United South Slavic people and the citizens of the former Yugoslavia
Ethnic group
Yugoslavs
![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_the_Yugoslav_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Yugoslav_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png) Census figures of self-declared Yugoslavs:
[a]
100,000+
10,000+
1,000+
50+
|
|
United States
| 210,395 (2021)
(
Yugoslav Americans
)
[1]
|
---|
Canada
| 38,480 (2016)
(
Yugoslav Canadians
)
[2]
|
---|
Serbia
| 27,143 (2022)
(
Yugoslavs in Serbia
)
[3]
|
---|
Australia
| 26,883 (2011)
[4]
|
---|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
| 2,570 (2013)
[5]
|
---|
Montenegro
| 1,154 (2011)
[6]
|
---|
Croatia
| 942 (2021)
[7]
|
---|
Slovenia
| 527 (2002)
[8]
|
---|
North Macedonia
| 344 (2021)
[9]
|
---|
Russia
| 60 (2021)
[10]
|
---|
|
South Slavic languages
,
English
|
|
Major religious affiliations:
|
|
South Slavs
, other
Slavic peoples
|
Yugoslavs
or
Yugoslavians
(
Serbo-Croatian
:
Jugoslaveni/Jugosloveni
,
?угославени/?угословени
;
[b]
Slovene
:
Jugoslovani
;
Macedonian
:
?угословени
,
romanized
:
Jugosloveni
) is an identity that was originally conceived to refer to a united
South Slavic
people. It has been used in two connotations: the first in a sense of common shared ethnic descent, i.e.
panethnic
or
supraethnic
connotation for ethnic South Slavs,
[c]
and the second as a term for all citizens of former
Yugoslavia
regardless of ethnicity. Cultural and political advocates of Yugoslav identity have historically purported the identity to be applicable to all people of South Slav heritage, including those of modern
Bosnia and Herzegovina
,
Croatia
,
Montenegro
,
North Macedonia
,
Serbia
, and
Slovenia
. Although
Bulgarians
are a South Slavic group as well, attempts at uniting
Bulgaria
with Yugoslavia were unsuccessful, and therefore Bulgarians were not included in the panethnic identification. Since the
dissolution of Yugoslavia
and establishment of South Slavic
nation states
, the term
ethnic Yugoslavs
has been used to refer to those who exclusively view themselves as Yugoslavs with no other ethnic
self-identification
, many of these being of mixed ancestry.
[11]
In the
former Yugoslavia
, the official designation for those who declared themselves simply as
Yugoslav
was with quotation marks, "Yugoslavs" (introduced in census 1971). The quotation marks were originally meant to distinguish Yugoslav ethnicity from Yugoslav citizenship, which was written without quotation marks. The majority of those who had once identified as ethnic "Yugoslavs" reverted to or adopted traditional ethnic and national identities, sometimes due to social pressure, intimidation, detrimental consequences, or prevention to continue identifying as Yugoslav by new political authorities.
[12]
[13]
Some also decided to turn to sub-national regional identifications, especially in multi-ethnic historical regions like
Istria
,
Vojvodina
, or
Bosnia
(hence
Bosnians
). The Yugoslav designation, however, continues to be used by many, especially in the United States, Canada, and Australia by the descendants of Yugoslav migrants who emigrated while the country still existed.
History
[
edit
]
Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia
[
edit
]
Since the late 18th century, when traditional European ethnic affiliations started to mature into modern ethnic identities, there have been numerous attempts to define a common
South Slavic
ethnic identity. The word
Yugoslav
, meaning "South Slavic", was first used by
Josip Juraj Strossmayer
in 1849.
[14]
The first modern iteration of Yugoslavism was the
Illyrian movement
in
Habsburg Croatia
. It identified South Slavs with ancient
Illyrians
and sought to construct a common language based on the
Shtokavian dialect
.
[15]
The movement was led by
Ljudevit Gaj
, whose
Latin alphabet
became one of two official scripts used for the
Serbo-Croatian
language.
[15]
Among notable supporters of Yugoslavism and a Yugoslav identity active at the beginning of the 20th century were famous sculptor
Ivan Me?trovi?
(1883?1962), who called Serbian folk hero
Prince Marko
"our Yugoslav people with its gigantic and noble heart" and wrote poetry speaking of a "Yugoslav race";
[16]
Jovan Cviji?
