Striptease performer
Stripper
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Exotic_Dancer_Crouch_with_Tips.jpg/220px-Exotic_Dancer_Crouch_with_Tips.jpg) A stripper performing with tips she has received (Miami, 2009)
|
|
Names
| Exotic dancer,
erotic dancer
,
go-go dancer
, dancer
|
---|
Occupation type
| Performing arts
,
sex industry
|
---|
Activity sectors
| Strip clubs
,
exhibitions
,
festivals
, competitions,
busking
|
---|
|
Competencies
| Striptease
,
pole dancing
,
cage dancing
,
lap dancing
|
---|
Fields of
employment
| Adult entertainment
|
---|
Related jobs
| Nude modeling
,
pornography
|
---|
A
stripper
or
exotic dancer
is a person whose occupation involves performing
striptease
in a public adult entertainment venue such as a
strip club
. At times, a stripper may be hired to perform at private events.
Modern forms of stripping minimize the interaction of strippers with customers, reducing the importance of the
tease
in the performance in favor of speed of undress (the
strip
).
[1]
Not all strippers are comfortable dancing topless or fully nude,
[2]
but in general, full nudity is common where not
prohibited by law
. The integration of the
burlesque pole
as a frequently used
prop
has shifted the emphasis in the performance toward a more acrobatic,
explicit
form of expression compared to the slow-developing burlesque style. Most strippers work in strip clubs. A
house dancer
works for a particular club or
franchise
, while a
feature dancer
typically has her own
celebrity
, touring a club circuit and making appearances. Strippers are often not direct employees of clubs but instead perform as
independent contractors
.
Before the 1970s, strippers in Western cultures were almost invariably female, performing to male audiences, usually in strip clubs. At the same time, strippers of all genders were dancing in underground clubs or as part of a theatre experience. Since the 1970s, mainstream stripping has adopted a greater gender diversity and male strippers have become an established form of entertainment for female audiences. Their performances are usually fully choreographed, involving dance routines and costumes. Certain male and female strippers also perform for
LGBT
audiences as well as for all genders in
bisexual
contexts.
[3]
[4]
The term "male stripper" has decreased in use in books published in the 21st century.
[5]
Work environment
[
edit
]
Strippers perform striptease for a number of reasons, predominantly to make money. The
physical attractiveness
and
sex appeal
of the dancer determines the business the stripper tends to generate. There are no job prerequisites; formal training is minimal, primarily on the job and provided by more senior dancers. Dancers learn a set of rules, such as never leave money unattended; never leave the club with a customer; and never refuse a table dance. As long as she can "sell" herself, she is capable of becoming an exotic dancer.
[6]
Touching strippers is not permitted in many localities. However, some dancers and clubs allow touching of dancers during private dances. If permitted, during a lap dance the dancer may dance sitting in the customer's lap, clothed or topless.
[7]
In parts of the US, there are laws forbidding the exposure of female nipples, which the dancers must cover with
pasties
.
[8]
The common practice of hiring strippers as contractors rather than full-time employees often leads to job insecurity, unstable pay and a lack of health benefits. Strippers are also sometimes required to pay fees to the club for renting their stage. This precarious employment is accepted because of the stigma associated with exotic dancing.
[
citation needed
]
Strippers typically use make-up, costume, and perfume to enhance their performance.
[
citation needed
]
In strip clubs
[
edit
]
Strippers most commonly work as providers of live entertainment in strip clubs. House dancers work for a particular club or
franchise
, while feature dancers usually have
celebrity
status, touring a club circuit and making live appearances.
Porn stars
often become feature dancers to earn extra income and build their fan base. High-profile adult film performers such as
Jenna Haze
and Teagan Presley have participated in feature shows throughout the US, as did now-retired stars such as
Jenna Jameson
. These dancers are not usually direct employees of the club but instead perform as independent contractors for a predetermined house fee.
