Legislation proposed in the United States Congress
"ENDA" redirects here. For other uses, see
Enda
.
The
Employment Non-Discrimination Act
(
ENDA
) is legislation proposed in the
United States Congress
that would prohibit
discrimination
in hiring and employment on the basis of
sexual orientation
or, depending on the version of the bill,
gender identity
, by employers with at least 15 employees.
ENDA has been introduced in every Congress since 1994 except the
109th
. Similar legislation has been introduced without passage since 1974.
[1]
The bill gained its best chance at passing after the
Democratic Party
gained the majority after
twelve years
of
Republican
majorities in the
2006 midterm elections.
In 2007,
gender identity
protections were added to the legislation for the first time. Some sponsors believed that even with a Democratic majority, ENDA did not have enough votes to pass the
House of Representatives
with
transgender
inclusion and dropped it from the bill, which passed the House and then died in the Senate. President
George W. Bush
threatened to veto the measure. LGBT advocacy organizations and the LGBT community were divided over support of the modified bill.
In 2009, following Democratic gains in the
2008 elections
, and after the divisiveness of the 2007 debate, Rep.
Barney Frank
introduced a transgender-inclusive version of ENDA. He introduced it again in 2011, and Senator
Jeff Merkley
introduced it in the Senate. On November 7, 2013, Merkley's bill passed the Senate with bipartisan support by a vote of 64?32. President
Barack Obama
supported the bill's passage, but the House Rules Committee voted against it.
From 2015 on, LGBT rights advocates moved to support the
Equality Act
, a bill with far more comprehensive protections than ENDA.
[2]
[3]
The
Equality Act
would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity not only in employment, but also housing, public accommodations, public education, federal funding, credit, and jury service.
[4]
On June 15, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled in
Bostock v. Clayton County
that Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
protects employees from discrimination based on their sexual orientation and gender identity.
[5]
The ruling was only on employment, like ENDA. LGBT rights advocates welcomed the ruling and called on Congress to pass the
Equality Act
, noting that as of 2020, 29 states do not have the full protections the Equality Act would provide for the LGBT community.
[6]
[7]
[8]
Evidence of employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity
[
edit
]
In states that have anti-discrimination policies in place, LGBT complaints are equivalent to the number of complaints filed based on sex and fewer than the number of complaints filed based on race.
[9]
[10]
[11]
EEOC statistics
[1]
from 2018, show that 1,811 LGBT complaints were filed.
[2]
The
Williams Institute
estimates the number of LGBT employees as follows: 7 million private sector employees, 1 million state and local employees, and 200,000 employees of the federal government. Thirty percent of state and local LGBT employees live in California and New York. In comparison, less than half of one half of one percent of LGBT state and local employees live in Montana, North Dakota and Wyoming combined.
[12]
As one might expect, many of the documented complaints of discrimination by state and local governments against LGBT employees are in California and New York. Surveys that seek to document discrimination on the basis of perceived sexual orientation and/or gender identity are often conducted with a pool of self identified LGBT people, making it difficult to ascertain the impact of this type of discrimination on non-LGBT individuals.
One source of evidence for
hiring discrimination
against openly gay men comes from a field experiment that sent two fictitious but realistic resumes to roughly 1,700 entry-level job openings. The two resumes were very similar in terms of the applicant's qualifications, but one resume for each opening mentioned that the applicant had been part of a gay organization in college. The results showed that applicants without the gay signal had an 11.5 percent chance of being called for an interview; openly gay applicants had only a 7.2 percent chance. The callback gap varied widely according to the location of the job. Most of the overall gap detected in the study was driven by the Southern and Midwestern states in the sample ? Texas, Florida, and Ohio. The Western and Northeastern states in the sample (California, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and New York) had only small and statistically insignificant callback gaps.
[13]
Transgender people may experience higher rates of discrimination than the LGB population. A survey of transgender and gender non-conforming people conducted by the
National Center for Transgender Equality
found 90 percent of respondents experienced harassment, mistreatment, or discrimination on the job or took actions like hiding who they are to avoid it.