, in his article
The Bases of Yugoslav Civilization
, developed the idea of a unified Yugoslav culture and stated that "New qualities that until now have been expressed but weakly will appear. An amalgamation of the most fertile qualities of our three tribes [Serbs, Croats, Slovenes] will come forth every more strongly, and thus will be constructed the type of single Yugoslav civilization-the final and most important goal of our country."
[17]
In late 19th and early 20th century, influential public intellectuals
Jovan Cviji?
and
Vladimir Dvornikovi?
advocated that
Yugoslavs
, as a supra-ethnic nation, had "many tribal ethnicities, such as Croats, Serbs, and others within it."
[17]
On 28 June 1914,
Gavrilo Princip
shot and killed
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
, the heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, in Sarajevo. Princip was a member of
Young Bosnia
, a group whose aims included the unification of the Yugoslavs and independence from
Austria-Hungary
.
[18]
The
assassination in Sarajevo
set into motion a series of
fast-moving events
that eventually escalated into
full-scale war
.
[19]
After his capture, during his trial, he stated "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria."
[20]
In June?July 1917, the
Yugoslav Committee
met with the
Serbian
Government in
Corfu
and on 20 July the
Corfu Declaration
that laid the foundation for the post-war state was issued. The preamble stated that the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes were "the same by blood, by language, by the feelings of their unity, by the continuity and integrity of the territory which they inhabit undivided, and by the common vital interests of their national survival and manifold development of their moral and material life." The state was created as the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
, a constitutional monarchy under the
Karađorđevi? dynasty
. The term "Yugoslavs" was used to refer to all of its inhabitants, but particularly to those of South Slavic ethnicity. Some Croatian nationalists viewed the Serb plurality and Serbian royal family as hegemonic. Eventually, a conflict of interest sparked among the Yugoslav peoples. In 1929,
King Alexander
sought to resolve a deep political crisis brought on by ethnic tensions by assuming dictatorial powers in the
6 January Dictatorship
, renaming the country "Kingdom of Yugoslavia", and officially pronouncing that there is one single Yugoslav nation with three tribes. The Yugoslav ethnic designation was thus imposed for a period of time on all South Slavs in Yugoslavia. Changes in Yugoslav politics after King Alexander's death in 1934 brought an end to this policy, but the designation continued to be used by some people.
[
citation needed
]
Philosopher
Vladimir Dvornikovi?
advocated the establishment of a Yugoslav ethnicity in his 1939 book entitled "The
Characterology
of the Yugoslavs". His views included eugenics and cultural blending to create one, strong Yugoslav nation.
[17]
There had on three occasions been efforts to make Bulgaria a part of Yugoslavia or part of an even larger federation: through
Aleksandar Stamboliyski
during and after
World War I
; through
Zveno
during the
Bulgarian coup d'etat of 1934
, and through
Georgi Dimitrov
during and after
World War II
, but for various reasons, each attempt turned out to be unsuccessful.
[21]
Self-identification in Yugoslavia
[
edit
]
Unitary policies implemented by the authorities of the early 20th century
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
aimed at creating a single Yugoslav ethnic identity that speaks one
South Slavic language
were met with heavy resistance by majorities of the country's citizens. Those policies and attempts at concentration of power within the ruling Serbian royal dynasty, the
Karađorđevi?s
, were interpreted by opponents of Yugoslav unitarism and
Serbian nationalism
as gradual
Serbianization
of Yugoslavia's non-Serb population.
After the country was liberated from
Axis occupiers
in the
World War II in Yugoslavia
by the
Yugoslav Partisans
, the newly established
socialist Yugoslavia
was instead organized as a federation. The ruling
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
was ideologically opposed to ethnic unitarism that was promoted under former royal hegemony, instead recognizing and promoting ethnic diversity and social
Yugoslavism
within the notion of "
brotherhood and unity
" between nations and national minorities of Yugoslavia. Traditional ethnic identities again became the primary ethnic designations used by most inhabitants of Yugoslavia which remained the case until the country's dissolution in the early
1990s
.
