Religious practice
Fixed prayer times
, praying at dedicated times during the day, are common practice in major world religions such as
Judaism
,
Christianity
, and
Islam
.
Judaism
[
edit
]
Jews stop to pray
Maariv
(evening prayer) while at a
Tel Aviv
flea-market shop
Jewish law
requires Jews to pray thrice a day; the morning prayer is known as
Shacharit
, the afternoon prayer is known as
Mincha
, and the evening prayer is known as
Maariv
.
[1]
According to Jewish tradition, the prophet
Abraham
introduced Shacharit, the prophet
Isaac
introduced Mincha, and the prophet
Jacob
introduced Maariv.
[1]
Jews historically
prayed
in the direction of the
Temple in Jerusalem
, where the "presence of the transcendent God (
shekhinah
) [resided] in the
Holy of Holies
of the Temple".
[2]
[3]
In the
Hebrew Bible
, it is written that when the prophet
Daniel
was in Babylon, he "went to his house where he had windows in his upper chamber open to Jerusalem; and he got down upon his knees three times a day and prayed and gave thanks before his God, as he had done previously" (cf.
Daniel 6:10
).
[3]
After its destruction, Jews continue to pray facing Jerusalem in hope for the coming of the Messiah whom they await.
[3]
Christianity
[
edit
]
From the time of the
early Church
, the practice of seven fixed prayer times have been taught, which traces itself to the
Prophet David
in
Psalm 119:164
.
[6]
In
Apostolic Tradition
,
Hippolytus
instructed Christians to pray seven times a day, "on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight" and "the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion (i.e. 9 a.m., 12 p.m., 3 p.m.)."
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
Christians attended two
liturgies
on the
Lord's Day
, worshipping communally in both a morning service and evening service, with the purpose of reading the Scriptures and celebrating the
Eucharist
.
[12]
[13]
Throughout the rest of the week, Christians assembled at the church every day for "the main hours of prayer"?morning prayer (which became known as
Lauds
) and evening prayer (which became known as
Vespers
), while praying at the other fixed prayer times privately (which included praying the Lord's Prayer at 9 a.m., 12 p.m. and 3 p.m.);
monastics
came to gather together to corporately pray all of the canonical hours communally.
[14]
[15]
[13]
[16]
This practice of seven fixed prayer times was done in the bodily positions of
prostration
and standing, which continues today in some denominations, especially those of Oriental Christianity.
[11]
Oriental Orthodox Christians
(such as
Copts
,
Armenians
,
Syriacs
and
Indians
), as well certain
Oriental Protestant
denominations (such as the
Mar Thoma Syrian Church
), use a
breviary
such as the
Agpeya
and
Shehimo
to pray the
canonical hours
seven times a day while facing
ad orientem
, in anticipation of the
Second Coming of Jesus
; this Christian practice has its roots in
Psalm 119:164
, in which the King
David
prays to God seven times a day.
[4]
[17]
[6]
[18]
In the Indian Christian and Syriac Christian tradition, these canonical hours are known as
Vespers
(
Ramsho
[6 pm]),
Compline
(Soutoro [9 pm]),
Nocturns
(Lilio [12 am]),
Matins
(Sapro [6 am]), third hour prayer (
Tloth sho`in
[9 am]), sixth hour prayer (
Sheth sho`in
[12 pm]), and ninth hour prayer (
Tsha' sho`in
[3 pm]).
[19]
In the Coptic Christian and
Ethiopian Christian
tradition, these seven canonical hours are known as the First Hour (
Prime
[6 am]), the Third Hour (
Terce
[9 am]), the Sixth Hour (
Sext
[12 pm]), the Ninth Hour (
None
[3 pm]), the Eleventh Hour (
Vespers
[6 pm]), the Twelfth Hour (
Compline
[9 pm]), and the
Midnight office
[12 am];
monastics
pray an additional hour known as the
Vigil
.