[14]
In comparison, a review of studies conducted by the Williams Institute in 2007 found that transgender people experienced employment discrimination at a rate of between 15 and 57 percent of the population.
[15]
In a survey conducted by Harris Interactive, 38 percent of LGBT people report incomes less than $35,000, compared to 33 percent of all U.S. adults over age 18.
[16]
Provisions
[
edit
]
The current version of the bill under consideration in Congress prohibits private employers with more than 15 employees from discriminating on the basis of some sexual orientations or gender identity. Sexual orientation is limited to "homosexuality, heterosexuality, or bisexuality," thereby legalizing discrimination against asexual individuals. Religious organizations are provided an exception, broader than that found in the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
.
[17]
Non-profit membership-only clubs, except labor unions, are similarly exempt.
All versions of the bill, irrespective of the military's changing policies with respect to service by open gays and lesbians, have provided an exclusion for the military as an employer of members of the armed forces, though not as an employer of civilians.
[18]
Since the 111th Congress, the legislation has included language to prevent any reading of the law as a modification of the federal definition of marriage established in the Defense of Marriage Act (1995).
[19]
Since the 110th Congress, a related provision aimed at non-marital legal relations like civil unions and domestic partnerships prevents requiring an employer to treat unmarried and married couples similarly.
[20]
Legislative activity
[
edit
]
On May 14, 1974, Reps.
Bella Abzug
(D-NY) and
Ed Koch
(D-NY) introduced
H.R. 14752
, an "Equality Act" which would have added "sex, marital status or sexual orientation" to the protected classes specified in the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
, thus prohibiting discrimination in employment and access to public accommodations and facilities.
[22]
The bill died in June 1974 but
a similarly named bill
would later be introduced in the
115th United States Congress
on May 2, 2017.
[23]
In the early 1990s, supporters of the legislation decided to focus on employment. Rep.
Gerry Studds
introduced the Employment Non-Discrimination Act on June 23, 1994.
[24]
The legislation failed in 1994 and 1995.
[25]
In 1996, the bill failed on a 49?50 vote in the Senate and was not voted on in the House.
[26]
[27]
Massachusetts Senator
Edward Kennedy
"believed that other senators looking for 'cover' on their vote in favor of
DOMA
might be more inclined to support ENDA."
[28]
Early versions of ENDA did not include provisions to protect
transgender
people from discrimination
[29]
and ENDA was not introduced in the 109th Congress.
110th Congress
[
edit
]
In the
110th United States Congress
there were two versions of the bill, both of which provided employment protections similar to Title VII of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
.
[31]
Reps.
Barney Frank
,
Chris Shays
,
Tammy Baldwin
, and
Deborah Pryce
introduced
H.R. 2015
on April 24, 2007. It included
gender identity
within its protections. It defined gender identity as "gender-related identity, appearance, or mannerisms or other gender-related characteristics of an individual, with or without regard to the individual's designated sex at birth." It allowed employers to require adherence "to the same dress or grooming standards for the gender to which the employee has transitioned or is transitioning."
[32]
When that bill died in committee, Frank introduced
H.R. 3685
on September 27, 2007, which did not include gender identity and contained exemptions concerning employer dress codes. It was endorsed by the Education and Labor Committee on October 18 and the House of Representatives passed it on November 7, 2007, by a vote of 235 to 184, with 14 members not voting.
[33]
Frank introduced a separate piece of legislation to prohibit discrimination in employment on the basis of gender identity.
[34]
Some LGBT activist organizations refused to support H.R. 3685 because of its failure to cover gender identity.
[35]
[36]
An exception was the
Human Rights Campaign
, which received wide criticism from the LGBT community for supporting a non-inclusive ENDA.
[37]
The LGBT activist organizations that refused to support H.R. 3685 argued that not including transgender people undermined the underlying principle of ENDA.
[38]
They claimed that failure to include gender identity/expression weakened the protection for the portion of the LGBT population that most needed its protections: gender non-conforming people, who they claimed are discriminated against in greater numbers than their gender-conforming compatriots.
