Concerns and policies regarding the biophysical environment
Environmental issues
are disruptions in the usual function of
ecosystems
.
[1]
Further, these issues can be caused by humans (
human impact on the environment
)
[2]
or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse.
Environmental protection
is the practice of protecting the
natural environment
on the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans.
Environmentalism
is a
social
and
environmental movement
that addresses environmental issues through advocacy, legislation education, and activism.
[3]
Environment destruction caused by humans is a global, ongoing problem.
[4]
Water pollution also cause problems to marine life.
[5]
Most scholars think that the project peak global world population of between 9-10 billion people, could live sustainably within the earth's ecosystems if human society worked to live
sustainably
within
planetary boundaries
.
[6]
[7]
[8]
The bulk of environmental impacts are caused by
excessive consumption of industrial goods
by the world's wealthiest populations.
[9]
[10]
[11]
The UN Environmental Program, in its "Making Peace With Nature" Report in 2021, found addressing key planetary crises, like pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss, was achievable if parties work to address the
Sustainable Development Goals
.
[12]
Types
[
edit
]
Major current environmental issues may include
climate change
,
pollution
,
environmental degradation
, and
resource depletion
. The
conservation movement
lobbies for protection of
endangered species
and protection of any
ecologically
valuable
natural areas,
genetically modified foods
and
global warming
. The UN system has adopted international frameworks for environmental issues in three key issues, which has been encoded as the "
triple planetary crises
": climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss.
[13]
Human impact
[
edit
]
Human impact on the environment (or anthropogenic environmental impact) refers to changes to
biophysical environments
[14]
and to
ecosystems
,
biodiversity
, and
natural resources
[15]
caused directly or indirectly by
humans
. Modifying the environment to fit the needs of society (as in the
built environment
) is causing severe effects
[16]
[17]
including
global warming
,
[14]
[18]
[19]
environmental degradation
[14]
(such as
ocean acidification
[14]
[20]
),
mass extinction
and
biodiversity loss
,
[21]
[22]
[23]
ecological crisis
, and
ecological collapse
. Some human activities that cause damage (either directly or indirectly) to the environment on a global scale include
population growth
,
[24]
[25]
[26]
neoliberal
economic policies
[27]
[28]
[29]
and rapid
economic growth
,
[30]
overconsumption
,
overexploitation
,
pollution
, and
deforestation
. Some of the problems, including global warming and biodiversity loss, have been proposed as representing
catastrophic risks
to the survival of the human species.
[31]
[32]
The term
anthropogenic
designates an effect or object resulting from
human activity
. The term was first used in the technical sense by Russian geologist
Alexey Pavlov
, and it was first used in English by British ecologist
Arthur Tansley
in reference to human influences on
climax plant communities
.
[33]
The atmospheric scientist
Paul Crutzen
introduced the term "
Anthropocene
" in the mid-1970s.
[34]
The term is sometimes used in the context of pollution produced from human activity since the start of the
Agricultural Revolution
but also applies broadly to all major human impacts on the environment.
[35]
[36]
[37]
Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.
[38]
Degradation
[
edit
]
Conflict
[
edit
]
Environmental conflicts, socio-environmental conflict
or ecological distribution conflicts (EDCs) are
social conflicts
caused by
environmental degradation
or by
unequal distribution of environmental resources
.
[43]
[44]
[45]
The
Environmental Justice Atlas
documented 3,100 environmental conflicts worldwide as of April 2020 and emphasised that many more conflicts remained undocumented.
[43]
Parties involved in these conflicts include locally affected communities, states, companies and investors, and social or environmental movements;
[46]
[47]
typically
environmental defenders
are protecting their homelands from
resource extraction
or
hazardous waste
disposal.
[43]
Resource extraction and hazardous waste activities often create resource scarcities (such as by
overfishing
or
deforestation
), pollute the environment, and degrade the living space for humans and nature, resulting in conflict.
[48]
A particular case of environmental conflicts are forestry conflicts, or forest conflicts which "are broadly viewed as struggles of varying intensity between interest groups, over values and issues related to forest policy and the use of forest resources".
[49]
In the last decades, a growing number of these have been identified globally.
[50]
Frequently environmental conflicts focus on
environmental justice
issues, the
rights of indigenous people
, the
rights of peasants
, or threats to communities whose livelihoods are dependent on the ocean.
[43]
Outcomes of local conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks that comprise the global environmental justice movement.
[43]
[51]
Environmental conflict can complicate response to
natural disaster
or exacerbate existing conflicts – especially in the context of
geopolitical
disputes or where communities have been displaced to create
environmental migrants
.
[52]
[45]
[48]
The study of these conflicts is related to the fields of
ecological economics
,
political ecology
, and environmental justice.
Costs
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
October 2016
)
|
Action
[
edit
]
Justice
[
edit
]
Environmental justice
or eco-justice, is a
social movement
to address environmental injustice, which occurs when poor or marginalized communities are harmed by
hazardous waste
,
resource extraction
, and other
land uses
from which they do not benefit.
[53]
[54]
The movement has generated hundreds of studies showing that exposure to
environmental harm
is inequitably distributed.