[20]
[21]
[22]
Church bells
are tolled at these hours to enjoin the faithful to prayer.
[23]
At the very minimum, Orthodox Christians are to pray before meals and thrice daily ? in the morning, at noon, and in the evening (cf.
Daniel 6:10
).
[24]
[25]
Those who are unable to pray the canonical hour of a certain fixed prayer time may recite the
Qauma
, in the Indian Orthodox tradition.
[note 1]
[6]
In
Western Christianity
and
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
, the practice of praying the canonical hours at fixed prayer times became mainly observed by monastics and clergy,
[26]
though today, the
Catholic Church
encourages the laity to
pray
the
Liturgy of the Hours
and in the
Lutheran Churches
and
Anglican Communion
, breviaries such as
The Brotherhood Prayer Book
and the
Anglican Breviary
, respectively, are used to pray the Daily Office;
[27]
[28]
[29]
the
Methodist
tradition has emphasized the praying of the canonical hours as an "essential practice" in being a
disciple
of Jesus, with the
Order of Saint Luke
, a Methodist religious order, printing
The Book of Offices and Services
to serve this end.
[30]
In
Anabaptist Christianity
, Mennonites (especially
Old Order Mennonites
and
Conservative Mennonites
) and Amish have family prayer every morning and evening, which is done kneeling; the
Christenpflicht
prayer book is used for this purpose. Bible readings may be read after this, often after the evening prayer; to this end, the
Tagliches Manna
devotional is used by many Anabaptists.
[31]
Some traditions have historically placed a
cross
the eastern wall of their houses, which they face during these seven fixed prayer times.
[11]
[32]
[8]
[33]
Before praying, Oriental Orthodox Christians and Oriental Protestant Christians
wash their hands, face and feet
in order to be clean before and present their best to God;
shoes are removed
in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.
[34]
[17]
[4]
[35]
In these Christian denominations, and in many others as well, it is customary for women to wear a
headcovering
when praying.
[36]
[37]
[38]
There exist watches that indicate the seven fixed prayer times.
[39]
Mandaeism
[
edit
]
In Mandaeism, the daily prayer or
brakha
consists of a set of prayers recited three times per day.
[40]
Mandaeans stand facing north while reciting daily prayers.
[41]
Unlike in Islam and Coptic Orthodox Christianity,
prostration
is not practiced.
Mandaean priests
recite
rahma
prayers
[42]
[43]
three times every day, while laypeople also recite the
Rushma
(signing prayer) and
Asiet Malkia
("Healing of Kings") daily.
[40]
The three prayer times in
Mandaeism
are:
[44]
[42]
- dawn (sunrise)
- noontime (the "seventh hour")
- evening (sunset)
Islam
[
edit
]
A board with precalculated prayer times in a mosque. Stated in the
local time
, the Muslim prayer times differ by locations and change from day to day.
Muslims pray five times a day, with their prayers being known as
Fajr
(dawn),
Dhuhr
(after midday),
Asr
(afternoon),
Maghrib
(sunset),
Isha
(nighttime), facing towards
Mecca
.
[45]
The direction of prayer is called the
qibla
; the early Muslims initially prayed in the direction of Jerusalem before this was changed to Mecca in 624 CE, about a year after
Muhammad's migration to Medina
.
[46]
[47]
The timing of the five prayers are fixed intervals defined by daily astronomical phenomena. For example, the Maghrib prayer can be performed at any time after sunset and before the disappearance of the red
twilight
from the west.
[48]
In a mosque, the
muezzin
broadcasts the
call to prayer
at the beginning of each interval. Because the start and end times for prayers are related to the solar
diurnal motion
, they vary throughout the year and depend on the local latitude and longitude when expressed in
local time
.
[49]
[note 2]
In modern times, various religious or scientific agencies in Muslim countries produce annual prayer timetables for each locality, and electronic clocks capable of calculating local prayer times have been created.
[50]
In the past, some mosques employed astronomers called the
muwaqqit
s who were responsible for regulating the prayer time using mathematical astronomy.
