Contactless RFID smart card system
FeliCa
is a contactless
RFID
smart card
system from
Sony
in
Japan
, primarily used in
electronic money
cards. The name stands for
Felicity Card
. First utilized in the
Octopus card
system in
Hong Kong
,
[1]
the technology is used in a variety of cards also in countries such as
Singapore
,
Japan
,
Indonesia
,
Macau
, the
Philippines
and the
United States
.
Technology
[
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]
FeliCa's
encryption
key is dynamically generated each time mutual
authentication
is performed, preventing fraud such as impersonation.
FeliCa is externally powered, i.e. it does not need a battery to operate. The card uses power supplied from the special FeliCa card reader when the card comes in range. When the data transfer is complete, the reader will stop the supply of power.
FeliCa was proposed for
ISO/IEC 14443
Type C but was rejected.
[
citation needed
]
However,
ISO/IEC 18092
(
Near Field Communication
) uses some similar modulation methods. It uses
Manchester coding
at 212 kbit/s in the 13.56 MHz range. A proximity of 10 centimeters or less is required for communication.
FeliCa complies with JIS: X6319-4: Specification of implementation for integrated circuit(s) cards - Part 4: High speed proximity cards. The standard is regulated by
JICSAP
(Japan IC Card System Application Council).
The
UK IT security evaluation and certification scheme
provides more detail as to the internal architecture of the FeliCa card (RC-S860). FeliCa IC card (hardware) and its operating system has obtained ISO15408
Evaluation Assurance Level
4 (EAL4), a standard which indicates the security level of information technology and consumer products.
FeliCa is also included as a condition of the NFC Forum Specification Compliance.
[2]
A new version of FeliCa IC chip was announced in June 2011 and had enhanced security adopting the
Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) encryption.
[3]
Sony claimed the next generation chip would have a higher performance, reliability and lower power consumption.
[4]
The newest generation of the technology was announced by Sony in 2020, which introduced higher levels of encryption and additional security options to meet market needs.
[5]
Reliability
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]
FeliCa supports simultaneous access of up to 8 blocks (1 block is 16
octets
). If an IC card is moved outside of the power-supplied area during the session, the FeliCa card automatically discards incomplete data to restore the previous state.
Mobile FeliCa
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]
Mobile FeliCa is a modification of FeliCa for use in mobile phones by
FeliCa Networks
[1]
, a subsidiary company of both
NTT DoCoMo
and
Sony
. DoCoMo has developed a
wallet phone
concept based on Mobile FeliCa and has developed a wide network of partnerships and business models.
au
and SoftBank (former
Vodafone Japan
) have also licensed mobile FeliCa from FeliCa Networks.
The
Osaifu-Keitai
(
おサイフケ?タイ
)
system (literal translation: "wallet-phone") was developed by NTT DoCoMo, and introduced in July 2004 and later licensed to Vodafone and au, which introduced the product in their own mobile phone ranges under the same name. Using Osaifu-Keitai, multiple FeliCa systems (such as Suica and Edy) can be accessed from a single mobile phone. On January 28, 2006, au introduced
Mobile Suica
which is used primarily on the railway networks owned by
JR East
.
On September 7, 2016, Apple announced
Apple Pay
now features FeliCa technology. Users who purchased
iPhone 7
or
Apple Watch Series 2
in Japan can now add Suica cards into their Apple Pay wallets and tap their devices just like regular Suica cards.
[6]
[7]
Users can either transfer the balance from a physical Suica card to the Apple Pay wallet, or create a virtual Suica card in the wallet from the
JR East
application.
[8]
On September 12, 2017, Apple announced new
iPhone 8
,
iPhone X
,
iPhone XR
and
Apple Watch Series 3
models featuring "Global FeliCa", i.e. NFC-F and licensed FeliCa middleware incorporated in all devices sold worldwide, not just ones sold in Japan.
[9]
On October 9, 2018, Google announced that its latest
Pixel
device, the Pixel 3, would support FeliCa in models purchased in Japan. This feature enables support for WAON, Suica, and various other FeliCa-based services through
Google Pay
and the Osaifu-Keitai system. Successor models including the
3a
and
4
have the same support of Mobile Felica in Japan-sold models.
Consumer reader/writer devices
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]
Sony has built a FeliCa reader/writer known as "FeliCa Port" into their
VAIO
PC line. Using the device, FeliCa cards can be used over the Internet for shopping and charging FeliCa cards.
An external USB FeliCa PC reader/writer has been released as well, called
PaSoRi
. It is USB-powered and allows one to perform online transactions and top up
EZ-link
cards in Singapore with
credit cards
or
debit cards
anywhere, as long as there is direct access to the Internet.
The Sony PaSoRi Reader is not compatible with the new ez-link cards.
[10]
Card usage
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]
- United States University Campuses
(in collaboration with
Blackboard Inc.
)
[11]
- Octopus cards
,
Hong Kong
- Shenzhen TransCard
,
Shenzhen
,
China
(defunct; however, Hu Tong Xing uses FeliCa
[12]
[
circular reference
]
)
- Chang'An Card
,
Xi'an
,
China
- Pay Easy,
Chong Qing
,
China
- Unified Automatic Fare Collection Scheme completed by Q4 2009,
Dubai
,
United Arab Emirates
- EZ-link
,
Singapore
(until 2009
[13]
)
- Airport Rail Link
(Bangkok),
Bangkok
,
Thailand
- Bangladesh:
- Indonesia
:
- Japan
: The system is
de facto
standard in Japan.
- Electronic money
or
mobile payment
:
- Public transportation
payment: (Some can be used as electronic money as well.)
- Major cards:
- Hayakaken
,
Fukuoka City Subway
- ICOCA
,
JR West
- Kitaca
,
JR Hokkaid?
- Manaca
,
Meitetsu
, public transportation in
T?kai region
(includes Nagoya)
- nimoca
, railways and buses in
Kyushu
- PASMO
, railways and buses in
Kant? region
(includes Tokyo)
- PiTaPa
, railways and buses in
Kansai region
- SUGOCA
,
JR Ky?sh?
- Suica
,
JR East
- TOICA
,
JR Central
- See the table below for other cards.
Integrated services in Japan
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]
As FeliCa is the
de facto
smart card ticketing system standard in Japan, many of these cards have integrated services. A particular region/operator may accept multiple cards.
The table below shows the integrated services FeliCa cards have for each Japanese region.
- A: The area accepts all functions of the card, including electronic money function. (There may be subtle differences between each area.)
- B: The area accepts basic functions of the card, but not some functions such as electronic money or auto recharging.
- A
: The area will introduce the new card in the future.
- F
: The area will accept the card in future.
- A few cards can be used as electronic money in some unmarked areas.
- 1
: In many cases, there are multiple operators accepting the same card in the same area. See each card article for the full listing.
Notes
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]
External links
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]