[9]
Stage performance
[
edit
]
Most clubs have a dancer rotation where each dancer in turn will perform for one or more songs in a fixed sequence which repeats during a shift. More informal clubs will have dancers take turns when a stage becomes empty or have a free flow of entertainers where the stage has any number of entertainers who wander off and on at will. Feature entertainers are not usually part of the rotation, and have set times where they will perform that are advertised throughout the shift. If a
DJ
is present, they will emcee the rotation and typically announce the current dancer(s) on stage and possibly whom to expect in future sets.
[
citation needed
]
Tip collection
[
edit
]
During each set of one or more songs, the current performer will dance on stage in exchange for tips. Dancers collect
tips
from customers either while on stage or after the dancer has finished a stage show and is mingling with the audience. A customary tip (where customers can do so at the stage) is a dollar
bill
folded lengthwise and placed in the dancer's
garter
from the
tip rail
. Other common tip methods are to insert the dollar into the stripper's cleavage from the hand or mouth, or to simply place it or toss it onto the stage. Tipping during a stage performance is prohibited by some clubs due to restrictions in local ordinance or past incidents on the premises. Each club and dancer will have individual tolerance levels for customer interaction including tipping. Some clubs will have multiple stages on the premises that dancers will move between, but typically the dancer would collect for her time on the main stage during a rotation. Tips can also be collected during private dances.
[10]
Private dance
[
edit
]
Where legal (or legal restrictions are ignored), dancers may offer additional services such as lap dances or a trip to the champagne room for a set fee rather than a tip. This fee will typically include a set fee for the room, for a set amount of time. Private dances in the main club areas most often take the form of
table dances
,
lap and couch dances
, and bed dances among others. An
air dance
is a particular form of private dance where little to no contact between the dancer and customer occurs. This class of dance spans the different categories above, and some dancers can perform air dances when more contact-heavy forms of dance were expected and paid for.
[
citation needed
]
Table dances are distinguished from other forms of dances in that they can be performed where the customer is seated on the main floor. Table dances also refer to a form of minimal touch private dance where the performer is physically located on a small table in front of the customer(s). Table dances should not be confused with table stages, where the stripper is at or above eye level on a platform surrounded by chairs and usually enough table surface for customers to place drinks and tip money. These stages are configured for close viewing of the striptease and are known for dancers lowering themselves from the stage onto customers during their set.
[
citation needed
]
Lap dances can be (and are) performed in all manner of seating, ranging from plain stools and kitchen-grade chairs to plush leather armchairs. They can also be performed with the customer standing in these designated areas. A service provided by many clubs is for a customer to be placed on stage with one or more dancers for a public lap dance. Occasions for this type of performance are
bachelor parties
and birthdays in the club among others. Bed dances are designed for the customer to be lying down with the entertainer(s) positioned on top of them. Bed dances are the least common of the three, and in many clubs, these are a more expensive option than a lap dance because of the novelty and increased level of contact between customer and service provider.
[
citation needed
]
A
champagne room
(also called a
champagne lounge
or
champagne court
) is a specialized VIP Room service offered by gentleman's clubs where a customer can purchase time (usually in half-hour increments) with an exotic dancer in a private room on the premises. Depending on the quality of the club, the room, which is away from the hustle and bustle of the main club, is well decorated and usually has its own bar. Clubs sell
champagne
by the glass or by the bottle for both the dancer and the customer.
[
citation needed
]
Other locations
[
edit
]
Strippers can be contracted for performances outside the strip club environment. Some strippers will only strip for private engagements and do not have a regular affiliation with a strip club.
[
citation needed
]
Adult industry trade shows often have strippers working, though many of them are affiliated with individual companies and not necessarily
freelancers
. There are also exhibitions, festivals, and competitions where independent strippers perform.
Nudes-A-Poppin'
is a popular festival scheduled annually which features both female and male dancers competing in erotic dance.
[
citation needed
]
Bachelor and bachelorette parties
[
edit
]
A
bachelor party
may involve activities beyond the usual party and social-gathering ingredients, such as going to a strip club or hiring a stripper to perform in a private setting like a home or hotel. In some traditions, there are
hazing
-like tests and pranks at the future groom's expense. These pranks can involve a stripper if the entertainer is willing. Some women also participate in a similar party to be held for the bride-to-be. This is known as a
bachelorette party
or Hen party.
