Government branch of the Republic of China
Examination Yuan
|
---|
|
Chinese
| 考試院
|
---|
Literal meaning
| Court of Examinations
|
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|
|
The
Examination Yuan
is the
civil service commission
branch, in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants, of the
government of the Republic of China
(
Taiwan
). It has a
president
, a
vice president
, and seven to nine members, all of whom are nominated by the
president of the republic
and confirmed by the
Legislative Yuan
for four-year terms according to
Republic of China laws
.
[2]
Organizational structure
[
edit
]
Members composition
[
edit
]
The Examination Yuan consists of a council with a president, a vice president, and seven to nine members. The leaders and members are nominated by the
president of the republic
and approved by
Legislative Yuan
for four-year terms. The incumbent 13th Examination Yuan was nominated by
President
Tsai Ing-wen
on May 28, 2020,
[3]
and later confirmed by
Legislative Yuan
on July 10, 2020.
[4]
Members were inaugurated on September 1, 2020, and their terms expire on August 31, 2024.
Agencies
[
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]
The Examination Yuan has four main agencies:
[5]
Offices and committees
[
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]
The Examination Yuan also includes twelve offices and three committees:
[5]
- Counselors
- Secretariat
- First Division
- Second Division
- Third Division
- Editing and Compilation Office
- Information Management Office
- Secretary Office
- Personnel Office
- Accounting Office
- Statistics Office
- Civil Service Ethics Office
- Petition and Appeals Committee
- Legal Affairs Committee
- Research and Development Committee
History
[
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]
Constitutional theory
[
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]
The concept of Examination Yuan is a part of the
Three Principles of the People
formulated by
Sun Yat-sen
, which was enlightened by the old
Imperial examination
system used in
Imperial China
. It is one of the five government branches ("yuans") of the
Government of the Republic of China
. Practically, it operates like a ministry of the Executive Yuan,
[8]
though its members may not be removed by the president or premier.
[
citation needed
]
Establishment and relocation to Taiwan
[
edit
]
After the end of
Northern Expedition
in 1928, the
Nationalist government
set up the preparatory office of the Examination Yuan in October 1928 in which the organic law was promulgated. In May 1929, the headquarters of the Examination Yuan was inaugurated at
Guan Gong
and
Yue Fei
Temple in
Nanjing
. In January 1930, the Examination Yuan and its subordinates Examination Committee and Ministry of Civil Service were formally established. In December 1937, the headquarters was temporarily relocated to
Chongqing
during the
Second Sino-Japanese War
. After the end of
World War II
in 1945, the headquarters was moved back to Nanjing.
In January 1950, the headquarters were relocated temporarily to
Taipei Confucius Temple
in
Taiwan
after the
Chinese Civil War
. In December 1951, the headquarters were moved to
Muzha District
,
Taipei
. In March 1990, the Yuheng Building of the Yuan was inaugurated.
[9]
Democratization
[
edit
]
During the second revision of the
Additional Articles of the Constitution
in 1992, confirmation powers of its members were transferred from the
Control Yuan
to the
Legislative Yuan
, and articles related to its role as a governing body of
mainland China
were abolished. In 2019, the Examination Yuan was reduced from 19 members to between 7 and 9, and terms were reduced from 6 years to 4 to coincide with presidential and legislative elections.
[10]
There have been calls to abolish the Examination Yuan (and the
Control Yuan
) by the
Democratic Progressive Party
(DPP), the
Taiwan People's Party
(TPP) and
New Power Party
(NPP).
[11]
[12]
[13]
TPP caucus whip Lai Hsiang-ling stated that members of the Examination Yuan hold "
fat-cat
patronage appointments", whereby they earn outside income on top of their usual salary, including by teaching at universities in mainland China.
[13]
Additionally, the functions of the Examination Yuan are seen as overlapping with those of the
Executive Yuan
, and an online poll showed about half of respondents supported its abolishment.
[12]
President
Tsai Ing-wen
called for the two Yuans to be abolished at the DPP national congress in 2020;
[11]
the
Kuomintang
responded by saying that it was an effort to distract from the DPP's poor leadership, but did not provide their stance on the matter.
[11]
A constitutional amendment committee was formed in September of 2020 to draft proposals for the abolition of the Examination Yuan.
