People of Germany
This article is about the people of Germany. For other uses, see
German
.
Ethnic group
Germans
|
---|
|
Germany
| 72,569,978
[a]
|
---|
United States
| 534,000
[b]
c.
42,600,000
[3]
|
---|
Brazil
| 21,000
[c]
c.
5,000,000
[4]
[5]
|
---|
Canada
| 157,000
[d]
c.
3,322,405
[6]
|
---|
Australia
| 125,000
[e]
1,026,140
[7]
|
---|
Kazakhstan
| c.
900,000
[8]
|
---|
Russia
| 142,000
[f]
c.
840,000
[8]
|
---|
Argentina
| 9,000
[g]
c.
500,000
[9]
|
---|
Switzerland
| 357,000
[h]
|
---|
United Kingdom
| 310,000
[i]
|
---|
Hungary
| 36,000
[j]
c.
250,000
[8]
|
---|
New Zealand
| 25,000
[k]
c.
200,000
[l]
|
---|
Austria
| 233,000
[m]
|
---|
Italy
| 211,000
[n]
|
---|
France
| 203,000
[o]
|
---|
Spain
| 201,000
[p]
|
---|
Poland
| 101,000
[q]
148,000 (of whom 45,000 declared solely German ethnicity)
[11]
|
---|
Turkey
| 102,592
[12]
|
---|
Mexico
| 7,000
[r]
c.
90,000
[s]
|
---|
Chile
| 8,000
[t]
c.
500,000
[14]
|
---|
South Africa
| 17,000
[u]
c.
75,000
[9]
|
---|
Romania
| 34,071
[v]
c.
22,900
[15]
|
---|
Slovakia
| 8,537
[16]
[17]
|
---|
Germans
(
German
:
Deutsche
,
pronounced
[?d??t??]
ⓘ
) are the natives or inhabitants of
Germany
, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the
German language
.
[18]
[19]
The
constitution of Germany
, implemented in 1949 following the end of
World War II
, defines a German as a
German citizen
.
[20]
During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history.
[21]
Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity.
[22]
Estimates on the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 to 150 million, most of whom live in Germany.
[23]
The history of Germans as an
ethnic group
began with the separation of a distinct
Kingdom of Germany
from the
eastern part
of the
Frankish Empire
under the
Ottonian dynasty
in the 10th century, forming the core of the
Holy Roman Empire
. In subsequent centuries the political power and population of this empire grew considerably. It expanded eastwards, and eventually a substantial number of Germans migrated further eastwards into
Eastern Europe
. The empire itself was politically divided between many small princedoms, cities and bishoprics. Following the
Reformation
in the 16th century, many of these states found themselves in bitter conflict concerning the rise of
Protestantism
.
In the 19th century, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, and
German nationalism
began to grow. The
Kingdom of Prussia
incorporated
most Germans into its
German Empire
in 1871, and a substantial additional number of Germans were in the multiethnic kingdom of
Austria-Hungary
. During this time, a large number of Germans emigrated to the
New World
, particularly to the
United States
, especially to present-day
Pennsylvania
. Large numbers also emigrated to
Canada
and
Brazil
, and they established sizable communities in
New Zealand
and
Australia
. The
Russian Empire
also included a substantial German population.
Following the end of
World War I
, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire were partitioned, resulting in many Germans becoming
ethnic minorities
in newly established countries. In the chaotic years that followed,
Adolf Hitler
became the dictator of
Nazi Germany
and embarked on a genocidal campaign to unify all Germans under his leadership. His Nazi movement defined Germans in a very broad way which included
Austrians
,
Luxembourgers
, eastern
Belgians
, and so-called
Volksdeutsche
, which were ethnic Germans elsewhere in Europe and globally. However, this Nazi conception expressly excluded German citizens of
Jewish
or
Roma
background. Nazi policies of military aggression and its persecution of those deemed non-Germans in the
Holocaust
led to
World War II
in which the Nazi regime was defeated by
allied powers
, led by the
United States
, the
United Kingdom
, and the former
Soviet Union
. In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in the war, the country was occupied and once again partitioned. Millions of Germans were
expelled
from Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990,
West Germany
and
East Germany
were
reunified
. In modern times, remembrance of the Holocaust, known as
Erinnerungskultur
("culture of remembrance"), has become an integral part of German identity.
