"Elat" redirects here. For the Canaanite goddess, see
Asherah
.
City in Israel
Eilat
(
ay-
LAHT
,
ay-
LAT
;
Hebrew
:
??????
[e?lat]
ⓘ
;
Arabic
:
???????
,
romanized
:
?l?t
) is
Israel
's southernmost city, with a population of 53,151,
[1]
a busy
port
and popular
resort
at the northern tip of the
Red Sea
, on what is known in Israel as the Gulf of Eilat and in
Jordan
as the
Gulf of Aqaba
. The city is considered a tourist destination for domestic and international
tourists
heading to Israel.
Eilat is part of the Southern
Negev
Desert, at the southern end of the
Arabah
, adjacent to the
Egyptian
resort city of
Taba
to the south, the
Jordanian
port city of
Aqaba
to the east, and within sight of
Haql
,
Saudi Arabia
, across the gulf to the southeast.
Eilat's arid
desert climate
and low humidity are moderated by proximity to a warm sea. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in summer, and 21 °C (70 °F) in winter, while water temperatures range between 20 and 26 °C (68 and 79 °F). Eilat averages 360 sunny days a year.
[2]
Name
The name
Eilat
was given to the abandoned frontier post of
Umm al-Rashr?sh
(
?? ???????
) in 1949 by the
Committee for the Designation of Place-Names in the Negev
, referring to
Elath
, a location mentioned in the
Hebrew Bible
that is thought to be located nearby in modern
Jordan
. One committee member,
Yeshayahu Press
, stated "when the real Eilat finally is in our hands, our settlement will expand and reach over to there."
[3]
Geography
The geology and landscape are varied: igneous and
metamorphic rocks
, sandstone and limestone; mountains up to 892 metres (2,927 ft)
above sea level
; broad valleys such as the Arava, and seashore on the Gulf of Aqaba. With an annual average rainfall of 28 millimetres (1.1 in) and summer temperatures of 40 °C (104 °F) and higher,
water resources
and vegetation are limited. "The main elements that influenced the region's history were the copper resources and other minerals, the ancient international roads that crossed the area, and its geopolitical and strategic position. These resulted in a settlement density that defies the environmental conditions."
[4]
History
On the left a map drawn by the first foreigner to explore the area in modern times with current borders overlaid; modern Eilat is located between the mountain "Gatal Mahamar" and the area labelled "marais saumatre" (
brackish marsh
). On the right, an early Israeli map drawn shortly after the founding of modern Eilat.
Historical "Elath" / Ayla is located at
Aqaba
, in
Jordan
; the Israeli map includes the words
Hebrew
:
?????? ???????
,
lit.
'Roman Eilat'. The mound shown on the 1822 map as "Ruines d'Elana" is today known as
Tell el-Kheleifeh
, speculated to be Biblical
Ezion-Geber
; it is shown on the Israeli map as
Hebrew
:
??????? ??????
,
lit.
'Ezion-Geber'. The mountain peak named "Gebel Gatal Mahamar" in 1822 is named
Hebrew
:
??? ????????
,
lit.
'Mount Solomon' in the Israeli map
Early history
Archaeological excavations
uncovered impressive prehistoric (
Neolithic
) tombs dating to the
7th millennium BC
at the western edge of Eilat, while nearby copper workings and mining operations at
Timna Valley
are one of the oldest on earth.
[5]
An Islamic community of 250?400 residents flourished for one or two generations in the area during the
Umayyad period
.
[6]
It dealt in agriculture, copper mining and
smelting
, as well as trading with pilgrims by taking advantage of the adjacent
Darb el-Hajj
('Way of the
Hajj
') route in the 8th century CE.
[6]
There was some sporadical reuse of the abandoned site by pastoralists during the 9th.
[6]
It was one of six very similar contemporary villages discovered in close vicinity, two along the northbound leg of the
Darb
, and three to the southwest, along the coastal road, all of them depending on the nearby port of
Ayla
and the Hajj road.
[6]
Its remains were found and excavated in 1989, between the industrial zone at the northern edge of Eilat and nearby
Kibbutz
Eilot
.
[6]
Modern city
During the
British Mandate era
, a British police post existed in the area, which was known as
Umm Al-Rashrash
. The area was designated as part of the Jewish state in the
1947 UN Partition Plan
. During the
1948 Arab-Israeli War
, the abandoned police post, which consisted of five clay huts, was taken without a fight on March 10, 1949, as part of
Operation Uvda
.
