National flag
Republic of Peru
|
|
- Bandera nacional
(National flag)
- El pendon bicolor
(The bicolor banner)
- La ensena nacional
(The national ensign)
|
Use
| Civil flag
and
ensign
|
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Proportion
| 2:3
|
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Adopted
| - 25 February 1825
; 199 years ago
(
1825-02-25
)
(current triband version)
- 31 March 1950
; 74 years ago
(
1950-03-31
)
(current version)
|
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Design
| A vertical
triband
of red (hoist-side and fly-side) and white.
|
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Designed by
| Jose de San Martin
Jose Bernardo de Tagle
Simon Bolivar
|
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|
|
|
|
Use
| State flag
,
state
and
naval ensign
|
---|
Proportion
| 2:3
|
---|
Adopted
| 31 March 1950
; 74 years ago
(
1950-03-31
)
|
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Design
| A vertical
triband
of red (hoist-side and fly-side) and white with the National Coat of Arms centered on the white band.
|
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|
|
|
|
Use
| War flag
|
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Proportion
| 2:3
|
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Design
| A vertical
triband
of red (hoist-side and fly-side) and white.
|
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|
|
|
|
Proportion
| 1:1
|
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Design
| A red square with the white square in the center bearing the
Coat of Arms (
Escudo de Armas
)
in the center.
|
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|
The
flag of Peru
was adopted by the
government of Peru
in 1825, and modified in 1950. According to the article 49 of the
Constitution of Peru
, it is a vertical
triband
with red outer bands and a single white middle band.
[1]
Depending on its use, it may be
defaced
with different emblems, and has different names.
Flag day
in Peru is celebrated on 7 June, the anniversary of the
Battle of Arica
.
Design and symbolism
[
edit
]
Coat of arms
[
edit
]
Meaning of the colors
[
edit
]
Red represents the blood that was spilled by the fallen freedom fighters that fought for the independence of the country. White represents purity and peace. However, the colours are also linked to the
Chilean flamingo
, or
parihuana
, a red and white type of flamingo that General San Martin dreamed about during the revolution.
[2]
Color approximations
[
edit
]
The current colors of the Peruvian flag were taken of the design of
San Martin
and
Torre Tagle
. The reasons why red and white were chosen are unknown.
[
citation needed
]
Official tones determined by Peruvian laws do not exist. However, there are some particular initiatives in approximated equivalents in multiple color models, some in tones close to
crimson
.
[3]
At official level, the governmental communications have used diverse shades of red.
[4]
Variants
[
edit
]
Civil flag
[
edit
]
The
civil flag
or ensign (
bandera nacional
) is used by citizens. It has no additions to the common form. It was changed several times; before 1950 it looked like the current national flag and was used as both the civil and the state flag, when General
Manuel A. Odria
removed the coat of arms from the flag and created the state and war flags. The Civil flag lacks
coat of arms
.
State flag
[
edit
]
The
state flag
(
pabellon nacional
), used by state institutions, is marked with the
coat of arms
(
Escudo de Armas
). It is used during ceremonies in which the National Flag is hoisted in the presence of spectators (as opposed to a static, permanent flag). A form of this flag, the national standard (
estandarte nacional
) is used indoors by official and private institutions. It is used for the
Government Palace
, the
United Nations
, etc. It is also used by the
Peru national football team
.
[5]
War flag
[
edit
]
The
war flag
(
bandera de guerra
), similar to the state flag, is marked with the
national shield
(
Escudo Nacional
). It is flown by the
Peruvian military
and national
police
and is typically inscribed with the service, name and number of the unit flying it.
Naval jack
[
edit
]
The
naval jack
(
bandera de proa
) is not based on the triband. It is a square flag, consisting of a white square with the coat of arms (
Escudo de Armas
) on a red field. It is used on warships, usually with the ensign of the highest-ranking officer on board above it.
History
[
edit
]
Proposed flag of 1820
[
edit
]
During the
Viceroyalty of Peru
, the colonial-era
Spanish flag
flew over Peru. In 1820, during the struggle for independence,
British
-born
General William Miller
hoisted in
Tacna
the first flag that represented the emerging country. Though the original flag itself is now lost, it was described as
navy blue
, defaced with a golden sun representing
Inti
.
Flag of 1820
[
edit
]
The first flag of the
Republic of Peru
was created by General
Jose de San Martin
, and officially decreed on 21 October 1820. It is diagonally quartered, with white upper and lower fields, and the others red. The flag was defaced with an oval-shaped
laurel crown
in the center, surrounding a sun rising behind mountains by the sea. The symbolism of the flag's colors is uncertain, but according to Peruvian author
Abraham Valdelomar
, San Martin, having arrived on the coast of southern
Pisco
, was inspired by the colors of
parihuanas
, red-and-white
flamingos
. Historians of the early Peruvian Republic, such as Leguia y Martinez and Pareja Paz Soldan,
[6]
give a different explanation, suggesting that San Martin took the red from the
flag of Chile
and the white from the
flag of Argentina
, recognizing the provenance of the men of the liberation army. Historian Jorge Fernandez Stoll thinks in 1820 San Martin was in favor of a
constitutional monarchy
, and he chose to use monarchical symbols and colors: Castile used the red and white colors for many years, the old flag of the viceroyalty the
cross of Burgundy
was red and white and the flag's diagonal lines mimicked the cross shape, the red color was the royal symbol of the
mascaipacha
of Inca kings and of the ensign of the
Spanish king
at that time.