[14]
Terms
[
edit
]
Appointments of the leaders and members of the Examination Yuan were carried out with
presidential
nomination and
parliamentary
confirmation. The first through eighth Examination Yuans were all confirmed by the first
Control Yuan
, whose members first convened in 1948 and had their terms extended indefinitely. During the democratization of
Taiwan
in the 1990s, a series of
constitutional amendments
known as the
Additional Articles of the Constitution
were promulgated to reorganize the
government
. These amendments changed the
Control Yuan
from a
parliament
chamber
to a commission-type
agency
. Confirmation of the Examination Yuan officials was then moved to other
parliament
chambers
to maintain the
separation of powers
.
Term
|
Length
|
Actual length
|
Appointment
|
Seats
|
1st
|
6 years
|
Sep 8, 1948?Aug 31, 1954
|
Presidential
nomination with
Control Yuan
confirmation
|
19
|
2nd
|
Sep 1, 1954?Aug 31, 1960
|
3rd
|
Sep 1, 1960?Aug 31, 1966
|
4th
|
Sep 1, 1966?Aug 31, 1972
|
5th
|
Sep 1, 1972?Aug 31, 1978
|
6th
|
Sep 1, 1978?Aug 31, 1984
|
7th
|
Sep 1, 1984?Aug 31, 1990
|
8th
|
Sep 1, 1990?Aug 31, 1996
|
9th
|
Sep 1, 1996?Aug 31, 2002
|
Presidential
nomination with
National Assembly
confirmation
|
10th
|
Sep 1, 2002?Aug 31, 2008
|
Presidential
nomination with
Legislative Yuan
confirmation
|
11th
|
Sep 1, 2008?Aug 31, 2014
|
12th
|
Sep 1, 2014?Aug 31, 2020
|
13th
|
4 years
|
Sep 1, 2020?Aug 31, 2024
|
9
|
Currently, according to the
Additional Articles of the Constitution
, the Examination Yuan is confirmed by the now-
unicameral
parliament
? the
Legislative Yuan
.
Presidents and vice presidents of the Examination Yuan
[
edit
]
See also
[
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]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"考試院全球資訊網"
.
Archived
from the original on April 30, 2014
. Retrieved
May 21,
2013
.
- ^
"Tsai submits 11 nominees for Examination Yuan"
.
Taipei Times
. May 30, 2020.
Archived
from the original on June 11, 2020
. Retrieved
June 11,
2020
.
- ^
"考試院長、副院長、考試委員被提名人介紹記者會"
.
YouTube
. May 28, 2020.
Archived
from the original on December 7, 2020
. Retrieved
September 16,
2020
.
- ^
"考試院人事案同意權投票 立法院通過"
.
YouTube
. July 10, 2020.
Archived
from the original on September 16, 2022
. Retrieved
September 16,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
"Organization of the Examination Yuan"
.
Examination Yuan
. September 3, 2012. Archived from
the original
on September 2, 2017
. Retrieved
September 2,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Lin Chia-cheng (林嘉誠) (April 19, 2019).
"Exam Yuan should be folded into other branch"
.
Taipei Times
.
Archived
from the original on October 30, 2020
. Retrieved
September 2,
2020
.
- ^
"Civil Service Protection and Training Commission"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on September 24, 2017
. Retrieved
September 23,
2017
.
- ^
Huang, Yu-zhe (December 28, 2019).
"Control Yuan must respect judges"
.
Taipei Times
.
Archived
from the original on July 5, 2020
. Retrieved
May 20,
2020
.
- ^
"考試院全球資訊網"
.
Archived
from the original on July 14, 2015
. Retrieved
August 15,
2015
.
- ^
Wang, Yang-yu; Kao, Evelyn (December 10, 2019).
"Legislature passes revised law to shrink Examination Yuan"
.
Central News Agency
.
Archived
from the original on February 19, 2020
. Retrieved
February 19,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
Yang, Chun-hui; Xie, Chun-hui (July 20, 2020).
"Constitutional reform crucial: Tsai"
.
Taipei Times
.
Archived
from the original on September 10, 2020
. Retrieved
September 3,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Lin, Syrena (July 14, 2020).
"Should Taiwan Abolish Its Control Yuan and Examination Yuan?"
.
The News Lens International Edition
.
Archived
from the original on July 17, 2020
. Retrieved
September 3,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Pan, Jason (July 9, 2020).
"TPP and NPP lawmakers urge abolition of Control Yuan and Examination Yuan"
.
Taipei Times
.
Archived
from the original on July 15, 2020
. Retrieved
September 3,
2020
.
- ^
"Taiwan explores options in case of Examination Yuan abolition"
.
Taiwan News
.
Archived
from the original on February 17, 2021
. Retrieved
March 15,
2021
.
External links
[
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]