Owing to their long history of political fragmentation, Germans are culturally diverse and often have strong regional identities. Arts and sciences are an integral part of
German culture
, and the Germans have been represented by many prominent personalities in a significant number of disciplines, including
Nobel prize laureates
where Germany is ranked
third
among countries of the world in the number of total recipients.
Names
The English term
Germans
is derived from the
ethnonym
Germani
, which was used for Germanic peoples in ancient times.
[25]
Since the early modern period, it has been the most common name for the Germans in English. The term
Germans
may also be applied to any citizens, natives or inhabitants of Germany, regardless of whether they are considered to have German ethnicity.
In some contexts, people of German descent are also called Germans.
[19]
[18]
In historical discussions the term "Germans" is also occasionally used as a way to refer to members of the Germanic peoples during the time of the Roman empire.
[18]
[26]
[27]
The German
endonym
Deutsche
is derived from the
High German
term
diutisc
, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". This term was used for speakers of West-Germanic languages in Central Europe since at least the 8th century, after which time a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge among at least some them living within the Holy Roman Empire.
However, variants of the same term were also used in the
Low Countries
, for the related dialects of what is still called
Dutch
in English.
History
Ancient history
The first information about the peoples living in what is now Germany was provided by the Roman general and politician
Julius Caesar
, who gave an account of his conquest of
Gaul
in the 1st century BC. Gaul included parts of what is now Germany, west of the
Rhine
river. He specifically noted the potential future threat which could come from the related people east of the river. Under Caesar's successors, the Romans began to conquer and control the entire region between the Rhine and the Elbe which centuries later constituted the core of medieval Germany. These efforts were significantly hampered by the victory of a local alliance led by
Arminius
at the
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
in 9 AD, which is considered a defining moment in German history.
[28]
The early Germanic peoples were later famously described in more detail in
Germania
by the 1st century Roman historian
Tacitus
. At this time, the Germanic peoples, or
Germani
, were fragmented into a large number of peoples who were frequently in conflict with both the Roman Empire and one another.
He described them as a diverse group, dominating a much larger area than Germany, stretching to the
Vistula
in the east, and
Scandinavia
in the north.
At the time of Caesar's invasion, much of Central Europe was inhabited by
Celts
and strongly influenced by the celtic
La Tene
material culture
.
[28]
Since at least the 2nd century BC, the
Germanic languages
associated with later Germanic peoples began approaching the Rhine areas.
The resulting demographic situation closer to the Romans was likely an assimilation of Celts and migrating Germanic peoples.
[28]
Scholars generally agree that it is possible to speak of Germanic languages existing as early as 500 BCE.
These Germanic languages are believed to have dispersed towards the Rhine from the direction of the
Jastorf culture
, which was a Celtic influenced culture that existed in the
Pre-Roman Iron Age
, in the region near the Elbe river. It is likely that
first Germanic consonant shift
, which defines the Germanic language family, occurred during this period.
The earlier
Nordic Bronze Age
of southern Scandinavia also shows definite population and material continuities with the Jastorf Culture,
but it is unclear whether these indicate ethnic continuity.
Medieval history
German ethnicity emerged in medieval times among the descendants of the Romanized
Germanic peoples
in the area of modern western Germany, between the Rhine and Elbe rivers, including
Franks
,
Frisians
,
Saxons
,
Thuringii
,
Alemanni
and
Baiuvarii
.
[28]
These peoples had been under the dominance of the western Franks starting with
Clovis I
, who established control of the Romanized and Frankish population of Gaul in the 5th century, and began a process of conquering the peoples east of the Rhine. The regions long continued to be divided into "
Stem duchies
", corresponding to the old ethnic designations.
