Subnational administrative units of Brazil
The
federative units of Brazil
(
Portuguese
:
unidades federativas do Brasil
) are subnational entities with a certain degree of autonomy (self-government, self-regulation, and self-collection) and endowed with their own government and constitution, which together form the
Federative Republic of Brazil
. There are
26 states
(
estados
) and
one federal district
(
distrito federal
). The states are generally based on historical, conventional borders which have developed over time. The states are divided into
municipalities
, while the
Federal District
assumes the competences of both a state and a municipality.
Government
[
edit
]
The government of each state of Brazil is divided into
executive
,
legislative
and
judiciary
branches.
The state executive branch is headed by a state governor and includes a vice governor, both elected by the citizens of the state. The governor appoints several secretaries of state (each one in charge of a given portfolio) and the state attorney-general.
[1]
The state legislative branch is the legislative assembly, a
unicameral
body composed of deputies elected by the citizens of the state.
[1]
The judiciary in each of the states is composed of judges of law, who constitute the
courts of first instance
, and a
Court of Justice
, which is the court of second instance of the state and is composed of judges called
desembargadores
. Judges qualify through exams or are appointed.
[1]
The states are divided into
municipalities
, which have different competences and are considered autonomous from the states. Municipalities have a mayor, vice mayor and a chamber of aldermen, all elected by the citizens of the municipality, but do not have a separate judiciary.
[1]
The
Federal District
has the same executive, legislative and judiciary organization as a state, but it cannot be divided into municipalities, which is why its territory is composed of several
administrative regions
. These regions are directly managed by the government of the Federal District, which exercises constitutional and legal powers that are equivalent to those of the
states
, as well as those of the municipalities, thus simultaneously assuming all the obligations arising from them.
[1]
Fernando de Noronha
is not a municipality, but a state district of Pernambuco (the only state district in the country). It is governed by an administrator-general, appointed by the governor of Pernambuco, and a council whose members are elected by the citizens of the district.
[2]
All states and the Federal District are represented in the
national congress
, each with three
senators
and between eight and 70
deputies
, depending on their population. The citizens of all states and the Federal District vote for these national representatives and for
president
and
vice president
.
History
[
edit
]
The States of Brazil, their respective flags, their state capitals, and their largest cities.
The present states of Brazil trace their history directly to the
captaincies
established by
Portugal
following the
Treaty of Tordesillas
which divided the World between Portugal and Spain.
The first administrative divisions of Brazil were the hereditary captaincies (
capitanias hereditarias
), stretches of land granted by the Portuguese Crown to noblemen or merchants with a charter to colonize the land. The first such captaincy was the
island of Sao Joao
, granted in 1504 to
Fernao de Loronha
. The continental land was divided into captaincies in 1534, generally following lines of latitude, although some followed meridians or diagonal lines.
[3]
Each of the holders of these captaincies was referred to as a
captain donatary
(
capitao donatario
). The captaincies were to be inherited by the holders' descendants, but the Crown retained the power to reacquire them.
In 1549, the Portuguese Crown appointed
Tome de Sousa
as the first
governor-general
of the vast Portuguese dominion in South America, known as the
State of Brazil
(
Estado do Brasil
). In 1621, the northern part of the dominion was detached, becoming a separate entity known as the
State of Maranhao
. However, captaincies continued existing under both states as regional administrations.
[4]
During the
Iberian Union
(1580?1640), which allowed Portuguese settlers to enter Spanish domains, the territory of Portuguese colonial domains in South America was more than doubled, with both states of Brazil and Maranhao greatly expanding westward. After the union ended, Portugal asserted its territorial claims, which Spain eventually accepted with the
Treaty of Madrid
in 1750. Several captaincies were created or merged during this period, in both the original and western domains, and some were returned to the Crown, becoming royal captaincies.
[4]
The government of the
Marquis of Pombal
(1750?1777) significantly centralized the administration of the Portuguese colonies. By 1759, all captaincies had been returned to the Crown, with captains becoming appointed rather than recognized by inheritance. Some captaincies were designated as
captaincies-general
, to which other captaincies were subordinated.
[4]
In addition, the
State of Grao-Para and Rio Negro
and the
State of Maranhao and Piaui
, which had been split from the State of Maranhao, were reincorporated into the State of Brazil in 1775, under a single governor-general. This centralization later helped to keep Brazil as a unified nation-state, avoiding fragmentation similar to that of the Spanish domains.
