlike his fellow ex-Integrist Burgos deputy Gomez Roji, who was invited to seat in the Council of Culture, a Carlist board of pundits entrusted with guarding the party's theoretical platform
- ^
compare Juan Maria Roma (ed.),
Album historico del Carlismo
, Barcelona 1933, p. 296
- ^
Estevanez co-signed the document which founded Bloque Nacional, Ferrer 1979, p. 106
- ^
see his militant intervention at a session of the board,
Labor
19.01.35, available
here
, also
Diario de Burgos
17.07.35, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
18.09.34, available
here
- ^
when speaking in the Cortes he painted "el paisaje bucolico" of the Burgos rural life and claimed that "reforma agraria va a ser un volcan colocado a los pies de Espana, Castro Berrojo 2006, p. 64
- ^
El Dia de Palencia
17.06.32, available
here
- ^
Estevanez referred to Aquinas when laying down his concept of supporting peasant owners,
El Dia de Palencia
28.06.32, available
here
- ^
Gil Cuadrado 2006, p. 424
- ^
Castro Berrojo 2006, p. 29
- ^
see his discussion with Largo Caballero, at the time the Minister of Labor,
El Siglo Futuro
12.05.33, available
here
- ^
see his discussion with Marcelino Domingo, at the time the Minister of Agriculture,
Noticiero de Soria
11.01.34, available
here
; another intervention with the same ministry is noted in
Diario de Burgos
06.07.35, available
here
- ^
Noticiero de Soria
22.10.34, available
here
. In 1935 he proposed cutting the minimum price of wheat in the face of an uprecedented glut. Blaming speculators, he and Lamamie "swallowed their dislike of state intervention and urged the government to buy up the wheat surplus, a policy adopted later in the year", Blinkhorn 2008, p. 195
- ^
Labor
12.12.35, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
17.07.35, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
08.08.35, available
here
- ^
Frente was competitive to Agrarians in Burgos and
El Castellano
ran a campaign against them, marking u-turn of Estevanez' alliance strategy, Gil Cuadrado 2006, pp. 516, 528. One author claims that Estevanez abandoned the Agrarians once the party had declared itself republican,
Julio Gil Pecharroman
,
Sobre Espana inmortal, solo Dios. Jose Maria Albinana y el partido nacionalista espanol (1930-1937)
, Madrid 2013,
ISBN
9788436266627
, p. 80
- ^
Ahora
11.02.36, available
here
- ^
Ibanez Hernandez 1997, p. 182, also Castro Berrojo 2006, p. 26, also
Diario de Burgos
10.02.36, available
here
- ^
Estevanez obtained 66,324 votes out of 135,012 votes cast, see Estevanez' failed 1936 bid data in the official Cortes service, available
here
- ^
La Epoca
20.03.36, available
here
- ^
Blinkhorn 2008, p. 231
- ^
Estevanez was declared in violation of art. 7 pt 2 of electoral law, which excluded from standing "los contratistas de obras o servicios publicos que se costeen con fondos del Estado, de la provincia o del Municipio"; the ticket was transferred to a Republican Socialist candidate, Eliseo Cuadrado Garcia,
La Libertad
20.03.36, available
here
, Gil Cuadrado 2006, pp. 527-528
- ^
Stanley G. Payne,
The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the Civil War
, Yale 2008,
ISBN
9780300130805
, p. 214. For a systematic historiographic review see
Enrique Moradiellos
,
Las elecciones generales de febrero de 1936: una reconsideracion historiografica
, [in:]
Revista de Libros
2017, pp. 1-38
- ^
La Epoca
20.03.36, available
here
- ^
Noticiero de Soria
20.02.36, available
here
- ^
Labor
16.04.36, available
here
- ^
one scholar claims that the Burgos Carlists well were prepared to the coup and gathered many weapons but does not mention Estevanez as involved, Castro Berrojo 2006, p. 29
- ^
Pensamiento Alaves
25.07.36, available
here
- ^
Labor
20.08.36, available
here
- ^
compare the list of posts in high Carlist executive as referred by Ricardo Ollaquindia,
La Oficina de Prensa y Propaganda Carlista de Pamplona al comienzo de la guerra de 1936
, [in:]
Principe de Viana
56 (1995), pp. 485-508
- ^
compare Luis Castro Berrojo,
Capital de la Cruzada: Burgos durante la Guerra Civil
, Barcelona 2006,
ISBN
9788484327226
- ^
"Y ¡que no haya entre nosotros uno solo que se tome la justicia por su mano! Justicia si, pero mediante procedimiento oportuno y ejercido por tribunal competente",
El Defensor de Labradores
07.08.36, referred after Castro Berrojo 2006, p. 222
- ^
Isaac Rilova Perez,
Burgos durante la Guerra Civil Espanola
(II), [in:]
Boletin de la Institucion Fernan Gonzalez
214 (1997), p. 120
- ^
El Defensor de Cordoba
24.04.37, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
02.04.37, available
here
- ^
e.g. he appealed to Cuban women to volunteer as madrinas de guerra,
Diario de la Marina
18.02.37, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
11.06.37, available
here
- ^
in March 1938 he defended a man charged with murdering a guard,
Diario de Burgos
14.03.38, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
04.10.38, available
here
- ^
labelled "errores, aberraciones y propositos inaceptables", Martinez Sanchez 2002, p. 321
- ^
Martinez Sanchez 2002, p. 321
- ^