Josip Broz Tito
expressed his desire for an undivided Yugoslav ethnicity to develop naturally when he stated, "I would like to live to see the day when Yugoslavia would become amalgamated into a firm community, when she would no longer be a formal community but a community of a single Yugoslav nation."
[23]
Yugoslav censuses reflected Tito's ideal, with "Yugoslav" being an available identification for both ethnicity and nationality. In general, the Yugoslav identity was more common in the multiethnic regions of the country, i.e. the more multiethnic the constituent republic, the higher the percentage; therefore the highest were in Croatia, Montenegro, Central Serbia, Vojvodina, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the lowest were in Slovenia, Macedonia, and Kosovo. The 1971 census recorded 273,077 Yugoslavs, or 1.33% of the total population. The 1981 census, a year after the death of Tito, recorded a record number of 1,216,463 or 5.4% Yugoslavs.
[22]
- In the 1991 census, 5.54% (242,682) of the inhabitants of
Bosnia and Herzegovina
declared themselves to be Yugoslav.
[24]
The Constitution of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1990 ratified a Presidency of seven members. One of the seven was to be elected amongst/by the republic's Yugoslavs, thereby introducing the Yugoslavs next to
ethnic Muslims
, Serbs and Croats into the Constitutional framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina although on an inferior level. However, because of the
Bosnian War
that erupted in 1992, this Constitution was short-lived and unrealized.
- Approximately 5% of the population of
Montenegro
also declared themselves Yugoslav in the same census.
- The 1981 census showed that Yugoslavs made up around 8.2% of the population in
Croatia
, this being the highest ever percentage of
Yugoslavs
within a constituent republic's borders. The percentage was the highest in multiethnic regions and cities with large non-Croatian population and among those of mixed ancestry. The 1991 census data indicated that the number of Yugoslavs had dropped to 2% of the population in Croatia. The 2001 census in Croatia (the first since independence) registered 176 Yugoslavs, less than 0.01% of the population at the time.
[25]
The next census in 2011 registered 331 Yugoslavs in Croatia (likewise less than 0.01% of the population).
[26]
- The autonomous region of
Vojvodina
, marked by its traditionally multiethnic make-up, recorded a similar percentage as Croatia at the 1981 census, with ~8% of its 2 million inhabitants declaring themselves Yugoslav.
[22]
Just before and after the
dissolution of Yugoslavia
, most Yugoslavs reverted to their ethnic and regional identities.
Successor states
[
edit
]
Self-identification following dissolution
[
edit
]
The number of people identifying as Yugoslav fell drastically in all successor states since the beginning of the 21st century and the conclusion of all
Yugoslav Wars
and separation of
Serbia and Montenegro
(until 2003 called
FR Yugoslavia
). The country with the highest number of people and percentage of population identifying as Yugoslav is Serbia, while North Macedonia is the lowest on both. No official figures or reliable estimates are available for Kosovo.
As part of the research project "
Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe
", a study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 on the entire former Yugoslav territory with the exception of Slovenia. Within the study, a poll was conducted on the topic of shared identity. Interviewees were asked whether they ever "felt Yugoslav", with three given options being tantamount to "yes, still do", "no, never did" and "not anymore". In all six examined states, majority of the interviewees expressed that they either never or no longer felt so, ranging from ~70?98%, with Serbia being on the lowest end and Kosovo on the highest. Croatia and Kosovo yielded the most clear-cut results with 95% stating either of aforementioned options and less than 3% stating that they still felt Yugoslav. In Kosovo in particular, over 92% stated that they never felt Yugoslav. In contrast, Montenegro and Serbia were the most split states, with ~28% and ~32% respectively stating that they still felt Yugoslav; the two were the only states where more interviewees stated feeling Yugoslav as opposed to never feeling so. Bosnia and Herzegovina had the highest percentage of interviewees stating that they no longer feel Yugoslav at ~48%, followed closely by Montenegro and Serbia. The following table provides more details:
[27]
[28]
Organizations
[
edit
]
Logo of the Alliance of Yugoslavs
The Yugoslavs of Croatia have several organizations. The "Alliance of Yugoslavs" (
Savez Jugoslavena
), established in 2010 in Zagreb, is an association aiming to unite the Yugoslavs of Croatia, regardless of religion,
sex
,
political
or other views.
