Overview of India's engineering education system
India
has the largest numbers of engineers as well as the largest number of engineering education institutes and infrastructure in the world.
[
citation needed
]
As of 2021
[update]
, India annually produces 1.5 million
engineering graduates
.
[1]
India's technical education infrastructure includes 2500
engineering colleges
, 1400 polytechnics and 200 schools of planning and architecture.
[1]
IIT Delhi - prominent Engineering institute in India
Of the hundred thousands engineering graduates produced every year, less than 5% of the engineers are produced by the pan-India national level autonomous institutes created by the acts of parliament, such as the
Indian Institutes of Technology
(IITs),
National Institutes of Technology
(NITs) and
Indian Institutes of Information Technology
(IIITs)
[
citation needed
]
,a little over 5% are produced by state level autonomous institutes and unitary universities approved by UGC. The remaining over 90% of the engineering graduates are produced by the private and non-autonomous state level engineering education institutes which must obtain the approval from the regulatory authority
All India Council for Technical Education
(AICTE) to run such courses before they start admitting students.
[1]
Most common engineering branches in
Undergraduate
are
Computer science and engineering
,
Electronics and Communication engineering
,
Electrical and electronic engineering
,
Mechanical engineering
,
Civil engineering
and
Chemical engineering
.
[2]
[3]
History
[
edit
]
There is long
history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent
. The western style engineering education commenced during the
British raj
as a necessity for the training of overseers for construction and maintenance of public buildings, roads, canals, and ports, and for the training of artisans and craftsmen for the use of instruments, and apparatus needed for the army, the navy, and the survey department. While superintending engineers were mostly recruited from Britain, lower grade craftsmen, artisans and sub-overseers were recruited locally. The necessity to make them more efficient, led to the establishment of industrial schools attached to the
Ordnance Factories Board
and other engineering establishments.
[4]
In 1847, India's the first engineering college
Thomason College of Civil Engineering
(now called
IIT Roorkee
) was established at
Roorkee
in present-day
Uttarakhand
state for the training of Civil Engineers. It was followed by
College of Engineering, Pune
's precursor, The Poona Engineering Class and Mechanical School in July 1854.
[5]
Legal and regulatory framework
[
edit
]
Universities and institutes deemed to be universities are approved by the
University Grants Commission
. In 2021, there are nearly 900 government and private universities and 45,000 colleges affiliated to these universities.
[1]
All institutes, universities engineering colleges as well as government or privately funded engineering colleges affiliated to the universities, must obtain an approval from the AICTE which licenses and regulates the institutes, not the individuals or practitioners, which offer the engineering and/or technical education. IITs, IIITs and NITs, etc. do not require approval from UGC or AICTE as these are created as the autonomous organisations through the act of parliament, hence they have full autonomy to decide their teaching standards, course design, curriculum, fee, etc.
[1]
Engineering colleges run by the Central Universities, which were not created as the autonomous institutes along the lines of IITs, IIITs or NITs, must also seek AICTE approval.
Pan-India or national level institutes
[
edit
]
These are either founded and funded or approved by the union
Government of India
such as the
IITs
,
NITs
,
IIITs
and
GFTIs
. Admission to those are done by
Joint Entrance Examination
for Undergraduate and
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
for Post graduate.
[6]
Indian Institutes of Technology
[
edit
]
The
Indian Institutes of Technology
(IITs) has 23 centers located in
Bhubaneswar
,
Mumbai
,
Delhi
,
Gandhinagar
,
Guwahati
,
Hyderabad
,
Indore
,
Jodhpur
,
Kanpur
,
Kharagpur
,
Chennai
,
Mandi
,
Patna
,
Roorkee
,
Ropar
,
Dhanbad
,
Palakkad
,
Tirupati
,
Bhilai
,
Goa
,
Jammu
,
Dharwad
and
Varanasi
. All IITs enjoy the status of the Institutes of National Importance and are autonomous universities that draft their own curricula. Admission to undergraduate
B.Tech
and integrated M.Tech. programs are through the
Joint Entrance Examination - Advanced
(JEE Advanced) in which around 150,000 students appear annually out of which only around 16,000
[7]
get selected. These 150,000 students are initially sorted out by the
Joint Entrance Examination - Main
(JEE Main) which is conducted by the
National Testing Agency
(NTA). Around 1.2 million students appear for this exam. Admission to most postgraduate courses in IITs is granted through various written entrance examinations:
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
(GATE),
Joint Admission Test
(JAM) and
Common Entrance Examination for Design
(CEED) for M.Tech., M.Sc. and M.Des. courses. The admission for Ph.D. program is based primarily on a personal interview, though candidates may also have to appear for written tests. The IITs are also well known for their special reservation policy, which is significantly different from the one applied in other educational institutions of India.
