Northern major peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan
Place in Michigan, United States
The
Upper Peninsula
of Michigan
?also known as
Upper Michigan
or colloquially the
U.P.
?is the northern and more elevated of the two major landmasses that make up the
U.S. state
of
Michigan
; it is separated from the
Lower Peninsula
by the
Straits of Mackinac
. It is bounded primarily by
Lake Superior
to the north, separated from the Canadian province of
Ontario
at the east end by the
St. Marys River
, and flanked by
Lake Huron
and
Lake Michigan
along much of its south. Although the peninsula extends as a geographic feature into the state of
Wisconsin
, the state boundary follows the
Montreal
and
Menominee
rivers and a line connecting them.
First inhabited by
Algonquian-speaking
native American tribes, the area was explored by French colonists, then occupied by British forces, before being ceded to the newly established United States in the late 18th century. After being assigned to various territorial jurisdictions, it was granted to the newly formed state of Michigan as part of the settlement of
a dispute
with
Ohio
over the city of
Toledo
. The region's exploitable timber resources and the discovery of iron and copper deposits in the 19th century brought immigrants, especially
Finnish
,
French Canadian
,
Swedish
,
Cornish
, and
Italian
(the peninsula includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry).
[3]
With the exhaustion of readily available minerals, the area's economy declined in the 20th century, largely becoming dependent on logging and tourism.
The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the land area of Michigan but only 3% of its total population; at the height of the mining and timber era in the early 20th century it had as much as 11% of the state's population. Residents are nicknamed
Yoopers
(derived from "UP-ers") and have a strong regional identity, enhanced by the perception that the rest of the state neglects them. Proposals have been made to establish
the UP as a separate state
but have failed to gain traction. Its largest cities are
Marquette
,
Sault Ste. Marie
,
Escanaba
,
Menominee
,
Houghton
, and
Iron Mountain
. Because of the surrounding waters and northern latitude, it receives more snow than most of the eastern U.S. The heavily forested land, soil types, short growing season, and logistical factors (e.g. long distance to market, lack of infrastructure) make the Upper Peninsula poorly suited for agriculture. The region is home to a variety of wildlife, including moose, wolves, coyotes, deer, foxes, bears, mountain lions, bobcats, eagles, hawks, and owls.
History
[
edit
]
The first known inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula were tribes speaking
Algonquian languages
, specifically the Algonquian branches of
Ojibway
and
Menominee.
They arrived roughly around 800 C.E. and subsisted chiefly from fishing. Early tribes included the
Menominee
,
Odawa
,
Ojibwa
,
Nocquet
, and
Potawatomi
.
Etienne Brule
of France was probably the first European to visit the peninsula, crossing the
St. Marys River
around 1620 in search of a route to the
Far East
.
[4]
French colonists
laid claim to the land in the 17th century, establishing missions and
fur trading
posts such as
Sault Ste. Marie
and
St. Ignace
. Following the end of the
French and Indian War
(part of the
Seven Years' War
) in 1763, the territory was ceded to
Great Britain
. Sault Ste. Marie is the oldest European settlement in Michigan and the site of Native American settlements for centuries.
American Indian
tribes formerly allied with the French were dissatisfied with the British occupation, which brought new territorial policies. Whereas the French cultivated alliances among the Indians, the British postwar approach was to treat the tribes as conquered peoples. In 1763, tribes united in
Pontiac's Rebellion
to try to drive the British from the area. American Indians captured
Fort Michilimackinac
, at present-day
Mackinaw City
, then the principal fort of the British in the
Michilimackinac
region, as well as others and killed hundreds of British. In 1764, they began negotiations with the British, resulting in temporary peace and changes in objectionable British policies.
Although the Upper Peninsula nominally became United States territory with the 1783
Treaty of Paris
, the British did not give up control until 1797 under terms of the
Jay Treaty
. As an American territory, the Upper Peninsula was still dominated by the fur trade.
John Jacob Astor
founded the
American Fur Company
on
Mackinac Island
in 1808; however, the industry began to decline in the 1830s as beaver and other game were overhunted.
[5]
When the
Michigan Territory
was first established in 1805, it included only the
Lower Peninsula
and the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula. In 1819, the territory was expanded to include the remainder of the Upper Peninsula, all of what later became
Wisconsin
, and part of
Minnesota
(previously included in the
Indiana
and
Illinois
Territories). When Michigan applied for statehood in the 1830s, the proposal corresponded to the original territorial boundaries. However, there was an armed conflict known as the
Toledo War
with the state of Ohio over the location of their mutual border. Meanwhile, the people of Michigan approved a constitution in May 1835 and elected state officials in late autumn 1835. Although the state government was not yet recognized by the
United States Congress
, the territorial government effectively ceased to exist. President
Andrew Jackson
's government offered the remainder of the Upper Peninsula to Michigan if it would cede the Toledo Strip to Ohio. A constitutional convention of the state legislature refused, but a second convention, hastily convened by Governor
Stevens Thomson Mason
, consisting primarily of his supporters, agreed in December 1836 to the deal. In January 1837, the U.S. Congress admitted Michigan as a state of the Union.
At the time, Michigan was considered the losing party in the compromise. The land in the Upper Peninsula was described in a federal report as a "sterile region on the shores of Lake Superior destined by soil and climate to remain forever a wilderness."
