Emperor of Japan
Emperor Ank?
(
安康天皇
,
Ank?-tenn?
)
(401 ? 456) was the 20th
emperor of Japan
, according to the traditional
order of succession
.
[2]
[9]
No firm dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign, but he is conventionally considered to have reigned from 453 to 456.
Protohistoric narrative
[
edit
]
The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Ank? is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the
pseudo-historical
Kojiki
and
Nihon Shoki
, which are collectively known as
Kiki
(
記紀
)
or
Japanese chronicles
. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been
exaggerated and/or distorted
over time. It's recorded in the
Kiki
that Ingy? was born to
Oshisaka no ?nakatsuhime
(
忍坂大中?
)
somewhere in 400 AD, and was given the name Anaho
(
穴?
)
.
[3]
[10]
While he was the third son of
Emperor Ingy?
, the title of "Crown Prince" was not bestowed upon him in his father's lifetime. For this particular sovereign, the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki tell different versions of what allegedly happened in regard to Emperor Ank?'s older brother
Prince Kinashi no Karu
.
War between Anaho and Kinashi
[
edit
]
After Emperor Ingy?'s death in 453 AD, Crown Prince
Kinashi no Karu
faced a mounting problem. The
incestuous
relationship with his sister, Princess Karu no ?iratsume had caused the public to shun him and his
retainers
refused to follow.
[3]
[10]
Karu chose to take up arms against his younger brother Anaho
(
穴?
)
as his retainers had instead given their allegiance to him.
[10]
[11]
Prince Anaho
(
穴?
)
responded with a force of his own which prompted Karu to flee and take refuge at a noble family's residence.
[10]
[11]
From this point on, the
Kiki
splits narratives that converge again with the same fatal outcome. In the
Nihon Shoki
's
version of events,
Kinashi no Karu
takes his final stand at the residence where he commits an honorary suicide.
[10]
The Nihon Shoki does not say what happened to Princess Karu no ?iratsume other than her being banished to
Iyo
by Emperor Ingy? during his lifetime for incest. In the
Kojikis
version of events,
Kinashi no Karu
surrenders to his younger brother and is banished to Iyo. Karu no ?iratsume follows him to Iyo afterwards and the two commit
suicide together
.
[3]
[12]
Reign
[
edit
]
Prince Anaho
(
穴?
)
was enthroned as
Emperor Ank?
towards the end of 453 AD. During this time the capital was moved to
Isonokami
(located in
Yamoto
) where the new emperor had his palace.
[10]
One of Ank?'s first decisions in the following year was to arrange a marriage between his younger brother,
Prince ?hatuse no Wakatakeru
(
大泊?稚武皇子
)
, and
Hatahihime
, who was a sister of his uncle
Prince Ookusaka
(
大草香皇子
)
.
[3]
[13]
Ank? dispatched his servant Ne-no-omi
(
根使主
)
to negotiate with Ookusaka, and he happily consented to the marriage. As a token of approval, he entrusted Ne-no-omi with a richly jeweled
coronet
to be presented to the Emperor.
[3]
[13]
Unbeknownst to Ank?, his servant chose to keep the coronet for himself and lied to him by saying Ookusaka refused to comply.
[10]
Ank? believed Ne-no-omi's words and infuriated with rage sent his soldiers to kill Ookusaka and take his wife
Nakashi
(
Emperor Rich?
’s daughter) as his
Kogo
.
[3]
[13]
Hatahihime was then married to ?hatuse in accordance with the Emperor's wishes.
[13]
Aside from his eventual demise, there aren't any other noteworthy events during Ank?'s reign.
Death
[
edit
]
Ank? married Nakashi whom he "loved deeply" in 455 AD, but before this time she already had a son named
Mayowa no ?kimi
(Prince Mayowa). The young prince (6 years old at the time) was able to escape punishment on "his mother's account" and was brought up in the royal palace.
[10]
Sometime in the Autumn of 456 AD, Emperor Ank? confided to Nakashi that he was worried one day Mayowa may seek to avenge his father's death. Mayowa overheard this remark and creeped to the side of his step-father who was asleep in Nakashi's lap. He then proceeded to cut off Ank?'s head with his own sword.