[8]
National Institutes of Technology
[
edit
]
The
National Institutes of Technology
(NITs) are colleges of engineering and technology education in India. All NITs enjoy the status of the Institutes of National Importance and are autonomous universities that draft their own curricula. They were originally called Regional Engineering Colleges (RECs). In 2002, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, decided to upgrade, in phases, all the original 17 RECs as NITs. There are currently 31 NITs, with the inception of 10 new NITs in the year 2010 and another in 2015. The 31 NITs are located in
Allahabad
,
Agartala
,
Bhopal
,
Durgapur
,
Hamirpur
,
Kozhikode
,
Kurukshetra
,
Jalandhar
,
Jamshedpur
,
Jaipur
,
Nagpur
,
Patna
,
Raipur
,
Rourkela
,
Silchar
,
Srinagar
,
Surathkal
,
Surat
,
Tiruchirappalli
,
Warangal
,
Yupia
,
New Delhi
,
Farmagudi
,
Imphal
,
Shillong
,
Aizawl
,
Chumoukedima
,
Karaikal
,
Ravangla
,
Uttarakhand
and
Tadepalligudem
. The Government of India has introduced the
NITSER Act
to bring 31 such institutions within the ambit of the act and to provide them with complete autonomy in their functioning. The NITs are deliberately scattered throughout the country in line with the government norm of an NIT in every major state of India to promote regional development. The individual NITs, after the introduction of the
NITSER Act
, have been functioning as autonomous technical universities and hence can draft their own curriculum and functioning policies.
[9]
The admission to undergraduate programs of all the NITs was done by the
All India Engineering Entrance Examination
[10]
popularly known as AIEEE. From the year 2013, AIEEE was replaced by the
Joint Entrance Examination - Main
(JEE Main) in which 40% weightage was given to the Higher Secondary results and 60% weightage was given to the JEE(Main) results. However, the weightage of Higher Secondary result was made to be 0% from the year 2017 onwards and it was only given as an eligibility criteria (of either attaining 75% in HS results or being in the top 20% of the respective board). The examination is objective by nature and is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA)
[11]
from the year 2019. The exam was previously conducted by the
Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE). More than twelve lakh (1,200,000 or 1.2 million) applicants took part in 2013 for approximately 15500 seats in the B. Tech and B. Arch programmes available in all the NITs put together.
[12]
Indian Institutes of Information Technology
[
edit
]
Indian Institutes of Information Technology
(
IIIT
s) are a group of 26
Interdisciplinary Technical Universities
of
higher education
in
India
, focused on
Computer science and engineering
and
Information Technology
. Five of them are established, funded and managed by the
Ministry of Human Resource Development
. The rest 21 are set up on the
public-private partnership
(PPP) model.
[13]
[14]
Admissions into
undergraduate
programmes in IIITs for 6,000 seats are through the
Joint Seat Allocation Authority
and
JEE-Main
.
[15]
For
postgraduate
programs admission is through
Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering
(GATE). They follow similar academic policies as that of NITs.
[16]
Other Central technical Institutions
[
edit
]
There are more than 30
Government Funded Technical Institutes
in addition to IITs, NITs and IIITs. They also follow similar academic and admission policies of IITs, NITs and IIITs.
[17]
Private deemed universities
[
edit
]
Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani
,
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
,
Vellore Institute of Technology
, and
International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
are some of the top private
deemed universities
in the country.
[18]
[19]
[20]
The curriculum here is more updated and flexible than public Universities.
[21]
[22]
Admission to Bachelor programs in Engineering in these Institutes is based on
Joint Entrance Examination ? Main
as well as independently conducted entrances. Separate exams such as BITSAT for
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani
and VITEEE for
Vellore Institute of Technology
are also required to be given for admission to these institutes.
The Institution of Engineers (India)
[
edit
]
The
IEI
was established in 1920 in Kolkata, West Bengal and pioneered education in engineering. IEI conducts an examination for its Associate Membership (AMIE). This examination is considered equivalent to B.E. / B. Tech for competitive examinations like the Indian Civil Service, Indian Engineering Services, GATE, etc., and for employment in Government, public and private sectors in India.
There are 2 sections, namely Section A and Section B. Passing both sections means the candidate will be considered a chartered engineer (CEng).
As per AICTE, AMIE is recognized as equivalent to bachelor's degree in appropriate branch of engineering, to those who had enrolled themselves with the institution on or before 31 May 2013. Refer notification from AICTE website.
[23]
State-level institutes by the state
[
edit
]
As of 2021, India has 28 states each with own government elected separately from the national government (also called union or federal government), and
8 union territories
which are administered by the union government. Each state can find and fund own state level technical education institutes and it can also approve such institutes in the private sector, both of these legally remained confined to the specific state within and by which they were created. All these institutes must also obtain AICTE approval for conformation to the engineering and technology education teaching infrastructure and minimum standards.
Issues
[
edit
]
Illegal capitation fee
[
edit
]
Some of the engineering colleges have been known for involving themselves in the illegal practice of capitation fee. All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), the regulatory body for technical education in India, has called "upon the students, parents and the general public not to pay any
capitation fee
or any other fee other than that mentioned in the Prospectus of the Institutions for consideration of admission.".
[24]
AICTE also mentions that the fee charged from students, has to be approved by the fee regulatory committee of the state, and the institute should mention the fee in its website.
[25]
As per AICTE norms, the educational institutions are not meant to charge a fee higher than what is mentioned in the prospectus. Educational regulatory agencies such as UGC
[26]
and regional level fee regulating bodies
[27]
has mandated that an institution should include the fee in the prospectus.
Low quality engineering academics
[
edit
]
Lack of academic quality, lack of quality professors, poor infrastructure in some typical private engineering institute in India.
[28]
CICU president Upkar Singh Ahuja stated that "Poor quality of engineering academics hampering industrial growth".
[29]
World bank also raised red flag on poor quality academics in India and south Asian countries.
[29]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
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.
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.
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.
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- ^
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.
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.
- ^
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.
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. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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[
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]
- ^
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(PDF)
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
- ^
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(PDF)
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
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.
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.
- ^
a
b
"
'Poor education quality in engineering stopping growth'
"
.
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. Retrieved
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.