Automotive control system
For other uses, see
ECU
.
An
electronic control unit
(
ECU
), also known as an
electronic control module
(
ECM
), is an
embedded system
in
automotive electronics
that controls one or more of the
electrical systems
or subsystems in a car or other
motor vehicle
.
Modern vehicles have many ECUs, and these can include some or all of the following:
engine control module
(ECM),
powertrain control module
(PCM), transmission control module (TCM), brake control module (BCM or EBCM), central control module (CCM), central timing module (CTM), general electronic module (GEM),
body control module
(BCM), and suspension control module (SCM). These ECUs together are sometimes referred to collectively as
the car's computer
though technically they are all separate computers, not a single one. Sometimes an assembly incorporates several individual control modules (a PCM often controls both the engine and the transmission).
[1]
Some modern motor vehicles have up to 150 ECUs.
[2]
Embedded software
in ECUs continues to increase in line count, complexity, and sophistication.
[3]
Managing the increasing complexity and number of ECUs in a vehicle has become a key challenge for
original equipment manufacturers
(OEMs).
Types
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]
Key elements
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]
- Core
- Memory
- Inputs
- Supply Voltage and Ground
- Digital inputs
- Analog inputs
- Outputs
- Actuator drivers (e.g. injectors, relays, valves)
- H bridge
drivers for servomotors
- Logic outputs
- Communication links
- Housing
- Bus Transceivers, e.g. for K-Line, CAN, Ethernet
- Embedded Software
- Boot Loader
- Metadata for ECU and Software Identification, Version Management, Checksums
- Functional Software Routines
- Configuration Data
Design and development
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The development of an ECU involves both hardware and software required to perform the functions expected from that particular module. Automotive ECU's are being developed following the V-model.
[1]
Recently the trend is to dedicate a significant amount of time and effort to develop safe modules by following standards like
ISO 26262
.
[5]
It is rare that a module is developed fully from scratch. The design is generally iterative and improvements are made to both the hardware and software. The development of most ECUs is carried out by Tier 1 suppliers based on specifications provided by the OEM
[
citation needed
]
.
Testing and validation
[
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]
As part of the development cycle, manufacturers perform detailed
FMEAs
and other failure analyses to catch failure modes that can lead to unsafe conditions or driver annoyance. Extensive testing and validation activities are carried out as part of the
Production part approval process
to gain the confidence of the hardware and software.
On-board diagnostics
or OBD help provide specific data related to which system or component failed or caused a failure during run time and help perform repairs.
Modifications
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]
Some people may wish to modify their ECU so as to be able to add or change functionality. However modern ECUs come equipped with protection locks to prevent users from modifying the circuit or exchange chips. The protection locks are a form of
digital rights management
(DRM), the circumventing of which is illegal in certain jurisdictions. In the
United States
for example, the
DMCA
criminalizes circumvention of DRM,
[6]
though an exemption does apply that allows circumvention the owner of a motorized land vehicle if it is required to allow diagnosis, repair or lawful modification (ie. that does not violate applicable law such as emissions regulations).
[7]
References
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]