American politician, Governor of Georgia (1907?1992)
Ellis Arnall
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ellis_Arnall.png/220px-Ellis_Arnall.png) |
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In office
January 12, 1943 ? January 14, 1947
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Preceded by
| Eugene Talmadge
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Succeeded by
| Herman Talmadge
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In office
1939?1943
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Governor
| Eurith D. Rivers
Eugene Talmadge
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Preceded by
| M. J. Yeomans
|
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Succeeded by
| T. Grady Head
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Born
| Ellis Gibbs Arnall
(
1907-03-20
)
March 20, 1907
Newnan, Georgia
, U.S.
|
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Died
| December 13, 1992
(1992-12-13)
(aged 85)
Atlanta, Georgia
, U.S.
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Resting place
| Oak Hill Cemetery
Newnan, Georgia
, U.S.
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Political party
| Democratic
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Other political
affiliations
| Independent
(
1966
)
[a]
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Spouse(s)
| Mildred Delany
Slemons
Arnall
Ruby Hamilton Arnall
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Alma mater
| Mercer University
University of the South
University of Georgia School of Law
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Profession
| Attorney
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Ellis Gibbs Arnall
(March 20, 1907 – December 13, 1992)
[1]
was an American politician who served as the
69th Governor
of
Georgia
from 1943 to 1947.
[2]
A liberal
Democrat
, he helped lead efforts to abolish the poll tax and to reduce Georgia's voting age to 18.
[3]
[4]
Following his departure from office, he became a highly successful attorney and businessman.
[5]
Education
[
edit
]
Born in
Newnan, Georgia
, he attended
Mercer University
in
Macon, Georgia
, then graduated from the
University of the South
, and then from the
University of Georgia School of Law
.
[6]
He was admitted to the practice of law in 1931. While attending Mercer University, Arnall was initiated into
Kappa Alpha Order
.
Early career
[
edit
]
In 1932,
Coweta County
voters elected Arnall to the
Georgia House of Representatives
. Arnall was elected
Speaker Pro Tempore
, the second highest officer position in the Georgia House. Governor
Eurith D. Rivers
appointed Arnall, then 31, to a vacancy in the office of state attorney general.
In 1935, he married Mildred Slemons, whom he met at a friend's wedding. The two were married until her death in 1980. Although Mildred Arnall was not particularly fond of politics and stayed out of the political arena, she stood by her husband throughout his career and encouraged him to succeed at whatever he did.
[5]
Governor
[
edit
]
Actions undertaken by Governor
Eugene Talmadge
had caused the state's colleges to lose accreditation. Arnall unseated Talmadge in the 1942 primary, 174,757 (57.7 percent) to 128,394 (42.4 percent).
[7]
Without
Republican
opposition, Arnall became the youngest governor then serving in the United States.
Arnall obtained the repeal of the
poll tax
, ratification in 1945 of a new state constitution, and a state employee merit system. He also retired the Georgia state debt. When young men were drafted into the armed forces during
World War II
, Arnall argued that youths old enough to fight in war should be able to vote for their country's leadership. He succeeded in lowering the voting age to eighteen more than two decades before the
26th Amendment to the United States Constitution
implemented that change nationally. Georgia thus became the first state to grant the franchise to 18-year-olds. Arnall also removed the prison system from under the governor's direct control, establishing a board of corrections to oversee state prisons and a pardon and parole board to handle such requests. He removed the
University of Georgia
from political machinations,
[8]
and he led efforts to prevent a governor from exercising dictatorial powers, as opponents of Governor Eugene Talmadge had allegedly stated, had occurred during that administration. Arnall's reforms won him attention from the national press. Additionally, Arnall, a proponent of
civil rights
, argued that African Americans should be able to vote in the state's primary election.
[9]
Re-election attempt
[
edit
]
Arnall (left) being denied entry to the governor's Capitol office
His career declined as he was unable to persuade the legislature to allow him to seek re-election. Arnall stood behind
Henry A. Wallace
's efforts to remain Vice President in 1944, when the former
United States Secretary of Agriculture
was replaced by
U.S. Senator
Harry S. Truman
of
Missouri
. Arnall adhered to the
United States Supreme Court
decision banning the all-white Democratic party primary in the case
Smith v. Allwright
and hence opened the crucial Democratic
primary elections
to African Americans. This move particularly enraged Talmadge and his supporters, who used the issue to brand Arnall a 'race-traitor'.
Eugene Talmadge was elected governor once again in 1946 over
James V. Carmichael
[10]
(who was supported by Arnall) and another former governor,
Eurith D. Rivers
. However, he died a month before he was scheduled to take office in January 1947. The state legislature then elected Talmadge's son,
Herman Talmadge
, as governor. Arnall refused to resign the office during the controversy, and the younger Talmadge ended up locking Arnall out of his office in the state capitol. Arnall soon endorsed
Melvin E. Thompson
's
initially unsuccessful claim to the office after which
Melvin Ernest Thompson
had taken the office after
Herman Talmadge
was removed from the office.
Later career
[
edit
]
After leaving office, Arnall worked as an attorney and a businessman in
Atlanta
, founding Arnall Golden & Gregory (now Arnall Golden Gregory LLP), which continues to be one of Atlanta's leading law firms. One of his law partners was later U.S. Representative
Elliott Levitas
. Arnall served in the
Truman
administration for a short time as Director of the
Office of Price Stabilization
. Truman offered Arnall the post of
Solicitor General
but he declined in order to return to private practice. His business career made him a multimillionaire, and he was able to live comfortably for most of his life.