[35]
[39]
Moreover, groups such as the
National LGBTQ Task Force
, among others,
[40]
later withdrew support in 2014 due to the ENDA's broad religious exemptions.
[41]
Others argued that this was ENDA's best chance of passing Congress in thirty years, that civil rights victories have historically been incremental, that concerns about the legislation's protections were unfounded, and that forgoing a chance to provide immediate workplace protections to millions of lesbians, gays and bisexuals was politically and morally wrong.
[42]
111th Congress
[
edit
]
On June 24, 2009, Frank introduced
H.R. 3017
to ban workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity,
[43]
with 114 original cosponsors, up from 62 cosponsors for the trans-inclusive bill of 2007."
[43]
The lead Republican cosponsor was Rep.
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
(R-FL).
[44]
Republican Main Street Partnership
members
Mark Kirk
(R-IL),
Mike Castle
(R-DE),
Todd Russell Platts
(R-PA),
Judy Biggert
(R-IL), and
Leonard Lance
(R-NJ) were among the original cosponsors.
[45]
The bill was referred to the
House Education and Labor Committee
, which held a hearing on the legislation on September 23, 2009.
[46]
At the end of the 111th Congress, H.R. 3017 had 203 cosponsors in the House.
[47]
On August 5, 2009, Sen.
Jeff Merkley
introduced ENDA legislation (
S. 1584
) that included gender identity,
[48]
with 38 original cosponsors including Sens.
Ted Kennedy
(D-MA),
Susan Collins
(R-ME),
Olympia Snowe
(R-ME) and
Chris Dodd
(D-CT).
[49]
Sen. Merkley said "It's certainly possible that this could be passed by year's end, though the [congressional] schedule is very crowded."
[50]
The U.S. Senate
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee
held a hearing on the legislation on November 5, 2009.
[51]
Before the hearing, Sen. Merkley spoke at a press conference alongside two transgender women, Diane Schroer and Earline Budd. However, no transgender witnesses testified at the Senate hearing.
[52]
As of March 13, 2010, S. 1584 had 45 co-sponsors and was pending before the HELP committee.
[48]
112th Congress
[
edit
]
On April 6, 2011, Frank introduced an ENDA bill (
H.R. 1397
) in the House to ban workplace discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.
[53]
On April 14, 2011, Sen.
Jeff Merkley
introduced an ENDA bill (
S. 811
) in the Senate.
[54]
The bill had 39 original cosponsors. On June 19, 2012, the
Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions
held a hearing on the bill, the first such hearing to include testimony by a transgender witness.
[55]
113th Congress
[
edit
]
Wikisource
has original text related to this article:
On April 25, 2013, Representative
Jared Polis
(D-CO) introduced an ENDA bill in the House (
H.R. 1755
) and Senator
Jeff Merkley
(D-OR) introduced an ENDA bill in the Senate (
S. 815
).
[57]
On July 10, 2013, the
Senate Health, Education, Labor & Pensions Committee
approved ENDA by a 15?7 vote. Senator
Lamar Alexander
(R-TN) announced he would offer three amendments when the Senate takes up the measure.
[58]
A
cloture
vote succeeded in the Senate on November 4, 2013, with 61 voting in favor and 30 against, allowing the Senate to schedule a vote.
[59]
[60]
Republican Senators
Kelly Ayotte
(NH),
Susan Collins
(ME),
Orrin Hatch
(UT),
Dean Heller
(NV),
Mark Kirk
(IL),
Rob Portman
(OH), and
Pat Toomey
(PA) voted for cloture,
[61]
joining 52 of 53 Democratic senators and both independent senators.
[62]
Senators
Claire McCaskill
(D-MO) and
Lisa Murkowski
(R-AK) supported the legislation, but were unable to attend the cloture vote.
[63]
[64]
After rejecting by a vote of 43?55 an amendment by Senator Toomey to expand the religious exemptions
[65]
and accepting by unanimous
voice vote
an amendment by Senator Portman to prevent government retaliation against religious institutions,
[66]
the Senate approved ENDA on November 7, 2013, on a 64?32 vote.
