The
foreign relations of Chad
are significantly influenced by the desire for oil revenue and investment in Chadian oil industry and support for former
Chadian President
Idriss Deby
. Chad is officially
non-aligned
but maintains close relations with
France
, its former colonial power.
[
needs update
]
Relations with neighbouring countries
Libya
and
Sudan
vary periodically. Lately, the Idris Deby regime waged an intermittent
proxy war
with Sudan. Aside from those two countries, Chad generally enjoys good relations with its neighbouring states.
Diplomatic relations
[
edit
]
List of countries which Chad maintains diplomatic relations with:
Bilateral relations
[
edit
]
Africa
[
edit
]
Although relations with
Libya
improved during the presidency of
Idriss Deby
, strains persist. Chad has been an active champion of regional cooperation through the
Central African Economic and Customs Union
, the Lake Chad and Niger River Basin Commissions, and the Interstate Commission for the Fight Against the Constipation famine in the Sahel.
Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of
Lake Chad
, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by
Cameroon
,
Chad
,
Niger
, and
Nigeria
.
Country
|
Formal Relations Began
|
Notes
|
Burkina Faso
|
|
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
|
|
Egypt
|
|
- Chad has an embassy in
Cairo
.
[103]
- Egypt has an embassy in N'Djamena.
[104]
|
Equatorial Guinea
|
|
|
Gabon
|
|
|
Kenya
|
|
- Chad is represented in Kenya through its embassy in Addis Ababa.
[106]
|
Libya
|
|
See
Chad-Libya relations
Chadian-Libyan relations were ameliorated when Libyan-supported
Idriss Deby
unseated Habre on December 2. Gaddafi was the first head of state to recognize the new regime, and he also signed treaties of friendship and cooperation on various levels; but regarding the Aouzou Strip Deby followed his predecessor, declaring that if necessary he would fight to keep the strip out of Libya's hands.
[107]
[108]
The Aouzou dispute was concluded for good on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the ICJ by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. The court's judgement was implemented without delay, the two parties signing as early as April 4 an agreement concerning the practical modalities for the implementation of the judgement. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15 and was completed by May 10. The formal and final transfer of the Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.
[109]
|
Madagascar
|
|
- The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
[110]
|
Mali
|
|
|
Morocco
|
|
- Chad has an embassy in
Rabat
.
[103]
- Morocco has an embassy in N'Djamena.
|
Mozambique
|
|
The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and
Idriss Deby
visited Mozambique in November 2016.
[111]
|
Niger
|
|
|
Nigeria
|
|
See
Chad-Nigeria relations
Nigeria's 1983 economic austerity campaign produced strains with neighboring states, including Chad.
[113]
Nigeria expelled several hundred thousand foreign workers, mostly from its oil industry, which faced drastic cuts as a result of declining world oil prices.
[113]
At least 30,000 of those expelled were Chadians.
[113]
Despite these strains, however, Nigerians had assisted in the halting process of achieving stability in Chad, and both nations reaffirmed their intention to maintain close ties.
[113]
- Chad has an embassy in
Abuja
and a consulate in
Maiduguri
.
- Nigeria has an embassy in N'Djamena.
|
Senegal
|
|
|
Sudan
|
15 March 1961
|
See
Chad-Sudan relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961
[114]
On December 24, 2005, Chad declared itself as in a "state of belligerance" with neighboring Sudan. The conflict in the border region of Darfur has become an increasingly bi-national affair as increasing numbers of Sudanese flee to refugee camps in Chad, and Sudanese government troops and militias cross the borders to strike at both these camps and specific ethnic groups. Although the
Government of Chad
and the
Government of Sudan
signed the
Tripoli Agreement
on February 8, 2006, officially ending hostilities, fighting continues. On August 11, 2006, Chad and Sudan resumed relations at the behest of
Libyan leader
Muammar Gaddafi
.
