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Fjorgyn and Fjorgynn

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Fjorgyn (or Jorð ; Old Norse 'earth') is a personification of earth in Norse mythology , and the mother of the thunder god Thor , the son of Odin . The masculine form Fjorgynn is portrayed as the father of the goddess Frigg , the wife of Odin. [1]

Both names appear in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and in the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . A number of theories surround the names and they have been the subject of scholarly discourse.

Name [ edit ]

Etymology [ edit ]

The Old Norse name Fjorgyn is used as a poetic synonym for 'land' or 'the earth' in skaldic poems. [2] [1] [3] It stems from Proto-Germanic *fergunja , meaning 'mountain', perhaps 'mountainous forest', which may ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European *per-k w un-iy? ('the realm of Perk w unos '; i.e., the wooden mountains). [4] [5] Fjorgyn is cognate with the Gothic fairguni (????????????????), the Old English firgen , both meaning 'mountain', and with the Old High German Firgunnea , the Ore Mountains . [5] Alternatively, the name may be a feminine equivalent of *ferga , meaning 'god'. [5]

Alternative names [ edit ]

Scholars argue that Fjorgyn may simply be another name for Jorð , whose name also means 'earth'. [2] [1] The fact that she does not appear elsewhere as a goddess in skaldic poetry "as would be expected of a purely literary alternative to Jorð" may be also notable. [2]

Attestations [ edit ]

Fjorgyn (feminine) is attested in Voluspa in the kenning "Fjorgyn’s son" for Thor , and in Harbarðsljoð as the mother of Thor. [1]

So keep to the left on the road, until you find Verland;
There Fjorgynn will find Thor, her son,
And she will teach him the ways of kinsmen to Odin’s lands.

?  Snorri Sturluson , Harbardsljod , 56, trans. J. Lindow , 2002.

In both Gylfaginning (9) and Skaldskaparmal (19) , Fjorgynn (masculine) is depicted as the father of Frigg . [1] In Lokasenna ('Loki's flyting '), Loki is responding to Frigg:

Shut up, Frigg! You are Fjorgynn’s daughter
and have ever been most eager for men...

?  Snorri Sturluson, Lokasenna , 26, trans. J. Lindow , 2002.

Theories [ edit ]

Divine pair [ edit ]

Hilda Ellis Davidson theorizes that Fjorgyn and Fjorgynn may have represented a divine pair of which little information has survived, along with figures such as the theorized Ullr and Ullin, Njorðr and Nerthus , and the attested Freyr and Freyja . [6]

Proto-Indo-European origin [ edit ]

Theories have been proposed that Fjorgyn ( Proto-Germanic : * fergunja ) may represent an extension of an earlier Proto-Indo-European thunder or rain god *Perk w unos due to Indo-European linguistic connections between Norse Fjorgyn, the Lithuanian god Perk?nas , the Slavic god Perun and, perhaps, the Vedic rain god Parjanya . [7]

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b c d e Lindow 2002 , p. 117.
  2. ^ a b c Simek 1996 , p. 86.
  3. ^ West 2007 , p. 241, 243.
  4. ^ West 2007 , p. 241.
  5. ^ a b c Kroonen 2013 , p. 136.
  6. ^ Davidson (1990:106, 111)
  7. ^ Mallory (1989:129).

References [ edit ]

  • Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1990). Gods and Myths of Northern Europe . Penguin Books . ISBN   0-14-013627-4
  • Kroonen, Guus (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic . Brill. ISBN   9789004183407 .
  • Lindow, John (2002). Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs . Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-983969-8 .
  • Mallory, J.P. (1989). In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth. Thames & Hudson . ISBN   0-500-27616-1
  • Simek, Rudolf (1996). Dictionary of Northern Mythology . D.S. Brewer. ISBN   978-0-85991-513-7 .
  • West, Martin L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-928075-9 .
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