Green gemstone, a beryl variety
Emerald
is a
gemstone
and a variety of the
mineral
beryl
(Be
3
Al
2
(SiO
3
)
6
) colored
green
by trace amounts of
chromium
or sometimes
vanadium
.
[2]
Beryl has a
hardness
of 7.5?8 on the
Mohs scale
.
[2]
Most emeralds have many
inclusions
,
[3]
so their toughness (resistance to breakage) is classified as generally poor. Emerald is a
cyclosilicate
.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The word "emerald" is derived (via
Old French
:
esmeraude
and
Middle English
:
emeraude
), from
Vulgar Latin
:
esmaralda/esmaraldus
, a variant of
Latin
smaragdus
, which was via
Ancient Greek
:
σμ?ραγδο?
(smaragdos; "green gem"). The Greek word may have a Semitic, Sanskrit or Persian origin.
[4]
[5]
[6]
According to
Webster's Dictionary
the term emerald was first used in the 14th century.
[7]
Properties determining value
[
edit
]
Emeralds, like all colored
gemstones
, are graded using four basic parameters known as "the four
C
s":
color
,
clarity,
cut
and
carat weight
. Normally, in grading colored gemstones, color is by far the most important criterion. However, in the grading of emeralds, clarity is considered a close second. A fine emerald must possess not only a pure verdant green
hue
as described below, but also a high degree of
transparency
to be considered a top gemstone.
[8]
This member of the beryl family ranks among the traditional "big four" gems along with
diamonds
,
rubies
and
sapphires
.
[9]
In the 1960s, the American jewelry industry changed the definition of
emerald
to include the green vanadium-bearing beryl. As a result,
vanadium emeralds
purchased as emeralds in the United States are not recognized as such in the United Kingdom and Europe. In America, the distinction between traditional emeralds and the new vanadium kind is often reflected in the use of terms such as "Colombian emerald".
[10]
Color
[
edit
]
In
gemology
,
[11]
color is divided into three components:
hue
,
saturation
, and
tone
. Emeralds occur in hues ranging from yellow-green to blue-green, with the primary hue necessarily being green. Yellow and blue are the normal secondary hues found in emeralds. Only gems that are medium to dark in tone are considered emeralds; light-toned gems are known instead by the species name
green beryl
. The finest emeralds are approximately 75% tone on a scale where 0% tone is colorless and 100% is opaque black. In addition, a fine emerald will be saturated and have a hue that is bright (vivid). Gray is the normal saturation modifier or mask found in emeralds; a grayish-green hue is a dull-green hue.
[8]
Clarity
[
edit
]
Emeralds tend to have numerous inclusions and surface-breaking
fissures
. Unlike diamonds, where the
loupe
standard (i.e., 10× magnification) is used to grade clarity, emeralds are graded by eye. Thus, if an emerald has no visible
inclusions
to the eye (assuming normal visual acuity) it is considered flawless. Stones that lack surface breaking fissures are extremely rare and therefore almost all emeralds are treated ("oiled", see below) to enhance the apparent clarity. The inclusions and fissures within an emerald are sometimes described as
jardin
(French for
garden
), because of their mossy appearance.
[13]
Imperfections are unique for each emerald and can be used to identify a particular stone. Eye-clean stones of a vivid primary green hue (as described above), with no more than 15% of any secondary hue or combination (either blue or yellow) of a medium-dark tone, command the highest prices.
[8]
The relative non-uniformity motivates the cutting of emeralds in
cabochon
form, rather than faceted shapes. Faceted emeralds are most commonly given an oval cut, or the signature emerald cut, a rectangular cut with facets around the top edge.
Treatments
[
edit
]
Most emeralds are oiled as part of the post-
lapidary
process, in order to fill in surface-reaching cracks so that clarity and stability are improved.
Cedar oil
, having a similar
refractive index
, is often used in this widely adopted practice. Other liquids, including synthetic oils and polymers with refractive indexes close to that of emeralds, such as
Opticon
, are also used. The least expensive emeralds are often treated with epoxy resins, which are effective for filling stones with many fractures.