[7]
[8]
This marked the end of Israel's war for independence. The
memorial at the historical place
of March 1949 was declared a
National Heritage Site
in 1994.
The town developed over the following years.
Eilat Airport
was built in 1949 and individual ships began arriving in the 1950s, but as there were no dedicated port facilities they unloaded their goods at sea. In the early 1950s, Eilat was a small and remote town, populated largely by port workers, soldiers, and former prisoners. The town's development accelerated in 1955, when it had a population of about 500. The Timna Copper Mines
[9]
near the
Timna Valley
and the
Port of Eilat
were opened that year and concerted effort by the Israeli government to populate Eilat began, starting with Jewish immigrant families from
Morocco
being resettled there. Eilat began to develop rapidly after the
Suez Crisis
in 1956, with its tourism industry in particular starting to flourish. The
Israeli Navy
's Eilat naval base was founded that year.
[10]
The town's population grew to 5,300 in 1961.
Yoseftal Medical Center
and the
Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline
were completed in 1968, and the population increased further, reaching 13,100 in 1972 and 18,900 in 1983.
After the
1948 Arab?Israeli War
Arab countries maintained a state of hostility with Israel, blocking all land routes; Israel's access to and trade with the rest of the world was by air and sea alone. Further, Egypt denied passage through the
Suez Canal
to Israeli-registered ships or to any ship carrying cargo to or from Israeli ports. This made Eilat and its sea port crucial to Israel's communications, commerce and trade with Africa and Asia, and for oil imports. Without recourse to a port on the Red Sea Israel would have been unable to develop its diplomatic, cultural and trade ties beyond the
Mediterranean
basin and Europe. This happened in 1956 and again in 1967, when Egypt's closure of the
Straits of Tiran
to Israeli shipping effectively blockaded the port of Eilat.
In 1956, this led to Israel's participation alongside Britain and France in the war against Egypt sparked by the
Suez Crisis
, while in 1967 90% of Israeli oil passed through the Straits of Tiran.
[11]
Oil tankers that were due to pass through the straits were delayed.
[12]
[13]
The straits' closure was cited by Israel as an additional
casus belli
leading to the outbreak of the
Six-Day War
. Following
peace treaties
signed with
Egypt in 1979
and
Jordan in 1994
, Eilat's borders with its neighbors were finally opened.
Israeli?Arab conflict
Eilat is especially defended by its own special forces unit Lotar Eilat. It is a reservist
special forces unit of the IDF
trained in counter-terrorism and
hostage rescue
in the Eilat area, which has taken part in many counter-terrorist missions in the region since its formation in 1974. The Lotar unit is composed solely of reservists, citizens who must be Eilat residents between the ages of 20 and 60, who are on call in case of a terrorist attack on the city. It is one of only three units in the IDF authorized to free hostages on its own command.
[14]
[15]
In 2007 the
Eilat bakery bombing
killed three civilian bakers.
[16]
[17]
This was the first such attack in Eilat proper,
[18]
although other terror attacks had been carried out in the area.
[19]
In 2011, terrorists infiltrated Israel across the
Sinai
border to execute multiple attacks on Highway 12, including a civilian bus and private car a few miles north of Eilat, in what became known as the
2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks
.
[20]
[21]
In order to prevent terrorist infiltration of Israel from the Sinai, Israel has built the
Egypt?Israel barrier
, a steel barrier equipped with cameras, radar and motion sensors along the country's southern border.
[22]
The fence was completed in January 2013.
[23]
Future development plans
In July 2012, Israel signed an agreement with China to cooperate in building the
high-speed railway to Eilat
, a railway line which will serve both passenger and freight trains. It will link Eilat with
Beersheba
and
Tel Aviv
, and will run through the
Arava Valley
and Nahal Zin.
[24]
The former
Eilat Airport
was closed on 18 March 2019 after the opening of
Ramon Airport
. The land occupied by the former airport is to be redeveloped. The new Ramon Airport opened in January 2019, 18 kilometres (11 miles) north of Eilat and replaced both Eilat Airport and the civilian use of
Ovda Airport
.
[25]
Hotels and apartment buildings, containing a total of 2,080 hotel rooms and 1,000 apartments will be constructed on the site, as well as 275
dunams
of public space and pedestrian paths. The plans also set aside space for the railway line and an underground railway station. The plan's goal is to create an urban continuum between the city center and North Beach, as well as tighten the links between the city's neighborhoods, which were separated by the airport.