[49]
Baha?i Faith
[
edit
]
Followers of the
Baha?i Faith
must choose either a short, medium, or long prayer each day to fulfill the requirement of the daily obligatory prayer. Reciting these
prayers
is considered one of the Baha?i's most important obligations. The short prayer can only be said between noon and sunset, while the medium prayer must be said three times during the day: once between sunrise and noon, once between noon and sunset, and once in the two hours following sunset.
[51]
The long prayer is not bound by a fixed prayer time. The text of these prayers is taken from the writings of the religion's founder,
Baha?u'llah
.
Sikhism
[
edit
]
Initiated Sikhs
are obligated to perform five daily prayers at varying times during the day, from the collection of Nitnem prayers. In the morning, typically right after waking and bathing, the
Japji Sahib
,
Jaap Sahib
, and
Tav Prasad Savaiye
prayers are recited. In the evening, the
Sodar Rahras Sahib
is recited, and before bed the
Kirtan Sohila
is recited.
[52]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
In the tradition of the
Indian Orthodox Church
, an
Oriental Orthodox
denomination, the
Qauma
can be prayed for those whom are unable to recite the canonical hours contained in the
Shehimo
breviary; the Qauma is always recited at the start of each canonical hour in the Shehimo.
[6]
- ^
For the day-to-day variation of the prayer times, see, for example, a
prayer timetable
for
Banyuasin
, Indonesia, for the month of Ramadan in 2012.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Mindel, Nissan (2020).
"The Three Daily Prayers"
. Kehot Publication Society
. Retrieved
8 August
2020
.
- ^
Peters, F. E. (2005).
The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume II: The Words and Will of God
.
Princeton University Press
. p. 36.
ISBN
978-0-691-12373-8
.
At first, the prayers were said facing Jerusalem, as the Jews did--Christians faced toward the East--but later the direction of prayer, the qibla, was changed toward the Kaaba at Mecca.
- ^
a
b
c
Lang, Uwe Michael (2009).
Turning Towards the Lord: Orientation in Liturgical Prayer
. Ignatius Press. pp. 36?37.
ISBN
978-1-58617-341-8
.
Jews in the Diaspora prayed towards Jerusalem, or, more precisely, towards the presence of the transcendent God (
shekinah
) in the Holy of Holies of the Temple. For instance, Daniel in Babylon 'went to his house where he had windows in his upper chamber open to Jerusalem; and he got down upon his knees three times a day and prayed and gave thanks before his God, as he had done previously' (Dan 6:10). Even after the destruction of the Temple, the prevailing custom of turning towards Jerusalem for prayer was kept in the liturgy of the synagogue. Thus Jews have expressed their eschatological hope for the coming of the Messiah, the rebuilding of the Temple, and the gathering of God's people from the Diaspora.
- ^
a
b
c
Mary Cecil
(1906).
A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
. Methuen. p. 399.
Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.
- ^
Shehimo: Book of Common Prayer
.
Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
. 2016. p. 5.
We pray standing upright while facing East as we collect our thoughts on God.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Kurian, Jake.
"
"Seven Times a Day I Praise You" ? The Shehimo Prayers"
.
Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
. Retrieved
2 August
2020
.
- ^
https://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/calendar/jesus.html#:~:text=The%20third%20hour%20was%209,%2C%20after%20sunset%2C%20the%20next
.
- ^
a
b
Danielou, Jean (2016).
Origen
. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 29.
ISBN
978-1-4982-9023-4
.