[
citation needed
]
Private parties
[
edit
]
Private parties are popular events for which to hire strippers. There are many
entertainment
businesses that have strippers contracted for private performances. Some of these companies have a national presence, with strippers contracted in multiple states and some who work regionally over a multi-state area. Strippers will also do side work and handle their own
agreements
and
payment
arrangements. Written agreements are atypical in this type of transaction unless a formal, registered business is involved. They could also travel over significant (i.e. flight required) distances for private events and appointments, most of the time passing the cost of travel and
accommodations
onto the customer. Patrons at the clubs in which the strippers work are a primary source of
customers
for their work outside the club. Much like activities inside the club, different dancers have different comfort levels for services they will provide during a private party.
[
citation needed
]
Other activities
[
edit
]
Aside from advertising for striptease services outside the club, an unknown percentage of strippers also work in other aspects of the
sex industry
. This can include erotic and nude modeling, pornography, escorting, and in some cases prostitution (which is now illegal in all states other than Nevada within the U.S.).
[
citation needed
]
Performance
[
edit
]
While working, a stripper is not necessarily required to remove all of their clothing. Regardless of size, name, or location in the world, strip clubs can be full nude, topless or bikini.
[11]
[12]
For any type of strip club there are exceptions based on the individual dancer and management, and clubs are classified based on typical performances, zoning, and advertised services.
[
citation needed
]
Style of dress
[
edit
]
In some localities, strippers are required to obtain permits to work in adult entertainment.
[13]
During a bikini performance, both the breasts and the genitals typically remain covered by revealing clothes, while dancers provide services and entertainment. A female stripper whose
upper body
is exposed, but whose genitals remain covered during a performance, is said to be
topless
. Strippers who uncover the genital areas while removing the rest of their clothing during a performance are said to be dancing fully nude. The fully nude practice is banned in many jurisdictions,
[12]
but many dancers work around these
constraints
by selective uncovering of the
vulva
,
anus
, or both, for short periods of time, followed by immediate replacement of the clothing.
[14]
[15]
Bikini (Go-go)
[
edit
]
Go-go dancers retain their tops and bottoms for the duration of their performance. What differentiates a
bikini
dancer from other types of performers is the degree to which her body is exposed.
[
citation needed
]
The stripper, in the case of a bikini performance, may begin with layers of clothing worn over the bikini which then would be removed during the course of the dance set. When a bikini performance is being performed, many dancers will forgo a
garter
because they can accept tips at various points in their outfit (typically at the waist or hip or over their ribcage). A bikini performance is far more likely to be performed by a female than a male given social norms throughout the world. It has been debated whether or not bikini clubs and performances should count as
striptease
, but there is little contention over its classification as exotic dance. The phrase
Go-Go
was adopted by bars in the 1960s in Tokyo, Japan. It was of lesser reputation until it was appropriated by
American burlesque
and striptease establishments, which in turn became known as
go-go bars
and the women working there known as
Go-Go dancers
.
[
citation needed
]
In many clubs, while a stripper is walking the floor she will be required to wear her full
bikini top
and bottom. When a stripper performs personal services (such as lap or
bed dances
) where she comes into contact with a customer, she would also be required to remain in her bikini in more restrictive club environments. Private dances in particular are scrutinized to ensure that no club policies or
local ordinances
are being
violated
during the performance. The additional clothing also acts as a deterrent to prevent a customer from exceeding the
boundaries
set by a particular dancer. On 19 June 1964,
Carol Doda
began go-go dancing
topless
at the
Condor Club
on Broadway and Columbus in the
North Beach
neighborhood of San Francisco.
[16]
She became the world's most famous go-go dancer, and a prototype for the modern stripper, while dancing at the Condor for 22 years.