[26]
In addition, there are plans to move the
Port of Eilat
and the
Eilat-Ashkelon pipeline
terminal to the northern part of the city, as well as to turn it into a university town of science and research, and brand it an international sports city. All these projects are part of a plan to increase Eilat's population to 150,000 people and build 35,000 hotel rooms.
[27]
Climate
Eilat has a
hot desert climate
(
Koppen
:
BWh
)
[28]
with very hot, dry summers and warm, similarly dry winters. Winters are usually between 11?23 °C (52?73 °F). Summers are usually between 26?40 °C (79?104 °F). There are relatively small
coral reefs
near Eilat; however, 50 years ago
[
when?
]
they were much larger.
[
citation needed
]
Climate data for Eilat (Temperature: 1987?2010, Precipitation: 1980?2010)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
32.2
(90.0)
|
35.8
(96.4)
|
38.7
(101.7)
|
43.4
(110.1)
|
45.2
(113.4)
|
47.4
(117.3)
|
48.3
(118.9)
|
48.0
(118.4)
|
45.0
(113.0)
|
44.3
(111.7)
|
38.1
(100.6)
|
33.6
(92.5)
|
48.3
(118.9)
|
Mean maximum °C (°F)
|
26.3
(79.3)
|
29.3
(84.7)
|
32.8
(91.0)
|
38.2
(100.8)
|
42.1
(107.8)
|
43.6
(110.5)
|
44.1
(111.4)
|
43.2
(109.8)
|
41.9
(107.4)
|
39.7
(103.5)
|
33.4
(92.1)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
44.1
(111.4)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
21.3
(70.3)
|
23.0
(73.4)
|
26.1
(79.0)
|
31.0
(87.8)
|
35.7
(96.3)
|
38.9
(102.0)
|
40.4
(104.7)
|
40.0
(104.0)
|
37.3
(99.1)
|
33.1
(91.6)
|
27.7
(81.9)
|
23.0
(73.4)
|
31.5
(88.6)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
17.4
(63.3)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
24.7
(76.5)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
32.0
(89.6)
|
33.8
(92.8)
|
33.7
(92.7)
|
31.3
(88.3)
|
27.4
(81.3)
|
22.0
(71.6)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
10.4
(50.7)
|
11.8
(53.2)
|
14.6
(58.3)
|
18.4
(65.1)
|
22.5
(72.5)
|
25.2
(77.4)
|
27.3
(81.1)
|
27.4
(81.3)
|
25.2
(77.4)
|
21.8
(71.2)
|
16.3
(61.3)
|
11.9
(53.4)
|
19.4
(66.9)
|
Mean minimum °C (°F)
|
5.9
(42.6)
|
7.4
(45.3)
|
10.1
(50.2)
|
13.4
(56.1)
|
17.7
(63.9)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
24.8
(76.6)
|
24.8
(76.6)
|
22.0
(71.6)
|
17.4
(63.3)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
7.5
(45.5)
|
5.9
(42.6)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
1.2
(34.2)
|
0.9
(33.6)
|
3.0
(37.4)
|
8.4
(47.1)
|
12.1
(53.8)
|
18.5
(65.3)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
19.4
(66.9)
|
18.6
(65.5)
|
9.2
(48.6)
|
5.3
(41.5)
|
2.5
(36.5)
|
0.9
(33.6)
|
Average rainfall mm (inches)
|
4
(0.2)
|
3
(0.1)
|
3
(0.1)
|
2
(0.1)
|
1
(0.0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
4
(0.2)
|
2
(0.1)
|
5
(0.2)
|
24
(1)
|
Average rainy days
(≥ 0.1 mm)
|
2.1
|
1.8
|
1.6
|
0.9
|
0.7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.7
|
0.8
|
1.9
|
10.5
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
32
|
28
|
25
|
19
|
16
|
15
|
17
|
18
|
23
|
27
|
29
|
33
|
24
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
229.4
|
237.3
|
251.1
|
273
|
319.3
|
324
|
347.2
|
347.2
|
291
|
282.1
|
246
|
217
|
3,364.6
|
Source:
Israel Meteorological Service
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
|
Eilat mean sea temperature
[33]
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
22 °C (72 °F)
|
21 °C (70 °F)
|
21 °C (70 °F)
|
23 °C (73 °F)
|
25 °C (77 °F)
|
26 °C (79 °F)
|
28 °C (82 °F)
|
28 °C (82 °F)
|
28 °C (82 °F)
|
27 °C (81 °F)
|
25 °C (77 °F)
|
23 °C (73 °F)
|
Demographics
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1955
| 500
| ?
|
---|
1961
| 5,300
| +960.0%
|
---|
1972
| 13,100
| +147.2%
|
---|
1983
| 18,900
| +44.3%
|
---|
1995
| 32,500
| +72.0%
|
---|
2008
| 47,300
| +45.5%
|
---|
2017
| 50,724
| +7.2%
|
---|
Source:
CBS
[34]
|
The overwhelming majority of Eilat's population are
Jews
. Arabs constitute about 4% of the population.