Peterson quotes a passage from the
Acts of Hipparchus and Philotheus
: "In Hipparchus's house there was a specially decorated room and a cross was painted on the east wall of it. There before the image of the cross, they used to pray seven times a day ... with their faces turned to the east." It is easy to see the importance of this passage when you compare it with what Origen says. The custom of turning towards the rising sun when praying had been replaced by the habit of turning towards the east wall. This we find in Origen. From the other passage we see that a cross had been painted on the wall to show which was the east. Hence the origin of the practice of hanging crucifixes on the walls of the private rooms in Christian houses. We know too that signs were put up in the Jewish synagogues to show the direction of Jerusalem, because the Jews turned that way when they said their prayers. The question of the proper way to face for prayer has always been of great importance in the East. It is worth remembering that Mohammedans pray with their faces turned towards Mecca and that one reason for the condemnation of Al Hallaj, the Mohammedan martyr, was that he refused to conform to this practice.
- ^
Henry Chadwick
(1993).
The Early Church
. Penguin.
ISBN
978-1-101-16042-8
.
Hippolytus in the
Apostolic Tradition
directed that Christians should pray seven times a day - on rising, at the lighting of the evening lamp, at bedtime, at midnight, and also, if at home, at the third, sixth and ninth hours of the day, being hours associated with Christ's Passion. Prayers at the third, sixth, and ninth hours are similarly mentioned by Tertullian, Cyprian, Clement of Alexandria and Origen, and must have been very widely practised. These prayers were commonly associated with private Bible reading in the family.
- ^
Weitzman, M. P. (7 July 2005).
The Syriac Version of the Old Testament
. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-01746-6
.
Clement of Alexandria noted that "some fix hours for prayer, such as the third, sixth and ninth" (Stromata 7:7). Tertullian commends these hours, because of their importance (see below) in the New Testament and because their number recalls the Trinity (De Oratione 25). These hours indeed appear as designated for prayer from the earliest days of the church. Peter prayed at the sixth hour, i.e. at noon (Acts 10:9). The ninth hour is called the "hour of prayer" (Acts 3:1). This was the hour when Cornelius prayed even as a "God-fearer" attached to the Jewish community, i.e. before his conversion to Christianity. it was also the hour of Jesus' final prayer (Matt. 27:46, Mark 15:34, Luke 22:44-46).
- ^
a
b
c
Lossl, Josef (17 February 2010).
The Early Church: History and Memory
. A&C Black. p. 135.
ISBN
978-0-567-16561-9
.
Not only the content of early Christian prayer was rooted in Jewish tradition; its daily structure too initially followed a Jewish pattern, with prayer times in the early morning, at noon and in the evening. Later (in the course of the second century), this pattern combined with another one; namely prayer times in the evening, at midnight and in the morning. As a result seven 'hours of prayer' emerged, which later became the monastic 'hours' and are still treated as 'standard' prayer times in many churches today. They are roughly equivalent to midnight, 6 a.m., 9 a.m., noon, 3 p.m., 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. Prayer positions included prostration, kneeling and standing ... Crosses made of wood or stone, or painted on walls or laid out as mosaics, were also in use, at first not directly as objections of veneration but in order to 'orientate' the direction of prayer (i.e. towards the east, Latin
oriens
).
- ^
Bradshaw, Paul F. (1 October 2008).
Daily Prayer in the Early Church: A Study of the Origin and Early Development of the Divine Office
. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 42.
ISBN
978-1-60608-105-1
.
- ^
a
b
Beckwith, Roger T. (2005).
Calendar, Chronology And Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism And Early Christianity
.
Brill Academic Publishers
. pp. 193, 197?200.
ISBN
978-90-04-14603-7
.
- ^
Gonzalez, Justo L. (30 June 2020).
Teach Us to Pray: The Lord's Prayer in the Early Church and Today
.
Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
.
ISBN
978-1-4674-5958-7
.
These words make it clear that Hippolytus is dealing both with prayers that are to take place at home or during the day's business and with the prayers and times of study that take place in the community of the church. The prayers upon rising, on the third hour either at home or away from it, and before going to bed at night are sometimes held in private and sometimes in the company of other believers in the same household. But Hippolytus refers to other gatherings which offer, besides prayer, an opportunity for instruction and inspiration. Thus, we see here the beginning of the practice of setting aside certain times for private prayer as well as others for communal prayer.