[5]
1966 election
[
edit
]
Arnall's last campaign was
for governor in 1966
. His primary opponents for the nomination were
Lester Maddox
, an Atlanta restaurant owner who had hoisted ax handles as a symbol of his opposition to desegregation,
[11]
and
Jimmy Carter
. Maddox called Arnall "the granddaddy of forced racial integration ... a candidate who would never raise his voice or a finger - much less an ax handle - to protect the liberty of Georgia."
[12]
Arnall practically ignored Maddox and concentrated his fire on Republican
Howard Callaway
, on whom Arnall had compiled a dossier that he said would guarantee Republican defeat in the general election. Arnall won a plurality of the vote in the primary but was denied the required majority, because of support for Carter, then a state senator representing
Plains
, Georgia. Arnall barely campaigned in the runoff, and the result was a surprising victory for Maddox. Carter had refused to endorse Arnall, but he formally supported Maddox in the general election against Callaway.
[13]
Maddox defeated Arnall in the runoff, 443,055 to 373,004. The civil rights activist
Martin Luther King Jr.
, denounced what he called "a corroding cancer in the Georgia body politic. Georgia is a sick state produced by the diseases of a sick nation. This election revealed that Georgia is desperately competing with
Mississippi
for the bottom."
[14]
Mayor
Ivan Allen, Jr.
, of Atlanta, who once worked for Arnall's law firm, blamed Arnall's loss on the "combined forces of ignorance, prejudice, reactionism, and the duplicity of many Republican voters," many of whom are believed to have voted for Maddox in the Democratic runoff on the theory that Maddox would be a weaker opponent for Callaway than Arnall would have been.
[14]
Stunned Arnall backers announced a write-in candidacy for the general election, a move that impacted Callaway more than it did Maddox. In the general election, Callaway finished in the tabulation with a slight plurality over Maddox. Arnall received more than 69,000 write-in ballots, far exceeding the margin between Callaway and Maddox. Arnall actually carried one county,
Liberty County
in the southeastern portion of the state. Under the election rules then in effect, the state legislature was required to select a governor from the two candidates with the highest number of votes. Despite court challenges, the Democratic-dominated legislature overwhelmingly voted for Maddox, who became governor in 1967.
[15]
After the 1966 campaign, Arnall never again sought public office.
Arnall was an active
Civitan
.
[16]
He wrote the 1946 book,
The Shore Dimly Seen
(
J. B. Lippincott & Co.
), about politics and challenges of the South.
Death and legacy
[
edit
]
Harold Paulk Henderson
published the 1991 biography,
The Politics of Change in Georgia: A Political Biography of Ellis Arnall
.
He died in 1992 on his large estate.
[5]
He was worth tens of millions of dollars at the time of his death.
[17]
In 1997, Arnall was honored with a
statue
on the grounds of the
Georgia State Capitol
.
[18]
Arnall is interred at the
Oak Hill Cemetery
in his native Newnan.
Arnall Middle School in Newnan is named after him.
[19]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Arnall, Ellis Gibbs".
Who Was Who in America (1993-1996)
. New Providence, N.J.: Marquis Who's Who. 1996. p.
9
.
ISBN
0837902258
.
- ^
"Ellis Arnall (1907-1992)"
.
New Georgia Encyclopedia
. Retrieved
September 12,
2017
.
- ^
"How governor Ellis Arnall modernized Georgia ? a case study in leadership - SaportaReport"
.
SaportaReport
. January 26, 2015
. Retrieved
September 16,
2018
.
- ^
Springer, Melanie Jean (2020).
"Why Georgia? A Curious and Unappreciated Pioneer on the Road to Early Youth Enfranchisement in the United States"
.
Journal of Policy History
.
32
(3): 273?324.
doi
:
10.1017/S0898030620000093
.
ISSN
0898-0306
.
S2CID
225602517
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Henderson, Harold P. (1991).
The Politics of Change in Georgia: A Political Biography of Ellis Arnall
. University of Georgia Press.
ISBN
9780820313061
.
- ^
"Ellis Arnall (1907-1992) | New Georgia Encyclopedia"
. Georgiaencyclopedia.org. January 15, 2015. Archived from
the original
on August 29, 2011
. Retrieved
June 21,
2015
.
- ^
Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections
, p. 1677
- ^
Billy Hathorn, "The Frustration of Opportunity: Georgia Republicans and the Election of 1966",
Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South
, Vol. XXXI (Winter 1987-1988), p. 38
- ^
Henderson, Harold P. (1991).
The Politics of Change in Georgia: A Political Biography of Ellis Arnall
. University of Georgia Press.
ISBN
9780820313061
.
- ^
"Georgia's Three Governors Controversy"
.
www.ourgeorgiahistory.com
. Archived from
the original
on November 9, 2020
. Retrieved
September 12,
2017
.
- ^
Bullock, Charles S.; Hood, M. V. (2015). "The Damnedest Mess: An Empirical Evaluation of the 1966 Georgia Gubernatorial Election".
Social Science Quarterly
.
96
(1): 105.
doi
:
10.1111/ssqu.12132
.
hdl
:
10.1111/ssqu.12132
.
- ^
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report
, September 30, 1966, p. 2316
- ^
Atlanta History
, p. 39
- ^
a
b
Atlanta History
, p. 40
- ^
Atlanta History
, pp. 46-47
- ^
Leonhart, James Chancellor (1962).
The Fabulous Octogenarian
. Baltimore Maryland: Redwood House, Inc. p. 277.
- ^
"Governor Ellis Arnall"
.
Don McClellan's half-a-century with WSB Television
. November 28, 2009
. Retrieved
September 20,
2018
.
- ^
"This Day in Georgia History - Ellis Arnall Statue Dedicated"
.
Georgia Library Learning Online
. Retrieved
August 10,
2020
.
- ^
"History - Arnall Middle School"
.
History - Arnall Middle School
. Retrieved
April 24,
2023
.
External links
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International
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National
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People
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Other
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