[35]
Eilat's population includes a large number of foreign workers, estimated at over 10,000 working as caregivers, hotel workers and in the construction trades. Eilat also has a growing
Israeli Arab
population, as well as many affluent
Jordanians
and
Egyptians
who visit Eilat in the summer months.
In 2007, over 200
Sudanese refugees from Egypt
who arrived in Israel illegally on foot were given work and allowed to stay in Eilat.
[36]
[37]
[38]
Education
The educational system of Eilat accommodates more than 9,000 youngsters in eight day-care centers, 67 pre-kindergartens and kindergartens, 10 elementary schools, and 3 six-year high schools. Also, there are some special-education schools and religious schools.
[39]
Ben Gurion University of the Negev
maintains a campus in Eilat. The Eilat branch has 1,100 students, about 75 percent from outside the city. In 2010, a new student dormitory was funded and built by the Jewish Federation of Toronto, the Rashi Foundation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the municipality of Eilat.
[40]
The
SPNI
's Eilat Field School on the outskirts of Eilat offers special hiking tours that focus on
desert ecology
, the
Red Sea
,
bird migration
and other aspects of Eilat's flora and fauna.
[41]
The
Hesder Yeshiva
Ayelet Hashachar, is based in Eilat, established in 1997.
[42]
Healthcare
Yoseftal Medical Center
, established in 1968, is Israel's southernmost hospital, and the only hospital covering the southern
Negev
. With 65 beds, the hospital is Israel's smallest. Special services geared to the Red Sea region are a
hyperbaric chamber
to treat victims of diving accidents and
kidney dialysis
facilities open to vacationing tourists.
[43]
Transportation
Air
Since 2019,
Ramon International Airport
has handled commercial domestic and international flights to Eilat (
IATA
: ETM,
ICAO
: LLER).
Former airports
- Eilat Airport
is located in the city centre and was used largely for domestic flights
[44]
(IATA: ETH, ICAO: LLET). The former site is to be
redeveloped
.
- International flights often used
Ovda International Airport
some 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of the city
[45]
(IATA: VDA, ICAO: LLOV). While no civilian flights use the airport any longer, it remains in use as a military airbase and for
aircraft storage
.
Road
Eilat has two main roads connecting it with the center of Israel -
Route 12
, which leads North West, and
Route 90
which leads North East, and South West to the border crossing with Egypt.
Bus
Egged
, the national bus company, provides regular service to points north on an almost hourly basis as well as in-city on a half-hourly basis during daylight hours. In part due to the comparatively long travel times, there are different booking procedures for buses to Eilat, including the option of advance reservations.
[46]
[47]
[48]
Border crossings with Egypt and Jordan
Maritime
The
Port of Eilat
and Eilat Marina allow travel by sea.
Rail
Future plans also call for a rail link, sometimes referred to as the
Med-Red
[49]
to decrease travel times substantially from Eilat to
Tel Aviv
and
Jerusalem
, via the existing line at
Beer Sheba
; planning is underway. As of 2021
Dimona railway station
is the southernmost passenger train station in Israel.
[50]
Economy
In the 1970s tourism became increasingly important to the city's economy as other industries shut down or were drastically reduced. Today tourism is the city's major source of income, although Eilat became a
free trade zone
in 1985.
[51]
Tourism
Eilat offers a wide range of accommodations, from hostels and luxury hotels to
Bedouin
hospitality. In recent years Eilat has been the target of militants from Egypt and Gaza causing a reduced tourist inflow to the region. Attractions include:
- Birdwatching
and ringing station: Eilat is located on the main migration route between Africa and Europe. International Birding & Research Center in Eilat.
[52]
- Camel
tours
- Coral Beach Nature Reserve
, an underwater
marine reserve
of tropical marine flora and fauna
- Coral World Underwater Observatory
, located at the southern tip of Coral Beach, it has aquaria, a museum, simulation rides, and shark, turtle, and
stingray
tanks. The observatory is the biggest
public aquarium
in the Middle East.