The captaincies became
provinces
in 1821, during the final years of the
Kingdom of Brazil
(
united with Portugal
), and maintained that designation after
independence
in 1822 under the
Empire of Brazil
. Most internal boundaries were kept unchanged from the end of the colonial period, generally following natural features such as rivers and mountain ridges. Some changes were made to suit domestic politics (transferring the
Triangulo Mineiro
from
Goias
to
Minas Gerais
, transferring the south bank of the
Sao Francisco River
from
Pernambuco
to Minas Gerais and later to
Bahia
, separating the capital city of
Rio de Janeiro
as a
Neutral Municipality
outside any province, splitting
Amazonas
from
Para
, and splitting
Parana
from
Sao Paulo
), as well as international border adjustments resulting from diplomatic settlement of territorial disputes. The
Cisplatine Province
was annexed into Brazil in 1821, declared independence as
Uruguay
in 1825, and was recognized by the
Treaty of Montevideo
in 1828.
When Brazil became a republic in 1889, all provinces became states, and the Neutral Municipality became the Federal District. In 1903, Brazil acquired the territory of
Acre
from
Bolivia
with the
Treaty of Petropolis
.
In 1942?1943, with the entrance of Brazil into
World War II
, the
Vargas regime
detached six strategic territories from the borders of the country to administer them directly: the archipelago of
Fernando de Noronha
(from Pernambuco),
Amapa
(from Para),
Rio Branco
(from Amazonas),
Guapore
(from
Mato Grosso
and Amazonas),
Ponta Pora
(from Mato Grosso) and
Iguacu
(from Parana and
Santa Catarina
).
[5]
[6]
[7]
Shortly after the war, the Brazilian constitution of 1946 returned Ponta Pora and Iguacu to their original states.
[8]
Guapore was renamed Rondonia in 1956,
[9]
and Rio Branco was renamed Roraima in 1962,
[10]
while remaining territories along with Amapa and Fernando de Noronha. Acre became a state in 1962.
[11]
In 1960, the rectangular-shaped
Distrito Federal
was carved out of Goias to contain the new capital,
Brasilia
.
[12]
[13]
The previous federal district became the state of
Guanabara
,
[8]
but in 1975 it was reincorporated into its original state of
Rio de Janeiro
, becoming its capital as the city of Rio de Janeiro.
[14]
In 1977, the southern part of Mato Grosso became the state of
Mato Grosso do Sul
.
[15]
In 1981, Rondonia became a state.
[16]
The
Brazilian constitution of 1988
created the state of
Tocantins
from the northern portion of Goias, established Amapa and Roraima as states, and returned the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha to Pernambuco.
[1]
The constitution thus ended all remaining territories, although it maintained the possibility of creating others in the future.
Proposed federative states
[
edit
]
Proposed division of Para
[
edit
]
On 11 December 2011, a consultative
referendum
was held in the state of
Para
about creating two new states from parts of it (
Tapajos
and
Carajas
, with the rest of the state remaining as Para). Both proposals were rejected by about 66% of statewide voters, but reflecting a strong geographic split with over 90% approval by voters in the proposed breakaway regions and over 90% disapproval by those in the rest of the state.
[17]
[18]
Maps
[
edit
]
-
-
1709?1720/1761?1779
Expansion and mergers
[b]
-
1822
Imperial provinces
-
1889
States at the start of the republic
[c]
-
1943
Border territories
-
1988
Current states
List
[
edit
]
Flag
and
name
|
Code
|
Capital
|
Largest city
|
Area
(km
2
)
[20]
|
Population
(May 2023)
[21]
|
Density
(per
km
2
, 2022)
|
GDP
(
R$
millions, 2022)
[22]
|
HDI
(2022)
[23]
|
Acre
|
AC
|
Rio Branco
|
164,123
|
830,018
|
6.34
|
21,000
|
0.719
|
Alagoas
|
AL
|
Maceio
|
27,779
|
3,127,683
|
125.52
|
73,000
|
0.683
|
Amapa
|
AP
|
Macapa
|
142,829
|
733,759
|
2.63
|
9000
|
0.740
|
Amazonas
|
AM
|
Manaus
|
1,559,159
|
3,941,613
|
2.58
|
103,000
|
0.733
|
Bahia
|
BA
|
Salvador
|
564,733
|
14,141,626
|
30.52
|
257,000
|
0.714
|
Ceara
|
CE
|
Fortaleza
|
148,921
|
8,794,957
|
60.33
|
157,000
|
0.735
|
Distrito Federal
|
DF
|
Brasilia
|
5,780
|
2,817,381
|
493.00
|
249,000
|
0.850
|
Espirito Santo
|
ES
|
Vitoria
|
Serra
|
46,096
|
3,833,712
|
80.63
|
125,000
|
0.772
|
Goias
|
GO
|
Goiania
|
340,112
|
7,056,495
|
18.46
|
202,000
|
0.769
|
Maranhao
|
MA
|
Sao Luis
|
331,937
|
6,776,699
|
19.03
|
102,000
|
0.687
|
Mato Grosso
|
MT
|
Cuiaba
|
903,366
|
3,658,649
|
4.01
|
142,000
|
0.774
|
Mato Grosso do Sul
|
MS
|
Campo Grande
|
357,146
|
2,880,308
|
7.83
|
107,000
|
0.766
|
Minas Gerais
|
MG
|