By the early 9th century AD, large parts of Europe were united under the rule of the Frankish leader
Charlemagne
, who expanded the
Frankish empire
in several directions including east of the Rhine, where he consolidated power over the
Saxons
and
Frisians
, thus establishing the
Carolingian Empire
. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by
Pope Leo I
in 800.
In the generations after Charlemagne the empire was partitioned at the
Treaty of Verdun
(843), eventually resulting in the long-term separation between the states of
West Francia
,
Middle Francia
and
East Francia
. Beginning with
Henry the Fowler
, non-Frankish dynasties also ruled the eastern kingdom, and under his son
Otto I
, East Francia, which was mostly German, constituted the core of the
Holy Roman Empire
.
Also under control of this loosely controlled empire were the previously independent kingdoms of
Italy
,
Burgundy
, and
Lotharingia
. The latter was a Roman and Frankish area which contained some of the oldest and most important German cities including Aachen, Cologne and Trier, all west of the Rhine. Leaders of the stem duchies which constituted this eastern kingdom ?
Bavaria
,
Franconia
,
Swabia
, and
Saxony
― continued to wield considerable power independently of the king.
German kings were elected by members of the noble families, who often sought to have weak kings elected in order to preserve their own independence. This prevented an early unification of the Germans.
A warrior nobility dominated the
feudal
German society of the Middle Ages, while most of the German population consisted of peasants with few political rights.
The church played an important role among Germans in the Middle Ages, and competed with the nobility for power.
Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Germans actively participated in five
Crusades
to "liberate" the
Holy Land
.
From the beginnings of the kingdom, its dynasties also participated in a push eastwards into Slavic-speaking regions. At the
Saxon Eastern March
in the north, the
Polabian Slavs
east of the Elbe were conquered over generations of often brutal conflict. Under the later control of powerful German dynasties it became an important region within modern Germany, and home to its modern capital, Berlin. German population also moved eastwards from the 11th century, in what is known as the
Ostsiedlung
.
Over time, Slavic and German-speaking populations assimilated, meaning that many modern Germans have substantial Slavic ancestry.
From the 12th century, many Germans settled as merchants and craftsmen in the
Kingdom of Poland
, where they came to constitute a significant proportion of the population in many urban centers such as
Gda?sk
.
During the 13th century, the
Teutonic Knights
began conquering the
Old Prussians
, and established what would eventually become the powerful German state of
Prussia
.
Further south,
Bohemia
and
Hungary
developed as kingdoms with their own non-German speaking elites. The
Austrian March
on the
Middle Danube
stopped expanding eastwards towards Hungary in the 11th century. Under
Ottokar II
, Bohemia (corresponding roughly to modern Czechia) became a kingdom within the empire, and even managed to take control of Austria, which was German-speaking. However, the late 13th century saw the election of
Rudolf I
of the
House of Habsburg
to the imperial throne, and he was able to acquire Austria for his own family. The Habsburgs would continue to play an important role in European history for centuries afterwards. The Holy Roman Empire itself remained weak, and by the late Middle Ages much of Lotharingia and Burgundy had come under the control of French dynasts, the
House of Valois-Burgundy
and
House of Valois-Anjou
. Italy, Switzerland and Savoy were no longer subject to effective imperial control.
Trade increased and there was a specialization of the arts and crafts.
In the late Middle Ages the German economy grew under the influence of urban centers, which increased in size and wealth and formed powerful leagues, such as the
Hanseatic League
and the
Swabian League
, in order to protect their interests, often through supporting the German kings in their struggles with the nobility.
These urban leagues significantly contributed to the development of German commerce and banking. German merchants of Hanseatic cities settled in cities throughout Northern Europe beyond the German lands.
Modern history
The Habsburg dynasty managed to maintain their grip upon the imperial throne in the
early modern period
. While the empire itself continued to be largely de-centralized, the Habsburgs own personal power increased outside of the core German lands.