[17]
Topless
[
edit
]
Strippers at a strip club in
Zona Rosa, Mexico City
(2011)
Women are at times employed in adult-only venues to perform or pose topless in forms of commercial erotic entertainment. Such venues can range from downmarket strip clubs to upmarket
cabarets
, such as the
Moulin Rouge
. Topless entertainment may also include competitions such as
wet T-shirt contests
in which women display their breasts through translucent wet fabric?and may end up removing their T-shirts before the audience. Strippers can engage in these alternate topless activities at sanctioned times inside the club or as independent contractors at outside venues. Not all strippers are comfortable dancing
topless
. In areas where choice in formats exist, exotic dancers express concern that the more they offer in their performance (nudity included) the more they stand to profit.
[
citation needed
]
Even the dancers that will go topless have been known to stay covered during a dance during slow periods in the club with few customers. This is particularly true if the customers do not appear to be engaged or actively tipping because they are not being
compensated
for their time on stage. The practice of topless dancing is banned in many jurisdictions, but strippers have been known to work around the constraints by selectively uncovering her breasts "peek-a-boo" style for short periods of time then replacing the clothing. For a
male dancer
, a
bare chest
is not considered in the same light and does not face the same
legal
restrictions
. During a show where customer tipping is permitted, most strip clubs limit contact with a dancer's breasts to one way?from dancer to customer. Many clubs do not allow any breast contact, and some go so far as to place markers on stage that a dancer is not permitted to cross while nude. This physical separation enforces
compliance
with the no-touch policy.
[
citation needed
]
Full nudity
[
edit
]
Historical marker at the original
Condor Club
site. Full text: "The Condor; Where it all began; The birthplace of the world's first topless & bottomless entertainment; Topless ? June 19, 1964 Bottomless ? September 3, 1969 Starring Ms. Carol Doda; San Francisco, California"
Strippers are banned from dancing
fully nude
in many jurisdictions, but many dancers will work around the regulations by selectively uncovering their
vulva
,
anus
, or both for short periods of time then replacing the clothing. For a male dancer, exposing the
penis
or anus is equivalent.
[
citation needed
]
Not all strippers are comfortable dancing fully nude. If viewed as a continuum, fewer dancers will dance topless than go-go and fewer still would dance fully nude. It has been reported when in direct competition with more conservative offerings, fully nude formats are seen by customers as a superior enough substitute for them to switch clubs.
[18]
In areas where choice in formats exist, exotic dancers express concern that the more they offer in their performance (nudity included) the more they stand to
profit
. Still, strippers have been known to dance only at topless clubs because of their desire not to strip completely nude.
[19]
Some clubs permit both nude stage dancing and fully nude lap dances. Where nude private dances are allowed with contact, some dancers choose to place some type of barrier (cloth or occasionally plastic) over the customer's lap as a precautionary measure.
[
citation needed
]
Customer interaction
[
edit
]
Strippers are focused on making money from customers. Strippers are employed as independent contractors and expected to generate income themselves making the profession similar to a sales job. How dancers go about maximizing revenue varies. For customers they do not already know, dancers use factors such as clothing, shoes, age, and race to determine whom they wish to interact with. Dancers are the primary enablers to encourage potential patrons to spend time in strip clubs. The dancers continually interact with the customers in the club by walking around and attempting to solicit drinks and lap dances, usually scanning the floor of a club to find the most lucrative customer to target.
[20]
While clubs can generate revenue through means such as cover charges and drink fees, dancers make most of their profit from giving lap dances or VIP dances where regulations allow. Otherwise, customer tips to dancers from a stage set are their primary form of payment per shift. The dancer qualifies a customer by sizing up their appearance and personal characteristics. Once the dancer identifies her mark, she approaches and attempts to create social relationship with her customer using tactical interactions and manipulations. Alternatively, customers can make the first move and engage the dancer directly. Strippers appeal to
masculine
desires, but they can adapt to fit the needs of female patrons to view them as customers. Adapting the experience to the
customer
is an integral part of exotic dancing.