[14]
[15]
These treatments are typically applied in a vacuum chamber under mild heat, to open the pores of the stone and allow the fracture-filling agent to be absorbed more effectively.
[16]
The U.S.
Federal Trade Commission
requires the disclosure of this treatment when an oil-treated emerald is sold.
[17]
The use of oil is traditional and largely accepted by the gem trade, although oil-treated emeralds are worth much less than untreated emeralds of similar quality. Untreated emeralds must also be accompanied by a certificate from a licensed, independent gemology laboratory. Other treatments, for example the use of green-tinted oil, are not acceptable in the trade.
[18]
Gems are graded on a four-step scale;
none
,
minor
,
moderate
and
highly
enhanced. These categories reflect levels of enhancement, not
clarity
. A gem graded
none
on the enhancement scale may still exhibit visible inclusions. Laboratories apply these criteria differently. Some gemologists consider the mere presence of oil or polymers to constitute enhancement. Others may ignore traces of oil if the presence of the material does not improve the look of the gemstone.
[19]
Emerald mines
[
edit
]
Emeralds in antiquity were mined in
Ancient Egypt
at locations on Mount Smaragdus since 1500 BC, and India and Austria since at least the 14th century AD.
[20]
The Egyptian mines were exploited on an industrial scale by the Roman and Byzantine Empires, and later by Islamic conquerors. Mining in Egypt ceased with the discovery of the Colombian deposits. Today, only ruins remain in Egypt.
[21]
Colombia is by far the world's largest producer of emeralds, constituting 50?95% of the world production, with the number depending on the year, source and grade.
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
Emerald production in Colombia has increased drastically in the last decade, increasing by 78% from 2000 to 2010.
[26]
The three main emerald mining areas in Colombia are
Muzo
, Coscuez, and
Chivor
.
[27]
Rare
"trapiche" emeralds
are found in Colombia, distinguished by ray-like spokes of dark impurities.
Zambia
is the world's second biggest producer, with its
Kafubu River
area deposits (Kagem Mines) about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Kitwe responsible for 20% of the world's production of gem-quality stones in 2004.
[28]
In the first half of 2011, the Kagem Mines produced 3.74 tons of emeralds.
[29]
Emeralds are found all over the world in countries such as Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Brazil,
[30]
Bulgaria, Cambodia, Canada, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Germany, India, Kazakhstan, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Russia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Tanzania, the United States, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
[1]
In the US, emeralds have been found in
Connecticut
,
Montana
,
Nevada
,
North Carolina
, and
South Carolina
.
[1]
In 1998, emeralds were discovered in the Yukon Territory of Canada.
[31]
Origin determinations
[
edit
]
Since the onset of concerns regarding diamond origins, research has been conducted to determine if the mining location could be determined for an emerald already in circulation. Traditional research used qualitative guidelines such as an emerald's color, style and quality of cutting, type of fracture filling, and the anthropological origins of the artifacts bearing the mineral to determine the emerald's mine location. More recent studies using
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
methods have uncovered trace chemical element differences between emeralds, including ones mined in close proximity to one another. American gemologist David Cronin and his colleagues have extensively examined the chemical signatures of emeralds resulting from fluid dynamics and subtle precipitation mechanisms, and their research demonstrated the chemical homogeneity of emeralds from the same mining location and the statistical differences that exist between emeralds from different mining locations, including those between the three locations: Muzo, Coscuez, and Chivor, in Colombia, South America.
[32]
Synthetic emerald
[
edit
]
Both hydrothermal and
flux-growth
synthetics have been produced, and a method has been developed for producing an emerald overgrowth on colorless
beryl
. The first commercially successful emerald synthesis process was that of
Carroll Chatham
, likely involving a lithium vanadate flux process, as Chatham's emeralds do not have any water and contain traces of vanadate, molybdenum and vanadium.