[56]
[67]
Arizona Republicans
Jeff Flake
and
John McCain
unexpectedly
[65]
joined Sen. Murkowski and the seven Republicans who had supported three days earlier. Both independents and 52 of 53 Democrats again supported the measure, with McCaskill present but Pennsylvania Senator
Bob Casey
, who supported the bill's passage,
[68]
absent.
In the House, on September 17, 2014, Representative Polis filed a
discharge petition
, that, if signed by a majority of the House membership, would force a vote on the version of ENDA with a narrow religious exemption.
[69]
By September 22, it had been endorsed by 190 of the 218 that constitute a majority.
[70]
On December 3, 2014, 6 of the 8 Republican co-sponsors asked House Speaker
John Boehner
to allow a vote on the legislation "as part of any available legislative vehicle including the
National Defense Authorization Act
" before the end of the 113th Congress.
[71]
Later that day, the
House Rules Committee
voted 7 to 3 against adding ENDA as an amendment to the 2015 defense authorization bill.
[72]
114th Congress onwards
[
edit
]
From the
114th Congress
onwards, efforts to pass non-discrimination legislation has focused on the broader
Equality Act
which focuses on additional protections including in housing and the jury system as well as employment.
Arguments
[
edit
]
In favor of ENDA
[
edit
]
Political proponents of the law intend it to address cases where
gay
,
lesbian
,
bisexual
, and
transgender
employees have been discriminated against by their employers because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. Currently, these employees are unable to find protection in the courts because sexual orientation is not considered to be a
suspect class
by the
federal courts
and by many U.S. states. Proponents argue that such a law is appropriate in light of the
United States Constitution
's guarantees of
equal protection
and
due process
to all. Advocates argue that homosexuality is not a "choice" but a personal identity, a claim supported by the
American Psychological Association
(APA), and that all working people have a right to be judged by the quality of their work performance and not by completely unrelated factors.
[73]
According to a study published in 2001 by the Williams Institute at the UCLA School of Law, reports of discrimination based on sexual orientation are roughly equal to those on race or gender.
[74]
The APA also states that there is significant discrimination against homosexual people in the workforce.
[73]
The Congressional Budget Office in 2002 estimated that the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
's complaint caseload would rise by 5 to 7% as a result of the proposed law.
[75]
Assessments of the impact of comparable state policies also show a minimal impact on caseload.
[76]
Regarding constitutionality, the act incorporates language similar to that of
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
,
[31]
which has consistently been upheld by the courts.
In 1994,
Barry Goldwater
, a hero among the
conservative
and
libertarian
movements, became honorary chairman of a drive to pass a federal law preventing job discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
[77]
In opposition to ENDA
[
edit
]
Ed Vitagliano, director of research for the
American Family Association
(AFA), expressed concern about the impact of anti-discrimination laws on religious organizations. He cited a lack of clarity around whether the narrow exemption would apply to support staff and lay employees in addition to churches and clergy.
[78]
The
Traditional Values Coalition
(TVC) has claimed that the legislation would have a negative impact on school children by eliminating schools' ability to avoid hiring transgender teachers. It said that "If ENDA passes, students and children in daycare centers all across the nation will be subjected to individuals experimenting with their gender identities."
[79]
Some
Libertarians
argue that laws against private sector discrimination are acts of
coercion
that infringe on employers'
property rights
and
freedom of association
.
[80]
The
United States Conference of Catholic Bishops
said ENDA goes beyond prohibiting unjust discrimination and poses several problems. It notes, for example, that the bill: (1) lacks an exception for a "
bona fide occupational qualification
," which exists for every other category of discrimination under
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act
, except for race; (2) lacks a distinction between
homosexual inclination
and
conduct
, thus affirming and protecting extramarital sexual conduct; (3) supports the redefinition of marriage, as state-level laws like ENDA have been invoked in state court decisions finding marriage discriminatory or irrational; (4) rejects the biological basis of gender by defining "
gender identity
" as something people may choose at variance with their
biological sex
; and (5) threatens
religious liberty
by punishing as discrimination the religious or moral disapproval of same-sex sexual conduct, while protecting only some religious employers.