[20]
Mainstreaming
[
edit
]
In the 21st century, as adult themes and work are becoming more commonplace, more of the population is attracted to this type of work.
[21]
For example, a
University of Leeds
study, published by the
British Journal of Sociology of Education
, revealed that as many as one third of "strip club dancers are students, with many using the cash earned to support themselves throughout their studies" and likely to come from
middle class
backgrounds.
[22]
The study also stated that "students were now a 'core supply group into the sex industries', with clubs even targeting
freshers' week
events with recruitment leaflets."
[22]
This is supported by a 2014 story in the
New York Daily News
regarding San Francisco strip clubs taking out recruitment ads in the university newspaper for the
University of California at Berkeley
,
The Daily Californian
.
[23]
One distinction made is that many view working as a strip club dancer as a short-term means to address financial needs, while others view it as a profession and go on to other types of
sex work
such as performing in
adult films
.
[22]
Gender roles
[
edit
]
Male stripper performing in San Francisco in 2009
Male strippers
[
edit
]
Until the 1970s, strippers in Western cultures were almost invariably female, performing to male audiences. Male and female strippers also perform for
gay and lesbian
audiences respectively, as well as for both sexes in
pansexual
contexts.
[
citation needed
]
The modern male stripper show usually involves
full nudity
, although sometimes they may retain underwear, especially g-strings, bikini briefs or thongs throughout the show, or only remove all clothing for a brief time. Performances are usually fully choreographed, involve dance routines and a costume of some sort.
[3]
[4]
Prominent male strip groups include the
Dreamboys
in the UK &
Chippendales
in the US.
[
citation needed
]
A male stripper will likely perform at club, bar, workplace or private home with private advanced bookings or ladies nights being prevalent over strip clubs which is the norm for female strippers.
[24]
This is different from the
Chippendales
scene that emerged to prominence in the 1980s with today's norm being one sole performer, or a series of individual performers rather than a group of strippers.
[25]
The social psychologist Richard Tewksbury argues that male strippers 'masculinise' the role; thus are not disempowered in the way that, he asserts, female strippers are.
[26]
Sexuality and gender bias
[
edit
]
Ethnographic
research has observed that strippers, regardless of
sexual orientation
, have a tendency to treat female customers differently than males. Because of the non-physical motivations ascribed to female intimacy, dancers select women to approach who are smiling and sitting comfortably with open body language such as uncrossed arms, actively participating with the crowd, laughing and engaging with fellow customers, and applauding for dancers at the main stage also increase the likelihood they will be approached. Dancers tend to avoid women with unfriendly facial expressions or visibly hostile body language, again regardless of sexual orientation. In order to become approached, men must indicate financial potential through their appearance. Women must demonstrate their good attitude and willingness to participate in club activities. At that point, a woman's perceived profitability is also a factor in a dancer's decision to approach a female patron. The presence of male companionship has been cited in research as an indicator used by dancers to gauge the profitability of a female once she is perceived to be a customer.
[20]
In popular culture
[
edit
]
The image of strippers as known today evolved through the late
1960s and 1970s
in the U.S. and international cultures which embraced Americanized striptease. By the 1980s pole dancing had become popular in America, and the highly sexual imagery associated with the period's performers was widely accepted and frequently portrayed in film, television, and theater.
[
citation needed
]
1980s?1990s
[
edit
]
In addition to lesser-known videos, the 1980s also featured mainstream films involving strippers and their work as part of the central narrative. These included
Flashdance
(1983), which told the story of blue-collar worker Alexandra "Alex" Owens (
Jennifer Beals
), who works as an exotic dancer in a
Pittsburgh
bar at night and at a steel mill as a welder during the day.
Blaze
(1989) features
Lolita Davidovitch
as notorious stripper
Blaze Starr
. Starr herself appears in the film in a cameo role.
Exotica
(1994), directed by
Atom Egoyan
, is set in a Canadian lap-dance club, and portrays a man's (
Bruce Greenwood
) obsession with a schoolgirl stripper named Christina (
Mia Kirshner
).