[53]
- Dolphin Reef
, a marine biology and research station where visitors can swim and interact with dolphins
[54]
- Freefall
parachuting
.
- Yotvata Hai-Bar Nature Reserve
, established in the 1960s to conserve
endangered species
, including Biblical animals, from this and similar regions. The reserve has a visitors' center, care and treatment enclosures, and large open area where desert animals are acclimated before re-introduction into the wild. Hai-Bar efforts have successfully re-introduced the Asian wild ass, or
onager
, into the
Negev
.
[55]
The Hai-Bar Nature Reserve and animal re-introduction program were described in Bill Clark's book "High Hills and Wild Goats: Life Among the Animals of the Hai-Bar Wildlife Refuge". The book also describes life in Eilat and the surrounding area.
[56]
- Marina
, with some 250 yacht berths
- Timna Valley Park
, the oldest copper mines in the world; Egyptian temple of Hathor, King Solomon's Pillars sandstone formation, ancient pit mines and
rock art
[57]
- "What's Up", a portable astronomical
observatory
with programs in the desert and on the promenade
[58]
- Ice Mall, ice skating rink and shopping mall
Dive tourism
Skin and
scuba diving
equipment is for hire on or near all major beaches. Scuba diving equipment rental and
compressed air
are available from diving clubs and schools all year round. Eilat is located in the
Gulf of Aqaba
, one of the most popular diving destinations in the world. The coral reefs along Eilat's coast remain relatively pristine and the area is recognized as one of the prime diving locations in the world.
[59]
About 250,000 dives are performed annually in Eilat's 11 km (6.8 mi) coastline, and diving represents 10% of the tourism income of this area.
[60]
In addition, given the proximity of many of these reefs to the shore, non-divers can encounter the Red Sea's reefs with relative ease.
[59]
Water conditions for SCUBA divers are good all year round, with water temperatures around 21?25 °C (70?77 °F), with little or no currents and clear waters with an average of 20?30 metres (66?98 feet) visibility.
Museums
Film
Eilat has been utilized by film and television productions ? domestic and foreign ? for location shooting since the 1960s, most notably in the early 90s as a tropical locale for season 2 of the Canadian production
Tropical Heat
.
It was also used in the films
She
,
Madron
,
Ashanti
and
Rambo III
.
Archaeology
Despite harsh conditions, the region has supported large populations as far back as 8,000 BCE.
[
citation needed
]
Exploration of ancient sites began in 1861, but only 7% of the area has undergone serious
archaeological excavation
. Some 1,500 ancient sites are located in a 1,200-square-kilometer (460 sq mi) area. In contrast to the gaps found in settlement periods in the neighbouring Negev Highlands and Sinai, these sites show continuous settlement for the past 10,000 years.
[
citation needed
]
Notable people
- Shawn Dawson
(born 1993), basketball player
- Gadi Eizenkot
(born 1960), Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces
- Eden Harel
(born 1976), actress
- Amit Ivry
(born 1989), Olympic swimmer and national record holder
- Keren Karolina Avratz
(born 1971), singer, songwriter
- Shaul Mofaz
(born 1948), former Minister of Defense, former Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces
- Ziki Shaked
(born 1955), first Israeli ship's captain to go around the world under the Israeli flag, from Eilat to Eilat
- Shahar Tzuberi
(born 1986), Israeli Olympic bronze-medal-winning windsurfer, 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing
- Raviv Ullman
(born 1986),
Israeli-American
actor, musician
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann
(born 1971), linguist, with a focus on
language revitalization
Twin towns ? sister cities
Eilat is
twinned
with:
[61]
- Acapulco
, Mexico
- Antibes
, France
- Arica
, Chile
- Durban
, South Africa
- Kamen
, Germany
- Kampen
, Netherlands
- Karlovy Vary
, Czech Republic
- Los Angeles
, United States
- Palanga
, Lithuania
- Pie??any
, Slovakia
- Sopron
, Hungary
- Sorrento
, Italy
- Yalta
, Ukraine
- Yinchuan
, China
- Ushuaia
, Argentina
Eilat has streets named after
Antibes
,
Durban
,
Kamen
,
Kampen
and
Los Angeles
as well as a Canada Park.
Panoramic views
See also
References
- ^
a
b
"Regional Statistics"
. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
. Retrieved
21 March
2024
.
- ^
Discovering the World of the Bible
, LaMar C. Berrett, (Cedar Fort 1996), page 204
- ^
Eretz Magazine (3 June 2018), Editorial,
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Eilat
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Eilat
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