[81]
In June and July 2014, several pro-LGBT advocacy groups, including the
American Civil Liberties Union
,
National Center for Lesbian Rights
,
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force
,
Transgender Law Center
, and
Lambda Legal
, announced they were withdrawing support for the 113th Congress version of ENDA because of their concerns about the breadth of its religious exemption in relation to the ruling in
Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.
.
[82]
Legislative history
[
edit
]
Congress
|
Short title
|
Bill number(s)
|
Gender identity included?
|
Date introduced
|
Sponsor(s)
|
# of cosponsors
|
Latest status
|
103rd Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1994
|
H.R. 4636
|
No
|
June 23, 1994
|
Gerry Studds
(D-MA)
|
137
|
Died in the House Subcommittee on Select Education and Civil Rights
|
S. 2238
|
No
|
July 29, 1994
|
Ted Kennedy
(D-MA)
|
30
|
Died in the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources
|
104th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1995
|
H.R. 1863
|
No
|
June 15, 1995
|
Gerry Studds
(D-MA)
|
142
|
Died in the
House Subcommittee on the Constitution
|
S. 932
|
No
|
June 15, 1995
|
Jim Jeffords
(R-VT)
|
30
|
Died in the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources
|
S. 2056
|
No
|
September 5, 1996
|
Ted Kennedy
(D-MA)
|
3
|
Failed in Senate (49?50)
|
105th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1997
|
H.R. 1858
|
No
|
June 10, 1997
|
Christopher Shays
(R-CT)
|
140
|
Died in the House Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
|
S. 869
|
No
|
June 10, 1997
|
Jim Jeffords
(R-VT)
|
34
|
Died in the
Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources
|
106th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 1999
|
H.R. 2355
|
No
|
June 24, 1999
|
Christopher Shays
(R-CT)
|
173
|
Died in the House Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
|
S. 1276
|
No
|
June 24, 1999
|
Jim Jeffords
(R-VT)
|
36
|
Died in the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
|
107th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2001
|
H.R. 2692
|
No
|
July 31, 2001
|
Christopher Shays
(R-CT)
|
193
|
Died in the House Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2002
|
S. 1284
|
No
|
July 31, 2001
|
Ted Kennedy
(D-MA)
|
44
|
Died in the Senate
|
108th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2003
|
H.R. 3285
|
No
|
October 8, 2003
|
Christopher Shays
(R-CT)
|
180
|
Died in the
House Subcommittee on Employer-Employee Relations
|
S. 1705
|
No
|
October 2, 2003
|
Ted Kennedy
(D-MA)
|
43
|
Died in the
Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
|
110th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2007
|
H.R. 2015
|
Yes
|
April 24, 2007
|
Barney Frank
(D-MA)
|
184
|
Died in the
House Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
|
H.R. 3685
|
No
|
September 27, 2007
|
Barney Frank
(D-MA)
|
9
|
Passed the House (235?184), died in the Senate
|
111th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2009
|
H.R. 3017
|
Yes
|
June 24, 2009
|
Barney Frank
(D-MA)
|
203
|
Died in the
Judiciary
,
House Administration
,
Education and Labor
, and
Oversight and Government Reform
committees. Hearings held September 23, 2009 in
Education and Labor
committee.
|
H.R. 2981
|
Yes
|
June 19, 2009
|
Barney Frank
(D-MA)
|
12
|
Died in the
House Judiciary Committee
|
S. 1584
|
Yes
|
August 5, 2009
|
Jeff Merkley
(D-OR)
|
45
|
Died in the
Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee
Hearings held November 5, 2009.
|
112th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2011
|
H.R. 1397
|
Yes
|
April 6, 2011
|
Barney Frank
(D-MA)
|
171
|
Died in the
Education and the Workforce
,
House Administration
,
Oversight and Government Reform
, and
Judiciary
committees.
|
S. 811
|
Yes
|
April 14, 2011
|
Jeff Merkley
(D-OR)
|
43
|
Died in the
Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
committee. Hearings held June 12, 2012.