- ^
Bercot, David W. (28 December 2021).
Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs: A Reference Guide to More Than 700 Topics Discussed by the Early Church Fathers
. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc.
ISBN
978-1-61970-168-7
.
Morning and Evening Prayer were liturgical services held each day at the local church, during which psalms were sung and prayers were offered to God.
- ^
"Why an Evening Worship Service?"
. Christ United Reformed Church. 8 December 2010
. Retrieved
6 October
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Richards, William Joseph (1908).
The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: Otherwise Called the Syrian Christians of Malabar: a Sketch of Their History and an Account of Their Present Condition as Well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas
. Bemrose. p. 98.
We are commanded to pray standing, with faces towards the East, for at the last Messiah is manifested in the East. 2. All Christians, on rising from sleep early in the morning, should wash the face and pray. 3. We are commanded to pray seven times, thus...
- ^
"Why We Pray Facing East"
. Orthodox Prayer
. Retrieved
25 July
2020
.
- ^
"My Life in Heaven & on Earth"
(PDF)
. St. Thomas Malankara Orthodox Church. p. 31
. Retrieved
2 August
2020
.
- ^
"Coptic Church Prayers"
. St. Abanoub Coptic Orthodox Church. 2013
. Retrieved
5 September
2020
.
- ^
The Agpeya
. St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church. pp. 5, 33, 49, 65, 80, 91, 130.
- ^
"Prayers of the Church"
.
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
. Retrieved
25 July
2020
.
- ^
"What is the relationship between bells and the church? When and where did the tradition begin? Should bells ring in every church?"
. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. 2020
. Retrieved
8 August
2020
.
- ^
Hill, Apostolos.
"Establishing a Daily Rule of Prayer - Holy Cross Orthodox Church"
. Holy Cross Orthodox Church
. Retrieved
11 May
2024
.
The tradition of the Church in terms of a minimum standard is three times a day: morning, noon, and evening.
- ^
"Personal Prayer"
. Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Cathedral
. Retrieved
11 May
2024
.
It is customary to pray formal prayers first thing in the morning after waking, before meals, and immediately before going to sleep at night.
- ^
Phyllis Tickle
(2015).
"About Fixed-Hour Prayer"
. Phylllis Tickle
. Retrieved
6 September
2020
.
For example, within Orthodox and Roman Christianity, the hours until very recently have been more often observed by monastics and clergy than by laity, a direct violation of their origin as an office of the people, just as they have been as often chanted as spoken, a rich custom that is none the less not a liturgical necessity.
- ^
"Liturgy of the Hours"
. Cornell Catholic Community. 2019
. Retrieved
29 August
2020
.
- ^
Mayes, Benjamin T. G. (5 September 2004).
"Daily Prayer Books in the History of German and American Lutheranism"
(PDF)
. Lutheran Liturgical Prayer Brotherhood. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 13 October 2004
. Retrieved
25 July
2020
.
- ^
"The Divine Office?Its History and Development"
. Daniel Lula. 2017
. Retrieved
6 September
2020
.
- ^
"Praying the Hours of the Day: Recovering Daily Prayer"
.
General Board of Discipleship
. 6 May 2007
. Retrieved
6 September
2020
.
- ^
Wesner, Erik (1 September 2015).
"What Do The Amish Believe? 20 Faith Statements"
. Amish America
. Retrieved
11 May
2024
.
- ^
"Sign of the Cross"
.
Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon
. Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East - Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand and Lebanon. Archived from
the original
on 14 April 2020
. Retrieved
11 August
2020
.
Inside their homes, a cross is placed on the eastern wall of the first room. If one sees a cross in a house and do not find a crucifix or pictures, it is almost certain that the particular family belongs to the Church of the East.
- ^
Johnson, Maxwell E. (2016).
Between Memory and Hope: Readings on the Liturgical Year
. Liturgical Press.
ISBN
978-0-8146-6282-3
.