[33]
The other large producer of flux emeralds was
Pierre Gilson
Sr., whose products have been on the market since 1964. Gilson's emeralds are usually grown on natural colorless beryl seeds, which are coated on both sides. Growth occurs at the rate of 1 mm per month, a typical seven-month growth run produces emerald crystals 7 mm thick.
[34]
Hydrothermal
synthetic emeralds have been attributed to
IG Farben
, Nacken,
Tairus
, and others, but the first satisfactory commercial product was that of
Johann Lechleitner
of
Innsbruck
, Austria, which appeared on the market in the 1960s. These stones were initially sold under the names "Emerita" and "Symeralds", and they were grown as a thin layer of emerald on top of natural colorless beryl stones. Later, from 1965 to 1970, the
Linde
Division of
Union Carbide
produced completely synthetic emeralds by hydrothermal synthesis. According to their patents (attributable to
E.M. Flanigen
),
[35]
acidic conditions are essential to prevent the chromium (which is used as the colorant) from precipitating. Also, it is important that the silicon-containing nutrient be kept away from the other ingredients to prevent nucleation and confine growth to the seed crystals. Growth occurs by a diffusion-reaction process, assisted by convection. The largest producer of hydrothermal emeralds today is Tairus, which has succeeded in synthesizing emeralds with chemical composition similar to emeralds in alkaline deposits in Colombia, and whose products are thus known as “Colombian created emeralds” or “Tairus created emeralds”.
[36]
Luminescence in
ultraviolet light
is considered a supplementary test when making a natural versus synthetic determination, as many, but not all, natural emeralds are inert to ultraviolet light. Many synthetics are also UV inert.
[37]
Synthetic emeralds are often referred to as "created", as their chemical and gemological composition is the same as their natural counterparts. The U.S.
Federal Trade Commission
(FTC) has very strict regulations as to what can and what cannot be called a "synthetic" stone. The FTC says: "§ 23.23(c) It is unfair or deceptive to use the word "laboratory-grown", "laboratory-created", "[manufacturer name]-created", or "synthetic" with the name of any natural stone to describe any industry product unless such industry product has essentially the same optical, physical, and chemical properties as the stone named."
[17]
In culture and lore
[
edit
]
Emerald is regarded as the traditional
birthstone
for May as well as the traditional gemstone for the
astrological sign
of
Cancer
[38]
[
need quotation to verify
]
(June/July)
Traditional
alchemical lore
ascribes several uses and characteristics to emeralds:
The virtue of the Emerald is to counteract poison. They say that if a venomous animal should look at it, it will become blinded. The gem also acts as a preservative against epilepsy; it cures leprosy, strengthens sight and memory, checks copulation, during which act it will break, if worn at the time on the finger.
[39]
According to French writer
Brantome
(
c.
1540?1614)
Hernan Cortes
had one of the emeralds which he had looted from Mexico
text engraved
,
Inter Natos Mulierum non surrexit major
("Among those born of woman there hath not arisen a greater,"
Matthew
11:11), in reference to
John the Baptist
. Brantome considered engraving such a beautiful and simple product of nature sacrilegious and considered this act the cause for Cortez's loss in 1541 of an extremely precious pearl
[40]
(to which he dedicated a work,
A beautiful and incomparable pearl
[
citation needed
]
), and even for the death of King
Charles IX of France
, who died (1574) soon afterward.
[41]
[
need quotation to verify
]
In American author
L. Frank Baum
's 1900 children's novel
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
, and the
1939 MGM film adaptation
, the protagonist must travel to an
Emerald City
to meet the eponymous character, the
Wizard
.
The chief deity of one of India's most famous temples, the
Meenakshi Amman Temple
in
Madurai
, is the goddess
Meenakshi
, whose idol is traditionally thought to be made of emerald.