Showgirls
(1995) was directed by
Paul Verhoeven
and starred
Elizabeth Berkley
and
Gina Gershon
.
Striptease
(1996), was an adaptation of the novel starring
Demi Moore
.
The Players Club
(1998) starred
LisaRaye McCoy
as a girl who becomes a stripper to earn enough money to enter college and study journalism.
[
citation needed
]
In
Jekyll and Hyde
(1997), the character of Lucy Harris (originally portrayed by
Linda Eder
) works as a prostitute and stripper in a small London club called The Red Rat, where she meets a multi-dimension man named Doctor Henry Jekyll, who turns into his evil persona Mr. Edward Hyde. Lucy performs the song "Bring on the Men" during a show at The Red Rat (which was later replaced with "Good 'n' Evil" in the Broadway production, some claiming "Bring on the Men" was too "risque"). In
Neighbours
(1985), the character of
Daphne
is originally a stripper at Des's bucks party, and eventually goes on to marry him.
Married... with Children
(1987?97) often featured
Al Bundy
,
Jefferson D'Arcy
, and the NO MA'AM crew spending a night at the Nudie Bar. In
The Sopranos
(1999?2007) business was often conducted at the
Bada Bing
strip club.
[
citation needed
]
2000s?present
[
edit
]
Dancing at the Blue Iguana
(2000) is a feature film starring
Sandra Oh
and
Daryl Hannah
. The female cast of the film researched the film by dancing at strip clubs and created their parts and their storylines to be as realistic as possible.
Stripsearch
(2001?), an ongoing Australian
reality television
show which centers around the training of male strippers.
The Hot Chick
(2002) stars
Rachel McAdams
, in her film debut, as a high school cheerleader who, after switching bodies with a small time criminal (
Rob Schneider
), starts working at a strip club called Pole Cat.
The Raymond Revuebar: The Art of Striptease
(2002) is a documentary, directed by Simon Weitzman.
Los Debutantes
(2003) is a
Chilean
film set in a strip club in
Santiago
. In
Closer
(2004),
Natalie Portman
plays Alice Ayres aka Jane Jones, a young American stripper who arrives in London, England. Portman won the
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress ? Motion Picture
for her performance.
Rob Zombie
's 2007
Halloween
remake features
Michael Myers
' mother Deborah (played by Zombie's wife
Sheri Moon Zombie
), dancing to "
Love Hurts
" by
Nazareth
.
[
citation needed
]
I Know Who Killed Me
(2007) stars
Lindsay Lohan
as Dakota Moss, an alluring stripper involved in the machinations of a serial killer, and features a long striptease sequence at a strip club.
[27]
In
Planet Terror
(2007),
Rose McGowan
plays go-go dancer Cherry Darling who, after having her leg eaten by a zombie, uses an assault rifle as a prosthetic leg.
[28]
[29]
In the two-part season 6 finale of
Degrassi: The Next Generation
,
Alex Nunez
resorts to stripping after she and her mother do not have enough money to pay the rent on their apartment.
Darren Aronofsky
's 2008 drama film
The Wrestler
features
Marisa Tomei
playing a stripper and single mother who is romantically pursued by professional wrestler Randy "The Ram" Robinson (
Mickey Rourke
). Tomei received a nomination for the
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
for her performance.
Zombie Strippers
(2008) chronicles a zombie virus that makes its way to a strip club.
Barely Phyllis
is a play on
Phyllis Dixey
which was first staged at the Pomegranate Theatre,
Chesterfield
in 2009.
The Hangover
(2009) features
Heather Graham
as a
Las Vegas
stripper and
escort
who marries Stu (
Ed Helms
) despite his plan to propose to his controlling girlfriend (
Rachael Harris
).
[30]
She reprised her role in the sequel
The Hangover III
.
