Fort Billingsport
, referred to as
Fort Billings
in some sources, was a
Continental Army
fort in
Billingsport
in
Paulsboro, New Jersey
in
Gloucester County, New Jersey
, during the
American Revolutionary War
. The site of the fort is now a public park of the same name, located at the Plains Terminal at the
Port of Paulsboro
between two oil refineries.
History
[
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]
The land for the fort was authorized for purchase by the
Second Continental Congress
on July 5, 1776, for use by the
Pennsylvania
Committee of Safety
. It represents the first land purchase made by the United States.
[1]
The 96 acres (0.4 km
2
) site was purchased for 600
pounds
. The fort was built to protect a line of
chevaux de frise
obstacles that were placed in the river in 1775.
Tadeusz Ko?ciuszko
designed the fortifications at the request of
George Washington
.
[1]
Construction began under the supervision of
Robert Smith
, designer of the river obstacles, who died in February 1777 while working on the fort.
[2]
The fort was built by troops from
New Jersey
,
Pennsylvania
,
South Carolina
and
Virginia
, along with laborers and skilled workmen.
[3]
The original plan envisaged a fort of 700 feet (210 m) diagonal measure, with a 7.5 feet (2.3 m)
parapet
. However, available materials, workmen, and garrison troops caused the fort to be built to a much smaller and less defensible plan. It was built with a
redoubt
on the northwest corner and five
cannon
.
[2]
The fort was a square
earthwork
of 15 acres (6.1 ha) with four corner bastions. It had a barracks, officers' quarters, and a bakehouse.
[4]
The fort was never completed.
Philadelphia campaign
[
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]
Following their victory at the
Battle of Brandywine
and a few subsequent minor engagements, the British occupied
Philadelphia
unopposed on September 26, 1777. Three lines of
chevaux de frise
and three forts (Fort Billingsport,
Fort Mercer
, and
Fort Mifflin
) still blocked their naval line of communications via the Delaware River. One line of
chevaux
was at
Marcus Hook
,
[5]
the second line was at Fort Billingsport, and the third line was between Fort Mifflin and Fort Mercer. Fort Billingsport fell to the British on October 2, 1777.
[6]
William Bradford
, the fort's commander, with only 112 men on hand after desertions,
spiked the guns
, burned the barracks, and evacuated the fort as the British approached.
The British dismantled the fort and cut paths through the first two lines of
chevaux de frise
, eventually proceeding upriver towards
Fort Mercer
and
Fort Mifflin
(which guarded the last line of obstacles) and unsuccessfully attacked the former in the
Battle of Red Bank
on October 22, 1777. Fort Mifflin withstood a siege and bombardment until it was evacuated on November 15, 1777; Fort Mercer was abandoned three days later.
[2]
[7]
The British later built a two-gun redoubt on the site of Fort Billingsport, which was abandoned as they evacuated Philadelphia on June 18, 1778. The
Patriots
re-occupied the site, rebuilt the fort and manned it until 1781, when the fighting moved to the
Yorktown campaign
in
Yorktown, Virginia
.
[7]
During the
War of 1812
, Fort Billingsport was used for an encampment of a militia brigade of 1,300 men. In 1814, Fort Billingsport was rehabilitated and converted to a military training center. By April 1825, the fort was described as "desolate", with no structures remaining. In December 1834, the War Department sold the 96-acre tract to Joseph C. Gill and his partner John Ford for $2,000.
[3]
See also
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References
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External links
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39°50′52″N
75°15′05″W
/
39.84771°N 75.25149°W
/
39.84771; -75.25149
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