Charles V
personally inherited control of the kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia, the wealthy low countries (roughly modern Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia, and the Dukedom of Milan. Of these, the Bohemian and Hungarian titles remained connected to the imperial throne for centuries, making Austria a powerful multilingual empire in its own right. On the other hand, the low countries went to the Spanish crown and continued to evolve separately from Germany.
The introduction of printing by the German inventor
Johannes Gutenberg
contributed to the formation of a new understanding of faith and reason. At this time, the German monk
Martin Luther
pushed for reforms within the Catholic Church. Luther's efforts culminated in the
Protestant Reformation
.
Religious schism was a leading cause of the
Thirty Years' War
, a conflict that tore apart the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbours, leading to the death of millions of Germans. The terms of the
Peace of Westphalia
(1648) ending the war, included a major reduction in the central authority of the Holy Roman Emperor.
Among the most powerful German states to emerge in the aftermath was Protestant
Prussia
, under the rule of the
House of Hohenzollern
.
Charles V and his Habsburg dynasty defended Roman Catholicism.
In the 18th century, German culture was significantly influenced by the
Enlightenment
.
After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of German unity began to emerge in the 18th century.
The Holy Roman Empire continued to decline until being
dissolved
altogether by
Napoleon
in 1806. In central Europe, the Napoleonic wars ushered in great social, political and economic changes, and catalyzed a
national awakening
among the Germans. By the late 18th century, German intellectuals such as
Johann Gottfried Herder
articulated the concept of a German identity rooted in language, and this notion helped spark the
German nationalist
movement, which sought to unify the Germans into a single
nation state
.
Eventually, shared ancestry, culture and language (though not religion) came to define German nationalism.
The
Napoleonic Wars
ended with the
Congress of Vienna
(1815), and left most of the German states loosely united under the
German Confederation
. The confederation came to be dominated by the Catholic
Austrian Empire
, to the dismay of many German nationalists, who saw the German Confederation as an inadequate answer to the
German Question
.
Throughout the 19th century, Prussia continued to grow in power.
In 1848
, German revolutionaries set up the temporary
Frankfurt Parliament
, but failed in their aim of forming a united German homeland. The Prussians proposed an
Erfurt Union
of the German states, but this effort was torpedoed by the Austrians through the
Punctation of Olmutz
(1850), recreating the German Confederation. In response, Prussia sought to use the
Zollverein
customs union to increase its power among the German states.
Under the leadership of
Otto von Bismarck
, Prussia expanded its sphere of influence and together with its German allies defeated
Denmark
in the
Second Schleswig War
and soon after
Austria
in the
Austro-Prussian War
, subsequently establishing the
North German Confederation
. In 1871, the Prussian coalition decisively defeated the
Second French Empire
in the
Franco-Prussian War
, annexing the German speaking region of
Alsace-Lorraine
. After taking Paris, Prussia and their allies
proclaimed
the formation of a united
German Empire
.
In the years following unification, German society was radically changed by numerous processes, including industrialization, rationalization, secularization and the rise of capitalism.
German power increased considerably and numerous overseas colonies were established.
During this time, the German population grew considerably, and many emigrated to other countries (mainly North America), contributing to the growth of the
German diaspora
. Competition for colonies between the Great Powers contributed to the outbreak of
World War I
, in which the German, Austro-Hungarian and
Ottoman Empires
formed the
Central Powers
, an alliance that was ultimately defeated, with none of the empires comprising it surviving the aftermath of the war. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires were both dissolved and partitioned, resulting in millions of Germans becoming ethnic minorities in other countries.
The monarchical rulers of the German states, including the German emperor
Wilhelm II
, were overthrown in the
November Revolution
which led to the establishment of the
Weimar Republic
. The Germans of the
Austrian
side of the
Dual Monarchy
proclaimed the
Republic of German-Austria
, and sought to be incorporated into the German state, but this was forbidden by the
Treaty of Versailles
and
Treaty of Saint-Germain
.