[31]
The seventh episode of season 6 of the
CBS
crime drama
Criminal Minds
focuses on the BAU team tracking down a trio of young men, one of whom is revealed to be the son of the sheriff leading the investigation, who kidnap, rape, and murder several exotic dancers in
Indiana
. The 2012 film
Magic Mike
and 2015 sequel
Magic Mike XXL
are fictionalized stories of the lives of several male performers.
[
citation needed
]
In
We're the Millers
(2013),
Jennifer Aniston
plays a stripper who is hired by her drug dealer neighbor to pose as his wife in order to smuggle marijuana from Mexico into America.
[32]
Lap Dance
(2014), which stars
Briana Evigan
and
Carmen Electra
, focuses on an aspiring actress who makes a pact with her husband to take a job as an exotic dancer so she can make money to care for her cancer-stricken father. It is based on the true story of the film's director Greg Carter.
Dixieland
(2015) involves
Riley Keough
as a stripper making money to support her sick mother and is also being abused by her manager.
[33]
[34]
In the TV series
La que se avecina
, Lola Reynolds (played by
Macarena Gomez
), changes her job and works as a stripper after know she will earn more money.
[35]
Music and spoken word
[
edit
]
Strippers have been the inspiration for a number of musical artists, with several of the songs resulting in hit singles. An instrumental, "
The Stripper
", was a
No. 1 hit
on the U.S. pop singles charts for
David Rose and His Orchestra
in 1962. That song pre-dated the opening of what is considered to be the first modern strip club,
Condor Club
on
Broadway
in the U.S. city of San Francisco,
California
. "
Private Dancer
" by
Tina Turner
was an international hit and her second highest-charting single reaching No. 7 on the U.S.
Billboard
Hot 100
chart. "
Girls, Girls, Girls
" by
Motley Crue
was also a Top 20 hit on the U.S. charts.
[
citation needed
]
T-Pain
had a No. 5 hit on the Billboard chats with "
I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)
" in 2006. Hip hop artist
Flo Rida
had two No. 1 hits in the U.S. in the 2000s with "
Right Round
" and "
Low
". For both hip-hop artists, the depictions of strippers and expressions of lust are far more explicit than in songs released in earlier music eras. This is not limited to hip-hop, with contemporary songs in other styles of music sharing similar traits. "Worked Up So Sexual" by
The Faint
is graphic in its depiction of dancer rivalry (
older dancers gag at what new talent seems to mean, smaller tits and younger limbs
) and customers longing to bed them. Public acceptance of the music has not faltered, and many dancers perform to these and other songs depicting women in subjectively negative ways while on stage.
[
citation needed
]
Achille Lauro
represented
San Marino
in the
Eurovision Song Contest 2022
with the song "
Stripper
".
[
citation needed
]
Video games
[
edit
]
Duke Nukem 3D
, released in 1996, became the original pioneer video game for the inclusion of strippers.
[36]
The
Grand Theft Auto
series has strippers and strip clubs in many of its games, starting with
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City
(2002).
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
Legal issues
[
edit
]
From ancient times to the present day, striptease has been considered a form of
public nudity
and subject to legal and cultural prohibitions on
moral
and
decency
grounds.
[
citation needed
]
Laws and court cases
[
edit
]
Many U.S. jurisdictions have specific laws on the books related to striptease, with more being added increasing both complexity of enforcement and impact. For example, the classification of dancers as independent contractors has been challenged in court, successfully in Massachusetts in 2009.
[43]
One of the more notorious local ordinances is San Diego Municipal Code 33.3610,
[44]
specific and strict in response to allegations of corruption among local officials
[45]
which included contacts in the nude entertainment industry. Among its provisions is the "six foot rule", copied by other municipalities in requiring that dancers maintain a six-foot distance while performing.
[
citation needed
]
Touching of performers is illegal in many U.S. states. However, some dancers and some clubs condone touching of dancers during private dances. This touching often includes the fondling of breasts, buttocks, and in rare cases the vaginal region. In some locales, dancers may give a customer a "lap dance", whereby the dancer grinds against the customer's crotch while they are fully clothed in an attempt to arouse them or bring them to climax. Other rules forbid "full nudity". In some parts of the US, there are laws forbidding the exposure of female nipples, which have thus to be covered by pasties by the dancer (though not applied to the exposure of male nipples). In early 2010, the U.S. city of Detroit, Michigan banned fully exposed breasts in its strip clubs, following the example of Houston, Texas who began enforcing a similar ordinance in 2008.