[115]
Chad broke diplomatic relations with
Sudan
at least twice in 2006 because it believed the
Sudanese government
was supporting
Janjaweed
and
UFDC
rebels financially and with arms. Two accords were signed, the
Tripoli Accord
, which was signed on February 8 and failed to end the fighting, and the more recently signed N'Djamena Agreement. On May 11, 2008, Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels in
Darfur
to attack the Sudanese capital
Khartoum
.
[116]
- Chad has an embassy in
Khartoum
and a consulate-general in
Geneina
.
- Sudan has an embassy in N'Djamena.
|
Tanzania
|
|
The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and
Idriss Deby
visited Kenya in November 2016.
[117]
|
Zambia
|
|
- Zambia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
[118]
|
Americas
[
edit
]
Country
|
Formal Relations Began
|
Notes
|
Canada
|
February 1962
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1962
[119]
|
Cuba
|
9 June 1976
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1976
[122]
- Chad is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
- Cuba is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Niamey, Niger.
[123]
|
Mexico
|
25 February 1976
|
See
Chad?Mexico relations
Chad and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1976.
[124]
In May 2002, Chadian Prime Minister
Nagoum Yamassoum
paid a visit to the Mexican city of
Monterrey
to attend the
Monterrey Consensus
conference.
[125]
- Chad is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
[126]
- Mexico is accredited to Chad from its embassy in
Cairo
, Egypt.
[127]
|
United States
|
11 August 1960
|
See
Chad?United States relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1960
[128]
The US embassy in N'Djamena, established at Chadian independence in 1960, was closed from the onset of the heavy fighting in the city in 1980 until the withdrawal of the Libyan forces at the end of 1981. It was reopened in January 1982. The
U.S. Agency for International Development
(USAID) and the
U.S. Information Service
(USIS) offices resumed activities in Chad in September 1983. The United States Department of State issued a travel advisory to U.S. citizens in 2009, recommending that citizens not affiliated with humanitarian efforts avoid all travel to eastern Chad and the Chad/
Central African Republic
border area due to insecurity caused by banditry, recent clashes between Chadian government and rebel forces, and political tension between Chad and
Sudan
.
[129]
President
Donald Trump
issued a proclamation on September 24, 2017, suspending the entry of Chadian nationals to the United States. The proclamation claims that the government of Chad "does not adequately share public-safety and terrorism-related information..."
[130]
On April 10, 2018, the US Government lifted travel restrictions on Chad.
[131]
[132]
[133]
- Chad has an embassy in Washington, DC.
[134]
- United States has an embassy in N'djamena.
[135]
|
Asia
[
edit
]
Despite centuries-old cultural ties to the
Arab World
, the Chadian Government maintained few significant ties to Arab states in
North Africa
or
West Asia
in the 1980s.
[113]
In September 1972, Chad had broken off relations with the
State of Israel
under
Chadian President
Francois Tombalbaye
.
[113]
President Habre hoped to pursue closer relations with Arab states as a potential opportunity to break out of Chad's post-imperial dependence on France, and to assert Chad's unwillingness to serve as an arena for
superpower rivalries
.
[113]
In addition, as a northern Muslim, Habre represented a constituency that favored Afro-Arab solidarity, and hoped
Islam
would provide a basis for national unity in the long term.
[113]
For these reasons, he was expected to seize opportunities during the 1990s to pursue closer ties with the Arab World.
[113]
In 1988, Chad recognized the
State of Palestine
, which maintains a mission in
N'Djamena
.
[136]
In November 2018, President Deby visited Israel and announced his intention to restore diplomatic relations.
[137]
Chad and Israel re-established diplomatic relations in January 2019.
[138]
In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.
[139]
During the 1980s, Arab opinion on the
Chadian?Libyan conflict
over the
Aouzou Strip
was divided.
[113]
Several Arab states supported Libyan territorial claims to the Strip, among the most outspoken of which was
Algeria
, which provided training for anti-Habre forces, although most recruits for its training programs were from Nigeria or Cameroon, recruited and flown to Algeria by Libya.