[7]
The flag proved difficult to adopt due to its complex construction; without standardized measurements in place at the time, a triangular flag proved difficult to build.
Flag of March 1822
[
edit
]
In March 1822,
Jose Bernardo de Tagle
, Marquis of Torre Tagle and Supreme Delegate of the Republic, who replaced San Martin provisionally when the latter traveled to
Guayaquil
, decreed a new design for the flag. This consisted of a horizontal triband, with a white band between two red ones, and a golden
Inti
at the center, similar to the flag of Argentina. This modification was justified, according to Torre Tagle, by the inconvenience in the construction of the previous version, among other issues.
A problem came up on the battlefields: the resemblance with the
Spanish flag
, especially from far away, made the distinction between the armies difficult, which led to a new change to the flag.
Flag of May 1822
[
edit
]
On 31 May 1822, Torre Tagle changed the flag's design again. The new version was a vertical triband, with red outer bands and a white middle band, with a golden sun representing
Inti
at the center.
Flag of 1825
[
edit
]
On 25 February 1825, during
Simon Bolivar
's administration, the Constituent Congress changed the design of the flag by promulgating the law of national symbols. The fundamental change was the image of the sun for the brand new coat of arms, designed by Jose Gregorio Paredes and Francisco Javier Cortes.
In this way, the flag was definitely constituted by two vertical bands of red at the ends and white at the center, with the coat of arms at the center of the middle band.
Flags of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation era, 1836?1839
[
edit
]
From 1836 to 1839, Peru was temporarily dissolved into the Republics of
South Peru
and
North Peru
, which joined
Bolivia
to form the
Peru?Bolivian Confederation
.
The South was formed first, thus adopting a new flag: a red vertical band on the left, with a golden sun and four small stars above (representing
Arequipa
,
Ayacucho
,
Cuzco
and
Puno
, the four groups of the republic), and the right side divided into an upper green band and a lower white one. The North kept the currency and all of the dissolved Peru, including its flag.
The flag of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation showed the coats of arms of Bolivia, South and North Peru, from left to right and slanted at different angles, on a red field, adorned by a
laurel crown
. Another version of the flag of the confederacy is offered by Flags of the World (
https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xi_pb.html
.
After the dissolution of the Confederation, the old Republic of Peru was restored to its 1836 composition, as were its national symbols.
Flag of 1884
[
edit
]
After the
War of the Pacific
, the coat of arms in the flag was slightly altered to represent the territory lost after the
Treaty of Ancon
.
Flag of 1950
[
edit
]
In 1950,
President
Odria
modified the national flag to its current form, removing the coat of arms from the civil flag, since it was used
de facto
, being easier to make. The national ensign and war flag were created for exclusive uses, each with a variant of the coat of arms, which was also changed slightly. These remain as the official flags today.
[8]
The
Marcha de Banderas
[
edit
]
The
Marcha de Banderas
(
Spanish
: March of Flags) is a military march sung during the flag raising. It was created in 1897 by
SM
Jose Sabas Libornio Ibarra who said President
Nicolas de Pierola
, he disagreed with the indiscriminate interpretation of the
National Anthem
at all official events that were derived from civic events. In December of that year was officially recognized to be executed in any official act.
Arriba, arriba, arriba el Peru
y su ensena gloriosa inmortal,
llevad en alto siempre
la bandera nacional.
Tal la llevaron con gloria y honor,
heroes peruanos de invencible ardor.
Arriba, arriba siempre la bandera
nacional.
Es la bandera del Peru,
de blanco y rojo color,
cual llamarada de amor,
que en Ayacucho y en Junin
victoriosa amanecio con el
sol de la Libertad
Todo peruano ha de sentir,
vibrar en su corazon
amor al patrio pendon,
y bajo sus pliegues luchar,
y si fuera menester
por sus lauros y honor morir.
|
Long live, long live, long live Peru
and its glorious immortal ensign,
always carry aloft
the national flag.
They carried it thusly, with glory and honor,
Peruvian heroes with invincible ardor.
Going up, always up, the national flag.
This is the flag of Peru,
of white and red in color,
as a flame of love,
which in
Ayacucho
and
Junin
it dawned victorious with the
Sun of
Liberty
Every Peruvian shall feel
in his heart vibrating,
the love for the national flag
and fight under its folds,
and if ever needed
for its laurels and honor, die.
|
In all occasions today the song is sung in its entirety, formerly during the presidency of Alan Garcia only the first 3 were sung.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
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National flags
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National coats of arms
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