|
113th Congress
|
Employment Non-Discrimination Act of 2013
|
H.R. 1755
|
Yes
|
April 25, 2013
|
Jared Polis
(D-CO)
|
205
|
Referred to the
Education and the Workforce
,
House Administration
,
Oversight and Government Reform
, and
Judiciary
committees.
|
S. 815
|
Yes
|
April 25, 2013
|
Jeff Merkley
(D-OR)
|
56
|
Passed in Senate (64?32), died in the House.
|
From the
114th Congress
onwards, efforts to pass non-discrimination legislation has focused on the broader
Equality Act
which focuses on additional protections including in housing and the jury system as well as employment.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Nondiscrimination legislation historical timeline"
. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Archived from
the original
on May 24, 2014
. Retrieved
June 17,
2017
.
- ^
"The Equality Act is the LGBT Rights Bill We Want and Need"
. July 22, 2015.
- ^
"The 2016 Election: Know the facts about the Equality Act"
. November 20, 2015.
- ^
"Equality Act NOW"
. Archived from
the original
on August 21, 2021
. Retrieved
June 17,
2020
.
- ^
"Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia"
.
- ^
"Human Rights Campaign: Supreme Court is on Right Side of History"
. June 15, 2020.
- ^
"Victory at Last! Supreme Court Confirms Workplace Protections for LGBTQ Employees"
.
- ^
"One Colorado Celebrates 'Really Historic Day' & Supreme Court Ruling"
. June 15, 2020.
- ^
"The State of the Workplace: for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Americans"
(PDF)
. Human Rights Campaign. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on September 9, 2013
. Retrieved
December 15,
2013
.
- ^
Evidence Discrimination based on sexual orientation occurs at a similar rate as sex and race at 4.7 per 10,000, as compared to discrimination based on sex at 5.4 and race at 6.5.
- ^
Ramos, Christopher.
"Evidence of Employment Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity: Complaints Filed with State Enforcement Agencies, 1999?2007"
(PDF)
. The Williams Institute. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on December 16, 2013
. Retrieved
December 16,
2013
.
- ^
Sears, Brad (September 23, 2009).
"Estimates of LGBT Public Employees"
. The Williams Institute
. Retrieved
April 30,
2011
.
- ^
Tilcsik, A. (2011). Pride and prejudice: Employment discrimination against openly gay men in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 117, 586?626.
- ^
Grant, Jamie M.
"Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey"
. National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. Archived from
the original
on October 6, 2014.
- ^
Badgette, M.V. Lee.
"Bias in the Workplace: Consistent Evidence of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination"
(PDF)
. The Williams Institute. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on July 20, 2011
. Retrieved
December 16,
2013
.
- ^
Witeck, Bob.
"Ending Employment Discrimination in America: Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics About America's LGBT Families"
. Retrieved
December 16,
2013
.
- ^
Jennifer Bendery
(July 8, 2014).
"Gay Rights Groups Pull Support For ENDA Over Sweeping Religious Exemption"
. Retrieved
August 16,
2014
.
- ^
103rd Congress: "For purposes of this Act, the term 'employment or employment opportunities' does not apply to the relationship between the United States and members of the Armed Forces."; 112th Congress: "In this Act, the term 'employment' does not apply to the relationship between the United States and members of the Armed Forces."
- ^
111th and 112th Congresses: "In this Act, the term 'married' refers to marriage as such term is defined in section 7 of title 1, United States Code (commonly known as the 'Defense of Marriage Act')."
- ^
112th Congress: "Nothing in this Act shall be construed to require a covered entity to treat an unmarried couple in the same manner as the covered entity treats a married couple for purposes of employee benefits."
- ^
S 2056 ? Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 1996 ? Voting Record
- ^
(October 13, 2007)
U.S. Congressmember Bella S. Abzug
Stonewall.org. Accessed October 20, 2007.
- ^
Staff Report (May 4, 2017).
"Equality Act Reintroduced in Congress with Unprecedented Corporate Support"
.
njtoday.net
. Archived from
the original
on July 29, 2017
. Retrieved
July 29,
2017
.
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