[8]
The Detroit city council has since softened the rules eliminating the requirement for pasties
[46]
but kept other restrictions. Both municipalities were reputed to have rampant occurrences of illicit activity including prostitution linked to its striptease establishments
[47]
[48]
within their city limits.
[
citation needed
]
In Britain in the 1930s, when the
Windmill Theatre
, London, began to present nude shows, British law prohibited performers moving whilst in a state of nudity.
[49]
To get around that rule, models appeared naked in stationary
tableaux vivants
. To keep within the law, sometimes devices were used which rotated the models without them moving themselves.
Fan dances
were another device used to keep performances within the law. These allowed a naked dancer's body to be concealed by her fans or those of her attendants, until the end of an act, when she posed naked for a brief interval whilst standing stock still, and the lights went out or the curtain dropped to allow her to leave the stage.
[
citation needed
]
In 2010, Iceland outlawed
striptease
.
[50]
Johanna Sigurðardottir
, Iceland's prime minister, said: "The Nordic countries are leading the way on women's equality, recognizing women as equal citizens rather than commodities for sale."
[51]
The politician behind the bill,
Kolbrun Halldorsdottir
, said: "It is not acceptable that women or people in general are a product to be sold."
[51]
Collective bargaining
[
edit
]
As the sex industry has grown and become a more established sector of national economies, sex workers?strippers included?have mobilized to negotiate or demand
workplace rights
. One means of collectivization pursued by strippers is the formation of labor unions, which involves formal membership. These strippers' unions have tended to focus on economic and workers' rights rather than civil rights, which constitutes a significant departure from the advocacy groups for prostitutes' rights that began in the 1970s and 1980s.
[52]
The stigma attached to sex work also creates another obstacle to organization because many strippers and other types of sex workers are uncomfortable with declaring their profession publicly, even in a movement to improve their work environment and benefits.
[53]
One potential critique of the organization of strippers and sex workers of other types is that people in management positions in these industries, who are in a position to perpetuate the exploitation that sex workers face, can infiltrate these labor organizations and lobby for the maintenance of a status quo.
[54]
Australia
[
edit
]
The Striptease Artists of Australia formed in 2002. The SAA successfully negotiated an
industrial award
with the
AIRC
in 2006. Despite this establishment of an industry-wide minimum standard for labor rights, changes to employment legislature under a Conservative government enabled employers to utilize loopholes such as employing strippers as sub-contractors.
[
citation needed
]
Another group, the
Scarlet Alliance
, has been involved in advocacy and projects geared towards improving the standing of sex workers since its inception in 1989. While labor rights are an important part of this group's agenda, it is not a labor union.
[52]
Britain
[
edit
]
The
International Union of Sex Workers
is a branch of the
GMB
, a major
general union
in Great Britain.
[52]
Canada
[
edit
]
In the 1980s, the Vancouver Exotic Dancers Alliance formed and was active for about a decade.
[53]
The Canadian Guild for Erotic Labour was established in 2004.
[
citation needed
]
United States
[
edit
]
The
Lusty Lady
of San Francisco is a notable example of collectivization of strippers in the U.S. When the strippers of the establishment successfully unionized in 1996 through the Erotic Dancers' Alliance, the owners of the club closed it. In response, the strippers formed a
cooperative
in 2003 to run the club themselves, renamed the Looking Glass Collective.
[52]
The Lusty Lady closed in 2013.
[55]
In 2023, strippers at the Star Garden Topless Dive Bar in
North Hollywood, California
voted to unionize and join the
Actors' Equity Association
, which made them the only group of unionized strippers in the United States.
[55]
[56]
[57]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
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Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Media related to
Strippers
at Wikimedia Commons