Because Christ was expected to come from the east, Christians at a very early date prayed facing that direction in order to show themselves ready for his appearing, and actually looking forward to the great event which would consummate the union with him already experienced in prayer. For the same reason the sign of the cross was frequently traced on the eastern wall of places of prayer, thereby indicating the direction of prayer, but also rendering the Lord's coming a present reality in the sign which heralds it. In other words, through the cross the anticipated eschatological appearance becomes
parousia
: presence. The joining of prayer with the eschatological presence of Christ, unseen to the eye but revealed in the cross, obviously underlies the widely attested practice of prostrating before the sacred wood while praying to him who hung upon it.
- ^
Smith, Bertha H. (1909). "The Bath as a Religious Rite among Mohammedans".
Modern Sanitation
.
7
(1). Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co.
The Copts, descendants of these ancient Egyptians, although Christians, have the custom of washing their hands and faces before prayer, and some also wash their feet.
- ^
Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017).
"Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?"
.
Aleteia
. Retrieved
25 July
2020
.
- ^
Russell, Thomas Arthur (2010).
Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions
. Universal-Publishers. p. 42.
ISBN
978-1-59942-877-2
.
- ^
Bercot, David.
"Head Covering Through the Centuries"
.
Scroll Publishing
. Retrieved
28 April
2016
.
- ^
Duffner, Jordan Denari (13 February 2014).
"Wait, I thought that was a Muslim thing?!"
.
Commonweal
. Retrieved
26 July
2020
.
- ^
Condon, Ed (December 16, 2022).
"Moving money, getting a good lawyer, and prayer time"
.
The Pillar
.
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a
b
Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010).
The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history
. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press.
ISBN
978-1-59333-621-9
.
- ^
Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002).
The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people
. New York: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
0-19-515385-5
.
OCLC
65198443
.
- ^
a
b
Drower, E. S. (1959).
The Canonical Prayerbook of the Mandaeans
. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- ^
Lidzbarski, Mark. 1920.
Mandaische Liturgien
. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, phil.-hist. Klasse, NF 17.1. Berlin.
- ^
Drower, Ethel Stefana. 1937.
The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran
. Oxford At The Clarendon Press.
- ^
Samovar, Larry A.; Porter, Richard E.; McDaniel, Edwin R. (2008).
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. Cengage Learning. p. 165.
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.
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Wensinck, Arent Jan (1986).
"?ibla: Ritual and Legal Aspects"
. In
Bosworth, C. E.
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The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
. Volume V: Khe?Mahi
. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 82?83.
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.
- ^
Heinz, Justin Paul (2008).
The Origins of Muslim Prayer: Sixth and Seventh Century Religious Influences on the Salat Ritual
.
University of Missouri
. p. 115, 123, 125, 133, 141-142.
- ^
Wensinck, Arent Jan (1993).
"M???t: Legal aspects"
. In
Bosworth, C. E.
;
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&
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. Volume VII: Mif?Naz
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.
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a
b
King, David A. (1996).
"On the role of the muezzin and the
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. In E. Jamil Ragep; Sally P. Ragep (eds.).
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.
E.J. Brill
. pp. 285?345.
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.
- ^
King, David A. (1993).
"M???t: Astronomical aspects"
. In
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;
van Donzel, E.
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&
Pellat, Ch.
(eds.).
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
. Volume VII: Mif?Naz
. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 27?32.
ISBN
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.
- ^
Smith, Peter (2000).
A concise encyclopedia of the Baha'i faith
. Oxford: Oneworld.
ISBN
1-85168-184-1
.
OCLC
42912735
.
- ^
"Nitnem: The five prayers"
.
The Asian Age
. 2016-05-12
. Retrieved
2021-12-24
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Shehimo: Book of Common Prayer
. Ministry of Liturgical Resource Development - Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. 2016.
ISBN
978-0-9972544-0-2
.
- The Hours
. Apostolic Faith Books. 2022.
External links
[
edit
]