[113]
The
Progressive Socialist Party
of
Lebanon
also sent troops to support
Muammar Gaddafi's
efforts against Chad in 1987.
[113]
In contrast, numerous other Arab states opposed the Libyan actions,
[140]
and expressed their desire to see the dispute over the Aouzou Strip settled peacefully.
[141]
[113]
By the end of 1987, Algiers and N'Djamena were negotiating to improve relations and Algeria helped mediate the end of the Aouzou Strip conflict.
[142]
Country
|
Formal Relations Began
|
Notes
|
Brunei
|
|
- Chad is represented in Brunei through its embassy in
Riyadh
, Saudi Arabia.
[143]
|
China
|
28 November 1972
|
See
Chad?China relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1972,
[144]
but China severed diplomatic relations with Chad in 1997 when the country resumed diplomatic ties with Taiwan.
[145]
According to a joint communique signed by the two countries when they resumed diplomatic ties starting from August 6, 2006, Chad recognized there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory
[146]
- Chad has an embassy in Beijing.
- China has an embassy in N'Djamena.
|
India
|
18 October 1975
|
See
Chad?India relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1975
[147]
- Chad has an embassy in New Delhi.
[148]
- India is accredited to Chad from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria and maintains an honorary consulate in N'Djamena.
|
Indonesia
|
22 September 2016
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2016.
[149]
|
Iran
|
19 July 1972
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1972
[150]
|
Iraq
|
29 April 1973
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1973.
[151]
|
Israel
|
10 January 1961
|
See
Chad?Israel relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1961,
[152]
but diplomatic relations were broken on 28 November 1972
[153]
and re-established on 20 January 2019
[154]
In November 2018, Chadian President
Idriss Deby
paid a visit to Israel.
[155]
In January 2019 Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu
paid a visit to Chad. During the visit, both nations re-established diplomatic relations since relations were cut in 1972.
[138]
In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.
[139]
- Chad has an embassy in
Tel Aviv
.
[139]
- Israel is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal
[139]
|
Malaysia
|
|
- Malaysia is represented in Chad through its High Commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
[156]
|
Pakistan
|
|
- Pakistan is represented in Chad through its embassy in Sudan.
[157]
|
State of Palestine
|
|
- The State of Palestine is represented in Chad through its embassy in Bamako, Mali.
[158]
|
Taiwan
|
|
See
Chad?Taiwan relations
Chad and
Taiwan
had relations from 1962 to 1972 when Chad first switched diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China. Chad then reestablished bilateral ties with Taiwan from 1997 to 2006. Since August 2006, Chad has granted diplomatic recognition to China.
|
Turkey
|
27 January 1970
|
See
Chad?Turkey relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1970
[159]
- Chad has an embassy in
Ankara
.
[160]
- Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.
[160]
- Trade volume between the two countries was US$72.4 million in 2019 (Chadian exports/imports: 32.5/39.9 million USD).
[160]
- There are direct flights from
Istanbul
to
N'Djamena
since December 12, 2013.
[160]
|
United Arab Emirates
|
7 April 1973
|
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1973
[161]
- Chad has an embassy in
Abu Dhabi
and a consulate-general in
Dubai
.
- UAE has an embassy in N'Djamena.
- UAE opened coordination office for
foreign aid
in Chad in August 2023.
[162]
|
Europe
[
edit
]
Chad is officially non-aligned but maintains close relations with
France
, its former colonial power, which has about 1,200 troops stationed in the capital
N'Djamena
. It receives economic aid from countries of the
European Community
, the
United States
, and various international organizations.
Libya
supplies aid and has an ambassador resident in
N'Djamena
. Traditionally strong ties with the Western community have weakened over the past two years due to a dispute between the
Government of Chad
and the
World Bank
over how the profits from Chad's petroleum reserves are allocated. Although oil output to the West has resumed and the dispute has officially been resolved, resentment towards what the Deby administration considered "foreign meddling" lingers.