[3]
[13]
At the time of his death Ank? was 56 years old, had no children of his own, and according to the Nihon Shoki was buried sometime in 459 AD.
[4]
[10]
Prince ?hatuse no Wakatakeru
(
Emperor Ingy?
's youngest son) became the next Emperor towards the end of 456 AD after killing Prince Mayowa and the rest of his competition.
[1]
[3]
Historical assessment
[
edit
]
Ank? is regarded by historians as a ruler during the mid
5th century
whose existence is generally accepted as fact.
[14]
Scholar
Francis Brinkley
lists Emperor Ank? under "Protohistoric sovereigns" whose reign was "a discreditable page of Japanese History".
[13]
Other scholars identify Ank? with
King K?
in the
Book of Song
.
[15]
This would have been a king of Japan (referred to as
Wa
by contemporary Chinese scholars) who is said to have sent
tribute
to the Southern Dynasty of China in 462, during the reign of
Emperor Taiwu
of the
Northern Wei
.
[15]
It also mentions that King K? was appointed as the "General of the East".
[15]
However, there is no record in the
Kiki
of any tribute being sent during this time.
Titles and dating
[
edit
]
There is no evidence to suggest that the title
tenn?
was used during the time to which Ank?'s reign has been assigned. Rather, it was presumably
Sumeramikoto
or
Amenoshita Shiroshimesu ?kimi
(
治天下大王
)
, meaning "the great king who rules all under heaven". An alternate title could have also been
ヤマト大王/大君
"Great King of Yamato". The name Ank?
-tenn?
was more than likely assigned to him
posthumously
by later generations.
[16]
His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Ank?, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the
Yamato dynasty
were compiled as the chronicles known today as the
Kojiki
.
[17]
Outside of the
Kiki
, the reign of
Emperor Kinmei
[b]
(
c.
509
? 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.
[19]
The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of
Emperor Kanmu
[c]
between 737 and 806 AD.
[17]
Events during reign
[
edit
]
Emperor Ank? had a short 3-year reign which is largely confined to an event that had deadly consequences. Sholar
William George Aston
notes in his translation of the
Nihon Shoki
that
Hatahihime
and
Prince Ookusaka
(
大草香皇子
)
are implied in the
Shukai
as grandchildren rather than children of
Emperor Nintoku
. He states that the "obvious explanation" is that the "chronicle is entirely untrustworthy".
[10]
At the point where Emperor Ank?'s servant Ne-no-omi
(
根使主
)
relays false information regarding Prince Ookusaka's alleged rejection, the emperor had no reason to doubt him. Frank Brinkley notes that it was "not customary in those days" to conduct investigations (in this case a servant).
[13]
The exact account of Emperor Ank?'s death is also questionable given that a child could conceive or commit such a thing. Scholar
Francis Brinkley
suggests that Empress
Nakashi
played a role in her husband's death.
[13]
He also suggests that answer might lie with Prince ?hatuse no Wakatakeru
(
大泊?稚武皇子
)
who later became Emperor Y?ryaku. Brinkley argues that if ?hatuse had no issue with killing several of his family members to obtain the throne, then there is no reason why he wouldn't have started with the reigning emperor.
[13]
Gravesite
[
edit
]
While the actual site of Ank?'s
grave
is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a
memorial
Shinto
shrine at the ruins of Horai Castle in
Nara City
.
[9]
[20]
The
Imperial Household Agency
designates this location as Ank?'s
mausoleum
/
kofun
-type Imperial tomb. Formally, this tomb is called Emperor Ank?'s misasagi
(
菅原伏見西陵
,
Sugawara no Fushimi no nishi misasagi
)
, but is also given the name Kojo No. 1 Mound
(
古城1?墳
)
. Another possible burial theory involves the
Horaisan Kofun
(
??山古墳
)
, whose owner remains unknown. Ank? is also enshrined at the
Imperial Palace
along with other emperors and members of the Imperial Family at the
Three Palace Sanctuaries
.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
There is a consensus among historians that Emperor Ank? was born in 400 AD.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
Alternately, there are sources that also use the year 401 AD.
[6]
[7]
- ^
The 29th Emperor
[2]
[18]
- ^
Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the
Yamato dynasty
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan"
(PDF)
.