What many Germans saw as the "humiliation of Versailles",
continuing traditions of authoritarian and
antisemitic
ideologies,
and the
Great Depression
all contributed to the rise of Austrian-born
Adolf Hitler
and the Nazis, who after coming to power democratically in the early 1930s, abolished the Weimar Republic and formed the totalitarian
Third Reich
. In his quest to subjugate Europe, six million
Jews
were murdered in the
Holocaust
. WWII resulted in widespread destruction and the deaths of tens of millions of soldiers and civilians, while the German state was partitioned. About 12 million Germans
had to flee or were expelled
from Eastern Europe.
[46]
Significant damage was also done to the German reputation and identity,
which became far less nationalistic than it previously was.
The German states of
West Germany
and
East Germany
became focal points of the
Cold War
, but were
reunified
in 1990. Although there were fears that the reunified Germany might resume nationalist politics, the country is today widely regarded as a "stablizing actor in the heart of Europe" and a "promoter of democratic integration".
Language
German
is the native language of most Germans. It is the key marker of German ethnic identity.
German is a
West Germanic
language closely related to
Frisian
(in particular
North Frisian
and
Saterland Frisian
),
Luxembourgish
,
English
,
Dutch
, and
Low German
.
Modern
Standard German
is based on
High German
and
Central German
, and is the first or second language of most Germans, but notably not the
Volga Germans
.
Low German
, which is often considered to be a distinct language from both German and Dutch, was the historical language of most of northern Germany, and is still spoken by many Germans, often as a second language.
[
citation needed
]
Geographic distribution
It is estimated that there are over 100 million Germans today, most of whom live in Germany, where they constitute the majority of the population.
There are also sizable populations of Germans in Austria, Switzerland, the United States, Brazil, France, Kazakhstan, Russia, Argentina, Canada, Poland, Italy, Hungary, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Paraguay, and Namibia.
[8]
[9]
Culture
The Germans are marked by great regional diversity, which makes identifying a single German culture quite difficult.
The arts and sciences have for centuries been an important part of German identity.
The
Age of Enlightenment
and the
Romantic era
saw a notable flourishing of German culture. Germans of this period who contributed significantly to the arts and sciences include the writers
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
,
Friedrich Schiller
,
Johann Gottfried Herder
,
Friedrich Holderlin
,
E. T. A. Hoffmann
,
Heinrich Heine
,
Novalis
and the
Brothers Grimm
, the philosopher
Immanuel Kant
, the architect
Karl Friedrich Schinkel
, the painter
Caspar David Friedrich
, and the composers
Johann Sebastian Bach
,
Ludwig van Beethoven
,
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
,
Joseph Haydn
,
Johannes Brahms
,
Franz Schubert
,
Richard Strauss
and
Richard Wagner
.
Popular German dishes include
brown bread
and
stew
. Germans consume a high amount of
alcohol
, particularly beer, compared to other European peoples. Obesity is relatively widespread among Germans.
Carnival
(German:
Karneval
,
Fasching
, or
Fastnacht
) is an important part of German culture, particularly in
Southern Germany
and the
Rhineland
. An important German festival is the
Oktoberfest
.
A steadily shrinking majority of Germans are
Christians
. About a third are
Roman Catholics
, while one third adheres to
Protestantism
. Another third does not profess any religion.
Christian holidays such as
Christmas
and
Easter
are celebrated by many Germans.
The number of
Muslims
is growing.
There is also a notable
Jewish
community, which was decimated in the Holocaust.
Remembering
the Holocaust
is an important part of German culture.
Identity
A German ethnic identity began to emerge during the
early medieval period
.
[53]
These peoples came to be referred to by the High German term
diutisc
, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". The German endonym
Deutsche
is derived from this word.
In subsequent centuries, the German lands were relatively decentralized, leading to the maintenance of a number of strong regional identities.
