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Eduard Vladimirovich Shpolsky
, also
Shpolsk'ii
,
Shpolskii
(
Russian
:
Эдуард Владимирович Шпольский
; September 23, 1892 ? August 21, 1975) was a Russian and
Soviet
physicist
and
educator
, co-founder and lifelong editor of
Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
journal (
Soviet Physics Uspekhi
and
Physics-Uspekhi
in English translation).
Shpolsky primary scientific contribution belongs to the field of
molecular
spectroscopy
, particularly
luminescence
and
absorption spectra
of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
. In 1952 Shpolsky and his junior researchers A. A. Ilyina and L. A. Klimov discovered
Shpolsky effect
(
Shpolskii matrixes
, an optical
analogy
to
Mossbauer effect
) in organic compounds, a property that allows highly selective spectroscopic identification of substances that normally do not possess clearly defined
spectral lines
or bands. The discovery evolved into a discipline of its own,
Shpolsky spectroscopy
.
[1]
[2]
Shpolsky authored the definitive
Russian language
university textbook on
Atomic Physics
, first printed in 1944 and reissued until 1974.
Biography
[
edit
]
Shpolsky studied at the department of physics of
Moscow State University
. In the aftermath of the
Casso affair
of 1911 professors of physics
Pyotr Lazarev
and
Pyotr Lebedev
and their assistant
Sergey Vavilov
resigned and joined the faculty of the fledgling private
Shanyavsky University
.
[3]
Shpolsky followed them, remaining
de jure
a student of Moscow State, and made his first research assignment in Lazarev's private laboratory in
Arbat District
.
[3]
He graduated from the department of physics of
Moscow State University
in 1913 and joined the staff of Shanyavsky University.
[3]
In 1918 he returned to Moscow State University and lectured there until 1939. In 1932 he also joined the faculty of
Moscow State Pedagogical Institute
and chaired its department of physics for 46 years.
[4]
He received the
doctorate
at MSU in 1933.
After
World War II
Shpolsky engaged in physical studies of
carcinogens
. He reasoned that carcinogens should possess physical properties distinct from harmless substances, and although no such link was ever found, his studies led to the discovery of
Shpolsky effect
. In 1952 Shpolsky, Ilyina and Klimov published an article
[5]
in
Doklady Akademii Nauk
asserting that complex organic substances that normally do not have clearly defined spectral lines do, in fact, emit or absorb them at low temperatures when mixed with specific organic
solvents
. Use of the solvent, forming a snow-like
paraffin
structure at 77
K
, was a radical departure from an established spectroscopy routine. In the same year
Pyotr Kapitsa
provided Shpolsky his laboratory to repeat the experiment at lower temperatures. This property became known as
Shpolsky effect
; Soviet authorities formally recognized it as a
discovery
only after Shpolsky's death. Organic compounds possessing this effect became known as
Shpolsky matrixes
and Shpolsky systems.
[6]
The method, although lacking solid
theoretical foundation
,
[7]
provided extreme spectral selectivity
[8]
and became a major improvement in detecting
3,4-benzapyrene
in the 1960s.
[9]
[10]
In 1961
Karl Rebane
suggested that Shpolsky effect was an optical
analogy
to
Mossbauer effect
(see
zero-phonon line and phonon sideband
).
Roman Personov
, an alumnus of Shpolsky laboratory, confirmed
Karl Rebane
hypothesis
in 1971. Later studies showed that
matrix isolation
fluorimetry
has significant practical advantages over original Shpolsky methode.
[11]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
See Gooijer et al. for a review of current (as of 2000) applications.
- ^
Personov, pp. 13-15, outlines practical applications of selective spectroscopy.
- ^
a
b
c
Shpolsky 1965
- ^
Bolotnikova 1992, p. 184
- ^
E. V. Shpolskii, A. A. Ilina and L. A. Klimova (1952). Transactions Doklady of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, volume 87, pages 935
- ^
Hieftje et al., p. 192
- ^
"Understanding of the nature of Shpolskii spectra came later..." - Personov, p. 2
- ^
Hieftje et al., p. 216
- ^
Shabad 1967, p. 1132
- ^
Bolotnikova 1992, p. 188
- ^
Hieftje et al., pp. 215-216
External links
[
edit
]
Sources
[
edit
]
- Bolotnikova, T. N. (1992).
"Effecty Shpolskogo ("Эффекты Шпольского (К 100-летию со дня рождения Э.В. Шпольского)")"
.
Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
(in Russian).
162
(11): 183?195.
doi
:
10.3367/UFNr.0162.199211d.0183
.
- Bolotnikova, T. N.;
V. L. Ginzburg
(1976).
"Obituary ("Памяти Эдуарда Владимировича Шпольского")"
.
Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk
(in Russian).
118
(1).
- Roman Personov
; Ariese, Freek; Hofstraat, Johannes W (2000).
The historical development of high-resolution selective spectroscopy of organic molecules in solids
. Wiley-IEEE. p. 578.
ISBN
978-0-471-24508-7
.
, in:
- Gary M. Hieftje; John C. Travis; Fred E. Lytle (1981).
Lasers in chemical analysis
. Humana Press. p. 348.
ISBN
978-0-89603-027-5
.
- Pyotr Kapitsa
(1980).
Experiment, theory, practice: articles and addresses
. Springer. p. 465.
ISBN
90-277-1062-7
.
- Shpolsky, E. V. (1965).
"Remembering Sergey Vavilov (Из воспоминаний о С. И. Вавилове)"
. Archived from
the original
on 2011-07-24.
published in:
predisl. i vstupit. stat'ja I. M. Franka (1991).
Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov (Сергей Иванович Вавилов. Очерки и воспоминания) 3rd edition
. Moscow: Nauka.
ISBN
5-02-000245-3
.
pp. 171?179
- Shabad, L. M. (1967).
"Studies in the USSR on the Distribution, Circulation and Fate of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons: a Review"
(PDF)
.
Cancer Research
.
27
(1): 1132?1137.
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