[42]
Notable emeralds
[
edit
]
Emerald
|
Origin
|
Size
|
Location
|
Chipembele
[43]
|
Zambia, 2021
|
7,525 carats (1.505kg)
|
Israel Diamond Exchange
, Eshed ? Gemstar
[44]
|
Bahia Emerald
[45]
|
Brazil, 2001
|
180,000 carats, crystals in host rock 752 lb (341 kg)
|
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department
[46]
|
Carolina Emperor
[47]
[48]
|
United States, 2009
|
310 carats uncut, 64.8 carats cut
|
North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
, Raleigh
|
Chalk Emerald
|
Colombia
|
38.40 carats cut, then recut to 37.82 carats
|
National Museum of Natural History
, Washington
|
Duke of Devonshire Emerald
|
Colombia, before 1831
|
1,383.93 carats uncut
|
Natural History Museum, London
|
Emerald of Saint Louis
[49]
|
Austria, probably Habachtal
|
51.60 carats cut
|
National Museum of Natural History
, Paris
|
Gachala Emerald
[50]
|
Colombia, 1967
|
858 carats uncut
|
National Museum of Natural History
, Washington
|
Mogul Mughal Emerald
|
Colombia, 1107 A.H. (1695?1696 AD)
|
217.80 carats cut
|
Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
, Qatar
|
Rockefeller Emerald
[51]
|
Colombia
|
18.04 carats Octagonal step-cut
|
Private collection
|
Patricia Emerald
[52]
|
Colombia, 1920
|
632 carats uncut, dihexagonal (12 sided)
|
American Museum of Natural History
, New York
|
Mim Emerald
[53]
|
Colombia, 2014
|
1,390 carats uncut, dihexagonal (12 sided)
|
Mim Museum
, Beirut
|
Gallery
[
edit
]
-
Emerald on quartz, from Carnaiba Mine, Pindobacu, Campo Formoso ultramafic complex, Bahia, Brazil
-
The
Chalk Emerald
ring, containing a top-quality 37-carat emerald, in the U.S. National Museum of Natural History
-
Emerald crystals
-
A 5-
carat
emerald from Muzo with hexagonal cross-section
-
Gachala Emerald
, one of the largest gem emeralds in the world, at 858 carats (171.6 g). Found in 1967 at La Vega de San Juan mine in Gachala, Colombia. Housed at the
National Museum of Natural History
in Washington, D.C.
-
-
Rough emerald crystals from Panjshir Valley Afghanistan
-
Large, di-hexagonal prismatic crystal of 1,390 carats uncut with a deep green color. It is transparent and features few inclusions in the upper 2/3, and is translucent in the lower part. Housed at the
Mim Museum
, Beirut, Lebanon.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
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b
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- ^
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a
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- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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{{
cite journal
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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- ^
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- ^
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Archived
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, with location map of these three districts.
- ^
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- ^
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.
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.
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- ^
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- ^
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Issue date: 2 March 1971
- ^
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- ^
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- ^
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. Retrieved
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.
The virtue of the Emerald is to counteract poison. They say that if a venomous animal should look at it, it will become blinded. The gem also acts as a preservative against epilepsy; it cures leprosy, strengthens sight and memory, checks copulation, during which act it will break, it worn at the time on the finger.
- ^
Compare:
de Bourdeill, Pierre
(1864).
Lalanne, Ludovic
(ed.).
Oeuvres completes de Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantome publiees d'apres les manuscrits avec variantes et fragments inedits pour la Societe de l'histoire de France
(in French). Vol. 1: Grand Capitaines Estrangers. Paris: Jules Renouard. p. 52.
Archived
from the original on 25 June 2022
. Retrieved
25 June
2022
.
[...] la belle et incomparable perle de cet Hernand Cortez, qu'il rapporta des Indes, sur laquelle il fit graver ces mots:
Inter natos mulierum non surrexit major
, [...] laquelle il perdit depuis
devant Alger
[...]. [...] Brantome s'est trompe ici: le joyau dont il parle n'etait point une perle, mais une emaraude.
- ^
Kunz, George Frederick (1915).
Magic of Jewels and Charms
. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company. p. 305.