[55]
The movement
began in the United States
in the 1980s. It was heavily influenced by the
American civil rights movement
and focused on
environmental racism
within rich countries. The movement was later expanded to consider gender, international environmental injustice, and inequalities within marginalised groups. As the movement achieved some success in rich countries, environmental burdens were shifted to the
Global South
(as for example through
extractivism
or the
global waste trade
). The movement for environmental justice has thus become more global, with some of its aims now being articulated by the
United Nations
. The movement overlaps with movements for
Indigenous land rights
and for the
human right to a healthy environment
.
[56]
The goal of the environmental justice movement is to achieve
agency
for marginalised communities in making environmental decisions that affect their lives. The global environmental justice movement arises from local
environmental conflicts
in which
environmental defenders
frequently confront multi-national corporations in resource extraction or other industries. Local outcomes of these conflicts are increasingly influenced by trans-national environmental justice networks.
[57]
[58]
Environmental justice scholars have produced a large interdisciplinary body of
social science
literature that includes contributions to
political ecology
,
environmental law
, and theories on
justice
and
sustainability
.
[54]
[59]
[60]
The 2023
IPCC
report highlighted the disproportionate effects of climate change on vulnerable populations. The report's findings make it clear that every increment of global warming exacerbates challenges such as extreme heatwaves, heavy rainfall, and other weather extremes, which in turn amplify risks for human health and ecosystems. With nearly half of the world's population residing in regions highly susceptible to climate change, the urgency for global actions that are both rapid and sustained is underscored. The importance of integrating diverse knowledge systems, including scientific, Indigenous, and local knowledge, into climate action is highlighted as a means to foster inclusive solutions that address the complexities of climate impacts across different communities.
[61]
In addition, the report points out the critical gap in adaptation finance, noting that developing countries require significantly more resources to effectively adapt to climate challenges than what is currently available. This financial disparity raises questions about the global commitment to equitable climate action and underscores the need for a substantial increase in support and resources. The IPCC's analysis suggests that with adequate financial investment and international cooperation, it is possible to embark on a pathway towards resilience and sustainability that benefits all sections of society.
[61]
Environmental laws
are laws that protect the environment.
[62]
Environmental law is the collection of laws,
regulations
, agreements and common law that governs how humans interact with their environment.
[63]
This includes environmental regulations; laws governing management of
natural resources
, such as
forests
,
minerals
, or fisheries; and related topics such as
environmental impact assessments
. Environmental law is seen as the body of laws concerned with the protection of living things (human beings inclusive) from the harm that human activity may immediately or eventually cause to them or their species, either directly or to the media and the habits on which they depend.
[64]
Assessment
[
edit
]
Environmental Impact assessment
(EIA) is the assessment of the
environmental consequences
of a plan, policy, program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. In this context, the term "environmental impact assessment" is usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the term "
strategic environmental assessment
" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and programmes most often proposed by organs of state.
[65]
[66]
It is a tool of
environmental management
forming a part of project approval and decision-making.
[67]
Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of
administrative procedure
regarding public participation and documentation of decision making, and may be subject to judicial review.
The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision-makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether or not to proceed with a project. The
International Association for Impact Assessment
(IAIA) defines an environmental impact assessment as "the process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the
biophysical
, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made".
[68]
EIAs are unique in that they do not require adherence to a predetermined environmental outcome, but rather they require decision-makers to
account for environmental values
in their decisions and to justify those decisions in light of detailed
environmental studies
and public comments on the potential environmental impacts.
[69]
Movement
[
edit
]
The
environmental movement
(sometimes referred to as the ecology movement) is a social movement that aims to protect the natural world from harmful environmental practices in order to create
sustainable living
.
[70]
Environmentalists
advocate the
just
and
sustainable
management of resources and
stewardship
of the
environment
through changes in public policy and
individual behavior.
[71]
In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not an enemy of)
ecosystems
, the movement is centered on
ecology
,
health
, as well as
human rights
.
The environmental movement is an international movement, represented by a range of environmental organizations, from enterprises to
grassroots
and varies from country to country. Due to its large membership, varying and strong beliefs, and occasionally speculative nature, the environmental movement is not always united in its goals. At its broadest, the movement includes private citizens, professionals,
religious devotees
, politicians, scientists,
nonprofit organizations
, and individual advocates like former Wisconsin Senator
Gaylord Nelson
and Rachel Carson in the 20th century.
Organizations
[
edit
]
Environmental issues are addressed at a regional, national or international level by government organizations.
The largest international agency, set up in 1972, is the
United Nations Environment Programme
. The
International Union for Conservation of Nature
brings
together
83 states, 108 government agencies, 766 Non-governmental organizations and 81 international organizations and about 10,000 experts, scientists from countries around the world.
[72]
International
non-governmental organizations
include
Greenpeace
,
Friends of the Earth
and
World Wide Fund for Nature
. Governments enact
environmental policy
and
enforce
environmental law
and this is done to differing degrees around the world.
Film and television
[
edit
]
There are an increasing number of films being produced on environmental issues, especially on
climate change
and
global warming
. Al Gore's 2006 film
An Inconvenient Truth
gained commercial success and a high media profile.
See also
[
edit
]
Issues
Specific issues
References
[
edit
]
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Ferguson, Robert (1999).
Environmental Public Awareness Handbook: Case Studies and Lessons Learned in Mongolia
. Ulaanbaatar: DSConsulting.
ISBN
99929-50-13-7
.
External links
[
edit
]