Kunaicho.go.jp
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on March 22, 2011
. Retrieved
August 15,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Titsingh, Isaac.
(1834).
Annales des empereurs du japon
(in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 26?27.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard
(1915).
"Ank? (454?456)"
.
The Imperial Family of Japan
. Ponsonby Memorial Society. pp. 12?13.
- ^
a
b
c
Brown, Delmer M.
(1979).
"(21) Emperor Ank?"
.
A Translation and Study of the Gukansh?, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219
. Gukansh?. p. 258.
ISBN
978-0-520-03460-0
.
- ^
Joseph Henry Longford
(1923).
"List of Emperors: II. The Dawn of History and The great Reformers"
.
Japan
. Houghton Mifflin. p. 304.
- ^
a
b
"Genealogy"
.
Reichsarchiv
(in Japanese). 30 April 2010
. Retrieved
August 15,
2023
.
- ^
Kenneth Henshall (2013).
Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945
. Scarecrow Press. p. 488.
ISBN
9780810878723
.
- ^
Ponsonby-Fane, Richard
(1915). "Table of Emperors Mothers".
The Imperial Family of Japan
. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. xiii.
- ^
a
b
"安康天皇 (20)"
.
Imperial Household Agency
(Kunaich?)
(in Japanese)
. Retrieved
August 15,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
William George Aston
(1896).
"The Emperor Anaho: Ank? Tenno"
.
Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. (Volume 1)
. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. pp. 328?332.
- ^
a
b
Basil Hall Chamberlain (1882).
"Sect. CXLII - Emperor Ingy? (Part VI - War Between Prince Karu and Prince Anaho)"
.
A translation of the "Kojiki" or Records of ancient matters
. R. Meiklejohn and Co.
- ^
Basil Hall Chamberlain (1882).
"Sect. CXLIII - Emperor Ingy? (Part VII - Death of Prince Karu and Princess So-Tohoshi)"
.
A translation of the "Kojiki" or Records of ancient matters
. R. Meiklejohn and Co.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
Francis Brinkley
(1915). "Chapter XII: The Protohistoric Sovereigns".
A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the End of the Meiji Era
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
. pp. 111?112.
- ^
Kelly, Charles F.
"Kofun Culture"
.
www.t-net.ne.jp
. Retrieved
November 14,
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
日本人名大?典+Plus, 朝日日本?史人物事典,デジタル版.
"倭王興(わおうこう)とは? 意味や使い方"
.
コトバンク
(in Japanese)
. Retrieved
2023-01-21
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
Brinkley, Frank
(1915).
A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era
. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p.
21
.
Posthumous names for the earthly
Mikados
were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782?805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the
Records
and the
Chronicles.
- ^
a
b
Aston, William George.
(1896).
Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2
. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 217?223.
ISBN
9780524053478
.
- ^
Brown, Delmer M.
and Ichir? Ishida (1979).
A Translation and Study of the Gukansh?, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219
. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261?262.
ISBN
9780520034600
.
- ^
Hoye, Timothy. (1999).
Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds
. Prentice Hall. p. 78.
ISBN
9780132712897
.
According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
- ^
Gowland, William
(1907).
The Burial Mounds and Dolmens of the Early Emperors of Japan
. Vol. 37. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 10?46.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Aston, William George.
(1896).
Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697.
London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
OCLC
448337491
- Brown, Delmer M.
and Ichir? Ishida, eds. (1979).
Gukansh?: The Future and the Past.
Berkeley: University of California Press.
ISBN
978-0-520-03460-0
;
OCLC
251325323
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon
. (1959).
The Imperial House of Japan.
Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society.
OCLC
194887
- Titsingh, Isaac.
(1834).
Nihon ?dai Ichiran
; ou,
Annales des empereurs du Japon.
Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
OCLC
5850691
- Varley, H. Paul.
(1980).
Jinn? Sh?t?ki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.
New York: Columbia University Press.
ISBN
978-0-231-04940-5
;
OCLC
59145842
Regnal titles
|
Preceded by
|
Emperor of Japan
:
Ank?
453?456
(traditional dates)
|
Succeeded by
|