ISBN
0-7661-4322-8
.
Archived
from the original on October 17, 2012.
- ^
"Meenakshi Temple ? Meenakshi Temple of Madurai, Meenakshi Amman Temple Madurai India"
.
www.madurai.org.uk
.
Archived
from the original on March 17, 2016
. Retrieved
January 18,
2016
.
- ^
"Gemfields finds largest emerald ever at Zambia mine"
.
MINING.COM
. 8 November 2021.
Archived
from the original on 9 December 2021
. Retrieved
9 December
2021
.
- ^
Addow, Amina (2 November 2022).
"World's largest uncut emerald weighs hefty 1.5 kg"
. Guinness World Records Limited.
Archived
from the original on 13 October 2023
. Retrieved
15 October
2023
.
- ^
Allen, Nick (24 September 2010).
"Judge to decide who owns 250 million Bahia emerald.html"
.
The Daily Telegraph
, UK
.
Archived
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. Retrieved
31 December
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.
- ^
"The Curse of the Bahia Emerald, a Giant Green Rock That Ruins Lives"
.
Wired
. wired.com.
Archived
from the original on 15 December 2018
. Retrieved
17 December
2018
.
- ^
Gast, Phil (1 September 2010).
"North Carolina emerald: Big, green and very rare"
.
CNN
. Cable News Network (Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.).
Archived
from the original on 25 September 2013
. Retrieved
8 October
2013
.
- ^
Stancill, Jane (16 March 2012).
"N.C. gems to shine at museum"
.
The News & Observer
. The News & Observer Publishing Co. Archived from
the original
on 27 March 2012
. Retrieved
8 October
2013
.
- ^
"Emeraude de Saint Louis ? St Louis Emerald"
.
CRPG: Le Centre de Recherches Petrographiques et Geochimiques
.
Archived
from the original on March 4, 2016
. Retrieved
February 8,
2017
.
- ^
"Gachala Emerald"
.
National Museum of Natural History
. Smithsonian Institution. 2017.
Archived
from the original on February 11, 2017
. Retrieved
February 8,
2017
.
- ^
"10 jewels that made history"
.
Christies
.
Archived
from the original on 16 March 2020
. Retrieved
22 December
2019
.
- ^
"Patricia Emerald"
.
AMNH
.
Archived
from the original on September 5, 2015
. Retrieved
August 22,
2015
.
- ^
Bouillard, J.-C. and Jeanne-Michaud, A. (2016) "101 mineraux et pierres precieuses ? qu'il faut avoir vus dans sa vie". Hors collection, Dunod.
ISBN
2100742272
.
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Ali, Saleem H. (2006). The Emerald City: Emerald mining in Brazil (+Gemstone mining in other countries)
https://web.archive.org/web/20071014012610/http://www.uvm.edu/envnr/gemecology/brazil.html
- Cooper, J. C. (ed.) (1992).
Brewer's Myth and Legend
. New York: Cassell Publishers Ltd.
ISBN
0-304-34084-7
.
- Giuliani, Gaston, Ed. (2022). Emeraudes, tout un monde. Led Editions du Piat,
ISBN
978-2-917198-51-3
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985).
Manual of Mineralogy
(20th ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
ISBN
0-471-80580-7
.
- Sinkankas, John (1994).
Emerald & Other Beryls
. Prescott, Ariz.: Geoscience Press.
ISBN
0-8019-7114-4
.
- Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste (1925 [1676]).
Travels in India
(second edition), Volume II. Edited by William Crooke and translated by V. Ball. London: Oxford University Press.
- Weinstein, Michael (1958).
The World of Jewel Stones
. New York: Sheriden House.
OCLC
519758
.
- Wise, Richard W. (2003).
Secrets of the Gem Trade: The Connoisseur's Guide to Precious Gemstones
. Lenox, Mass.: Brunswick House Press.
ISBN
9780972822398
.
OCLC
55662640
.
Online Emerald chapters
.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Emeralds
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Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated
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