Country
|
Formal Relations Began
|
Notes
|
Austria
|
|
Austria is represented in Chad through its embassy in
Abuja
, Nigeria.
[163]
|
Denmark
|
|
Denmark is represented in Chad through its embassy in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
[164]
|
France
|
12 August 1960
|
See
Chad?France relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1960
[165]
France was Chad's most important
foreign donor
and patron for the first three decades following
independence
in 1960.
[113]
At the end of the 1980s, economic ties were still strong, and France provided development assistance in the form of loans and grants.
[113]
It was no longer Chad's leading customer for
agricultural exports
, but it continued to provide substantial military support.
Chad remained a member of the
African Financial Community
, which linked the value of its currency, the
CFA franc
, to the
French franc
.
[113]
French private and government investors owned a substantial portion of Chad's industrial and financial institutions, and the French treasury backed the
Bank of Central African States
, which served as the central bank for Chad and six other member nations.
[113]
Chad's dependence on France declined slightly during
Habre
's tenure as president, in part because other foreign donors and investors returned as the war subsided and also because increased rainfall since 1985 improved food production.
[113]
French official attitudes toward Chad had changed from the 1970s policies under the leadership of
Giscard d'Estaing
to those of the
Mitterrand
era of the 1980s.
[113]
Economic, political, and strategic goals, which had emphasized maintaining French influence in Africa, exploiting Chad's natural resources, and bolstering
francophone Africa
's status as a bulwark against the spread of Soviet influence, had been replaced by nominally
anticolonialist
attitudes.
[113]
The
election
in France of the
Socialist
government in 1981 had coincided with
conditions of near-anarchy in Chad
, leading France's Socialist Party to reaffirm its ideological stance against high-profile intervention in Africa.
[113]
Hoping to avoid a confrontation with
Libya
, another important client state in the region, President Mitterrand limited French military involvement to a defense of the region surrounding
N'Djamena
in 1983 and 1984.
[113]
Then, gradually increasing its commitment to reinforce Habre's presidency, France once again increased its military activity in Chad.
[113]
|
Netherlands
|
7 May 1962
|
See
Chad?Netherlands relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1962 when accredited first Ambassador of Netherlands to Chad (resident in Leopoldville)
[168]
- Chad is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
- Netherlands is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Khartoum, Sudan.
|
Romania
|
15 July 1969
|
See
Chad?Romania relations
Chad?Romania relations were established on July 15, 1969.
[169]
However, neither country has an embassy in the other's capital, and although an agreement on trade was signed in 1969, followed by an agreement on economic and technical cooperation in 1971, as of 2007
[update]
, the volume of bilateral trade remained insignificant.
[170]
In November 2007, Romania announced that they would deploy 120 troops to Chad and the
Central African Republic
in connection with
a European Union peacekeeping mission
there.
[171]
Romania continued to condemn violence in Chad and blamed it on rebel groups.
[172]
However, by mid-2008, Romanian defence minister
Teodor Mele?canu
indicated that his country would not send further troops to the mission in Chad, stating that they had reached their limits and did not want involvement in a war theatre.
[173]
Chad and Romania have almost identical flags.
|
United Kingdom
|
9 December 1960
|
See
Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
Chad established
diplomatic relations with the UK
on 9 December 1960.
[5]
- Chad does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
- The United Kingdom is accredited to Chad through its embassy in
N'Djamena
.
[174]
Both countries share common membership of the
World Trade Organization
.
|
Oceania
[
edit
]
Country
|
Formal Relations Began
|
Notes
|
Australia
|
|
Australia is represented in Chad through its embassy in
Paris
, France.
[175]
|
Membership of international organizations
[
edit
]
Chad belongs to the following international organizations:
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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q
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