the August 1938 Ley de Prensa specified very strict requirements to be met by every daily; they included an inflated staff, composed of e.g. a director, redactor jefe, redactor politico, head of foreign policy section, head of daily chronicle section, head of sport section and so on; Jose Andres-Gallego,
¿Fascismo o Estado catolico?: Ideologia, religion y censura en la Espana de Franco (1937-1941)
, Madrid 1997,
ISBN
9788474904178
, pp. 140, 143
- ^
there appears to be some confusion about names. In the same archive of primate Goma and in the same month of October 1938 the director of
El Castellano
appears either as "Francisco Estevanez Rodriguez" or as "Francisco Estevanez Calderon", compare Andres Gallego, Anton M. Pazos (eds.),
Archivo Goma: documentos de la Guerra Civil
, vol 12, Madrid 2001,
ISBN
9788400088002
, pp. 41, 61
- ^
Andres Gallego, M. Pazos 2001, p. 41
- ^
Gonzalez Calleja 2011, p. 5
- ^
Gonzalez Calleja 2011, p. 27
- ^
it probably did not help either that some
El Castellano
collaborators aloud expressed their hostility towards the regime; it was the case of Martin Garrido Hernando, a poet and requete, who was detained during unrest in Burgos in 1939. He was charged with for refusing to give a falangist salute, Manuel Martorell Perez,
La continuidad ideologica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil
[PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 239
- ^
Gonzalez Calleja 2011, p. 5
- ^
one source claims that in 1940, Ferrer 1979, p. 136, another one suggests the last issue was this of August 30, 1941, Andres-Gallego 1997, p. 166
- ^
Estevanez is not listed a single time in any of few large monographs on post-war Carlism, compare Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta,
El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo, 1962?1977
, Pamplona 1997;
ISBN
9788431315641
, Manuel Martorell Perez,
La continuidad ideologica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil
[PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia], Valencia 2009, Ramon Maria Rodon Guinjoan,
Invierno, primavera y otono del carlismo (1939-1976)
[PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015, Daniel Jesus Garcia Riol,
La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovacion ideologica del carlismo (1965-1973)
[PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015
- ^
Martorell Perez 2009, p. 207; dating of the police document in question is not clear, probably either late 1930s or early 1940s
- ^
Pensamiento Alaves
09.05.39, available
here
- ^
Ignacio Lamamie de Clairac,
Recuerdos de la guerra: Espana 1936-1939: vividos y relatados por los autores
, Mexico 1991,
ISBN
9789688590317
, p. 158
- ^
Diario de Burgos
17.03.42, available
here
- ^
in Cobos de Cerrato,
Boletin oficial de la provincia de Palencia
23.03.49, available
here
- ^
in Anievas,
Boletin oficial de la provincia de Santander
30.03.51, available
here
- ^
in the 1950s Estevanez' wife was reported as owner of a property in an unidentified location of La Jedesa or La Dehesa,
Diario de Burgos
10.12.61, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
02.03.50, available
here
- ^
in the New York immigration documents Estevanez is listed as "lawyer",
Passenger lists, 17?19 July 1946
(NARA T715, roll 7142), [in:]
FamilySearch
service, available
here
- ^
for 1944 see
Diario de Burgos
08.04.44, available
here
, for 1947 see
Diario de Burgos
09.09.47, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
27.12.53, available
here
- ^
Passenger lists, 17?19 July 1946
(NARA T715, roll 7142), [in:]
FamilySearch
service, available
here
,
Passenger lists, 6-7 Feb 1948
(NARA T715, roll 7543), [in:]
FamilySearch
service, available
here
, see also
JewishGen
service, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
11.01.48, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
25.12.58, available
here
- ^
Diario de Burgos
26.06.52, available
here
- ^
the exception is Clara Sanz Hernando,
"Diario de Burgos" y "El castellano" contra la Republica; periodismo de trinchera en la capital de la cruzada
, [in:] Jose Maria Chomon Serna, Clara Sanz Hernando (eds.),
La prensa en Burgos durante la Guerra Civil
, Burgos 2018,
ISBN
9788470748257
, pp. 77-110
- ^
compare Blinkhorn 2008, pp. 57, 59, 80 and passim, Casanova 2010, pp. 30, 70, Castro Berrojo 2006, pp. 27, 30, 140 and passim, Checa Godoy 1989, p. 17, Gil Cuadrado 2006, p. 424; the single work which offers a different perspective is Martinez Sanchez 2002, pp. 155, 166, 321
- ^
Merche Pallares,
Inquietud en el Paraiso
, [in:]
Kikkax
blog 14.01.11, available
here
- ^
La locura desatada
, [in:]
El cuento que no es quento
blog 23.01.11, available
here
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Martin Blinkhorn,
Carlism and Crisis in Spain
, Cambridge 2008,
ISBN
9780521086349
- Maria Cruz Ebro,
Memorias de una burgalesa, 1885-1931
, Burgos 1952
- Clara Sanz Hernando,
"Diario de Burgos" y "El castellano" contra la Republica; periodismo de trinchera en la capital de la cruzada
, [in:] Jose Maria Chomon Serna, Clara Sanz Hernando (eds.),
La prensa en Burgos durante la Guerra Civil
, Burgos 2018,
ISBN
9788470748257
, pp. 77?110
External links
[
edit
]