The German nationalist movement emerged among German intellectuals in the late 18th century. They saw the Germans as a people united by language and advocated the unification of all Germans into a single nation state, which was partially achieved in 1871. By the late 19th and early 20th century, German identity came to be defined by a shared descent, culture, and history.
[21]
Volkisch
elements identified Germanness with "a shared Christian heritage" and "biological essence", to the exclusion of the notable Jewish minority.
After the Holocaust and the downfall of Nazism, "any confident sense of Germanness had become suspect, if not impossible".
East Germany and West Germany both sought to build up an identity on historical or ideological lines, distancing themselves both from the Nazi past and each other.
After German reunification in 1990, the political discourse was characterized by the idea of a "shared, ethnoculturally defined Germanness", and the general climate became increasingly xenophobic during the 1990s.
Today, discussion on Germanness may stress various aspects, such as commitment to pluralism and the German constitution (
constitutional patriotism
),
or the notion of a
Kulturnation
(nation sharing a common culture).
The German language remains the primary criterion of modern German identity.
[21]
See also
Notes
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there on 31 December 2020 according to official census data
[1]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
People living in New Zealand having German ancestry
[10]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
About 15,000 citizens of Germany plus 75,000 people of German descent
[13]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there
[2]
- ^
Citizens of Germany living there, according to Eurostat in 2020
References
- ^
"Bevolkerung nach Nationalitat und Geschlecht 2020"
(in German). Archived from
the original
on 12 July 2021
. Retrieved
13 January
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination"
.
Migration Policy Institute
. 10 February 2014.
Archived
from the original on 19 March 2022
. Retrieved
11 November
2021
.
- ^
"Table B04006 ? People Reporting Ancestry ? 2020 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"
.
United States Census Bureau
.
Archived
from the original on 13 July 2022
. Retrieved
29 October
2022
.
- ^
"German Immigration to Brazil"
.
Deutsche Welle
.
Archived
from the original on 31 January 2023
. Retrieved
6 February
2023
.
- ^
Moya, Jose (28 September 2020).
"Immigration and the Historical Formation of Brazil"
.
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
.
doi
:
10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.894
.
ISBN
978-0-19-936643-9
.
Archived
from the original on 11 March 2023
. Retrieved
6 February
2023
.
- ^
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (17 June 2019).
"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census ? 25% Sample Data"
.
www12.statcan.gc.ca
.
Archived
from the original on 26 October 2017
. Retrieved
28 September
2022
.
- ^
"Ancestry | Australia | Community profile"
.
Archived
from the original on 21 June 2021
. Retrieved
31 October
2021
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Haarmann 2015
, p. 313. "Of the 100 million German speakers worldwide, about three quarters (76 million) live in Germany, where they account for 92 percent of the population. Populations of Germans live elsewhere in Central and Western Europe, with the largest communities in Austria (7.6 million), Switzerland (4.2 million), France (1.2 million), Kazakhstan (900,000), Russia (840,000), Poland (700,000), Italy (280,000), and Hungary (250,000). Some 1.6 million U.S. citizens speak German as their first language, the largest number of German speakers overseas."
- ^
a
b
c
Moser 2011
, pp. 171?172. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... The largest populations outside of these countries are found in the United States (5 million), Brazil (3 million), the former Soviet Union (2 million), Argentina (500,000), Canada (450,000), Spain (170,000), Australia (110,000), the United Kingdom (100,000), and South Africa (75,000). "
- ^
Bade, James N. (2015).
"Germans"
.
Te Ara ? the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
.
Archived
from the original on 14 April 2021
. Retrieved
14 April
2021
.
In the early 2000s, about 200,000 New Zealanders were likely to have German heritage.
- ^
Przynale?no?? narodowo-etniczna ludno?ci ? wyniki spisu ludno?ci i mieszka? 2011
Archived
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Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such person.
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Moser 2011
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Bibliography
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Further reading
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Germans
.
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Germans
.
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