[29]
Its main goal is the official recognition of the Yugoslav nation in every
Yugoslav
successor state: Croatia,
Slovenia
, Serbia,
North Macedonia
, Bosnia and Herzegovina and
Montenegro
.
[30]
Another
pro-Yugoslav
organization advocating the recognition of the Yugoslav nation is the "Our Yugoslavia" association (
Udru?enje "Na?a Jugoslavija"
), which is an officially registered organization in Croatia.
[12]
The seat of Our Yugoslavia is in the
Istrian
town of
Pula
,
[31]
where it was founded on 30 July 2009.
[32]
The association has most members in the towns of
Rijeka
,
Zagreb
and Pula.
[33]
Its main aim is the stabilisation of relations among the Yugoslav successor states. It is also active in Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, its official registration as an association was denied by the Bosnian state authorities.
[12]
The probably best-known pro-Yugoslav organization in Montenegro is the "Consulate-general of the SFRY" with its headquarters in the coastal town of
Tivat
. Prior to the population census of 2011, Marko Perkovi?, the president of this organization called on the Yugoslavs of Montenegro to freely declare their Yugoslav identity on the upcoming census.
[34]
Notable people
[
edit
]
The best known example of self-declared Yugoslavs is Marshal
Josip Broz Tito
who organized resistance against Nazi Germany in Yugoslavia,
[35]
[36]
ended the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia with the help of the Red Army, co-founded the
Non-Aligned Movement
, and defied
Joseph Stalin
's Soviet pressure on Yugoslavia. Other people that declared as "Yugoslavs" include intellectuals, entertainers, singers, and athletes, such as:
Symbols
[
edit
]
The probably most frequently used symbol of the Yugoslavs to express their identity and to which they are most often associated with is the blue-white-red tricolor flag with a yellow-bordered red star in the flag's center,
[58]
which also served as the national
flag of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
between 1945 and 1991.
[
citation needed
]
Prior to World War II, the symbol of Yugoslavism was a plain tricolor flag of
blue, white, and red
, which was also the national
flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
, the
Yugoslav state
in the
interwar period
.
[
citation needed
]
Historiography
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Many other countries with a Yugoslav diaspora do not record ethnicity in censuses.
- ^
Jugoslaveni
is preferred in
Croatian
,
Jugosloveni
is preferred in
Serbian
and
Montenegrin
, while both are commonly used in
Bosnian
variety of the language.
- ^
Serbo-Croatian term
Jugoslaveni
or
Jugosloveni
was a popular neutral supraethnic compound of
jug
("south") and
Slaveni
/
Sloveni
(Slavs), literally meaning
South Slavs
, coined in late 19th century and officially adopted in 1929 by the authorities of
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
. "Yugoslavia" was adopted by English and other non-Slavic languages as a unique
proper noun
in favour of literal translations such as "South Slavia". Nowadays in Serbo-Croatian and other Slavic languages,
Jugoslaven/Jugosloven
refers exclusively to Yugoslavs, the people of Yugoslavia, and not South Slavs, the cultural and linguistic group; the latter is rendered in Serbo-Croatian as "
ju?ni
Slaveni
/
Sloveni
".
References
[
edit
]
- ^
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.
American Community Survey
2021
.
United States Census Bureau
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.
- ^
"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables"
. statcan.gc.ca. 25 October 2017.
- ^
a
b
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- ^
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.
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a
b
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- ^
a
b
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Ipak, najdrasti?niji ?nestanak" Jugoslovena vidi se na primeru Hrvatske. Dok se 1991. njih 106.041 ose?alo tako, na popisu 2001. bili su u nivou statisti?ke gre?ke - ukupno 176. Naredne decenije, broj se blago popeo na 331, da bi na poslednjem popisu, 2021. godine 942 ljudi navelo tu opciju, ka?u iz hrvatskog Dr?avnog zavoda za statistiku.
[However, the most drastic "disappearance" of Yugoslavs can be seen in the example of Croatia. While 106,041 of them felt that way in 1991, in the 2001 census they were at the level of a statistical error - a total of 176. In the following decade, the number rose slightly to 331, and in the last census, in 2021, 942 people indicated this option, according to the
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- ^
a
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- ^
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.
- ^
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"
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- ^
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[
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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.
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- ^
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