Belo Horizonte
|
586,522
|
21,279,353
|
31.72
|
583,000
|
0.787
|
Para
|
PA
|
Belem
|
1,247,955
|
8,639,532
|
7.02
|
156,000
|
0.698
|
Paraiba
|
PB
|
Joao Pessoa
|
56,470
|
4,175,326
|
78.93
|
60,000
|
0.722
|
Parana
|
PR
|
Curitiba
|
199,308
|
11,623,091
|
43.46
|
417,000
|
0.792
|
Pernambuco
|
PE
|
Recife
|
98,148
|
9,645,321
|
103.83
|
201,000
|
0.727
|
Piaui
|
PI
|
Teresina
|
251,578
|
3,341,352
|
9.73
|
26,000
|
0.697
|
Rio de Janeiro
|
RJ
|
Rio de Janeiro
|
43,780
|
16,055,174
|
387.46
|
693,000
|
0.796
|
Rio Grande do Norte
|
RN
|
Natal
|
52,811
|
3,619,619
|
62.74
|
76,000
|
0.731
|
Rio Grande do Sul
|
RS
|
Porto Alegre
|
281,730
|
10,882,965
|
36.84
|
444,000
|
0.787
|
Rondonia
|
RO
|
Porto Velho
|
237,591
|
1,837,905
|
7.34
|
19,000
|
0.725
|
Roraima
|
RR
|
Boa Vista
|
224,301
|
708,352
|
2.54
|
8000
|
0.752
|
Santa Catarina
|
SC
|
Florianopolis
|
Joinville
|
95,736
|
7,218,704
|
69.74
|
293,000
|
0.808
|
Sao Paulo
|
SP
|
Sao Paulo
|
248,223
|
44,411,238
|
175.73
|
1,964,000
|
0.826
|
Sergipe
|
SE
|
Aracaju
|
21,915
|
2,403,563
|
97.64
|
38,000
|
0.702
|
Tocantins
|
TO
|
Palmas
|
277,721
|
1,692,452
|
5.74
|
21,000
|
0.743
|
Other statistics, by:
highest point
,
literacy rate
,
life expectancy
,
infant mortality
,
murder rate
.
- ^
This map names the eastern captaincy of Maranhao as Piaui, and does not show the captaincy of the island of Sao Joao.
- ^
This anachronistic map shows the captaincy of Sao Paulo and Minas de Ouro from its foundation in 1709 to its first split in 1720, and the captaincies of Bahia and Pernambuco from the last merger with their surrounding captaincies in 1761 to their first following split in 1779. The captaincy of Rio Grande de Sao Pedro was subordinated to Rio de Janeiro from its foundation in 1760 to 1807. The captaincies of Maranhao and Grao-Para remained unchanged during this whole period.
- ^
This map shows the entire future territory of Guapore and state of Rondonia as part of Mato Grosso, but its northwest portion was part of Amazonas.
[19]
Approximate correspondence between historical divisions
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Law no. 11304, of 28 December 1995
, Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Reconstructing the map of the hereditary captaincies
, Jorge Pimentel Cintra,
Annals of the Museum of Sao Paulo
, July/December 2013.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
a
b
c
The political-administrative organization and the regionalization process of the Brazilian colonial territory
, Paulo Pedro Perides,
Department of Geography Magazine
, 7 November 2011.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Decree-law no. 4102, of 9 February 1942
, Chamber of Deputies of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Decree-law no. 5812, of 13 September 1943
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Decree-law no. 6.550, of 31 May 1944
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
a
b
Constitution of the United States of Brazil, of 18 September 1946
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Law no. 2731, of 17 February 1956
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Law no. 4182, of 13 December 1962
, Chamber of Deputies of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Law no. 4070, of 15 June 1962
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Law no. 2874, of 19 September 1956
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Law no. 3273, of 1 October 1957
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
>
- ^
Complementary law no. 20, of 1 July 1974
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Complementary law no. 31, of 11 October 1977
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Complementary law no. 41, of 22 December 1981
, Government of Brazil.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
"Voters Reject Division of Brazilian State"
.
Americas Quarterly
. December 13, 2011.
- ^
In referendum, voters of Para reject division of the state
, G1, 11 December 2011.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Map of Brazil
,
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
, November 1940.
(in Portuguese)
- ^
Areas of the municipalities
,
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
, 2018.
- ^
Population estimates
,
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
, 2022.
- ^
Gross domestic product of municipalities
,
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
, 2016.
- ^
"Ranking"
.
Atlas of Human Development in Brazil
. 15 November 2021.
External links
[
edit
]