[4]
This belief changed when rich mineral deposits (primarily copper and iron) were discovered in the 1840s. The Upper Peninsula's mines produced more mineral wealth than the
California Gold Rush
, especially after shipping was improved by the opening of the
Soo Locks
in 1855 and docks in
Marquette
in 1859. The Upper Peninsula supplied 90% of America's copper by the 1860s. It was the nation's largest supplier of iron ore by the 1890s, and production continued to a peak in the 1920s but sharply declined shortly afterward. The last copper mine closed in 1995, although the majority of mines had closed decades before. Some iron mining continues near Marquette.
[4]
The
Eagle Mine
, a nickel-copper mine, opened in 2014.
[6]
Thousands of Americans and immigrants moved to the area during the mining boom, prompting the federal government to create
Fort Wilkins
near
Copper Harbor
to maintain order. The first wave were the
Cornish
from Great Britain, with centuries of mining experience; followed by Irish,
Germans
, and
French Canadians
. During the 1890s,
Finnish
immigrants began settling there in large numbers, forming the population plurality in the northwestern portion of the peninsula. In the early 20th century, 75% of the population was foreign-born.
[5]
From 1861 to 1865, 90,000 Michigan men fought in the
American Civil War
, including 1,209 from the Upper Peninsula.
Houghton County
contributed 460 soldiers, while
Marquette County
sent 265.
[7]
Geography
[
edit
]
Including extensive parts of the Great Lakes, the Upper Peninsula contains about 36,139 square miles (93,600 km
2
) of total area. Of that, about 16,378 square miles (42,420 km
2
) is its land area,
[1]
about 29% of the state.
[
citation needed
]
It is bounded on the north by
Lake Superior
, on the east by
St. Marys River
, on the south by
Lake Michigan
and
Lake Huron
, and on the west by
Wisconsin
and (counting the water border on Lake Superior) by
Minnesota
. It has about 1,700 miles (2,700 km) of continuous shoreline with the
Great Lakes
. There are about 4,300 inland lakes, the largest of which is
Lake Gogebic
, and 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of streams.
[8]
Its lowest elevation is along the shoreline of Lake Huron and Lake Michigan, averaging 577 feet (176 m) above sea level.
[9]
Its highest elevation is
Mount Arvon
, at 1,979 feet (603 m).
[10]
Michigan's Upper Peninsula is bounded on land by Wisconsin to the southwest and west; and in territorial waters by Minnesota to the west,
Ontario
to the west, north and east, and the
Door Peninsula
of Wisconsin extends into
Lake Michigan
east of the western Upper Peninsula.
Five Michigan Upper Peninsula counties include nearby major islands:
Mackinac Island
,
Round Island
and
Bois Blanc Island
in Lake Huron are in
Mackinac County
;
Sugar Island
and
Neebish Island
in the
St. Marys River
, and
Drummond Island
in Lake Huron are in
Chippewa County
;
Grand Island
is in
Alger County
;
Summer Island
is
Delta County
; and
Isle Royale
is part of
Keweenaw County
.The peninsula is divided between the flat, swampy areas in the east, part of the
Great Lakes Plain
, and the steeper, more rugged western half, called the
Superior Upland
, part of the
Canadian Shield
.
[11]
The rock in the western portion is the result of volcanic eruptions and is estimated to be at least 3.5 billion years old (much older than the eastern portion) and contains the region's ore resources.
Banded-iron formations
were deposited 2 billion years ago; this is the
Marquette Range Supergroup
. A considerable amount of
bedrock
is visible. Mount Arvon is within the
Huron Mountains
, located in Marquette and Baraga counties. The
Porcupine Mountains
are located in the extreme northwest of the peninsula. All of the higher areas are the remnants of ancient peaks, worn down over millions of years by erosion and glaciers.
[12]
The
Keweenaw Peninsula
is the northernmost part of the peninsula (not counting Isle Royale, which is politically part of the UP). It projects into Lake Superior and was the site of the first copper boom in the United States, part of a larger region of the peninsula called the
Copper Country
.
[13]
Copper Island
is its northernmost section. About one-third of the peninsula is government-owned recreational forest land today, including the
Ottawa National Forest
and
Hiawatha National Forest
. Although heavily logged in the 19th century, the majority of the land was forested with mature trees by the 1970s.
[4]
There was a boundary dispute over the border with Wisconsin. The northwesternmost portion of the border follows a line from
Lac Vieux Desert
to the headwaters of the
Montreal River
. An 1847 survey established the east branch of the Montreal River as the border. However, the 1908 revision of the
Constitution of Michigan
specified that the west branch of the Montreal River was the proper border, which would have placed an additional 360 square miles of land on the Michigan side of the border.
[14]
A 1926 Supreme Court decision awarded this tract of land to Wisconsin.
[15]
Wildlife
[
edit
]
The Upper Peninsula contains a large variety of wildlife. Some of the mammals found in the UP include
shrews
,
moles
, mice,
white-tailed deer
,
moose
,
black bears
,
cougar
,
gray
and
red foxes
,
wolves
,
river otters
,
martens
,
fishers
,
muskrats
,
bobcats
,
coyotes
,
snowshoe hares
,
cotton-tail rabbits
,
porcupines
,
chipmunks
,
squirrels
,
raccoons
,
opossum
and
bats
. There is a large variety of birds, including hawks, osprey, owls, gulls, hummingbirds, chickadees,
robins
(the state bird), woodpeckers, warblers, and bald eagles. In terms of
reptiles
and
amphibians
, the UP has common
garter snakes
,
red bellied snakes
,
pine snakes
,
northern water snakes
,
brown snakes
,
eastern garter snakes
,
eastern fox snakes
,
eastern ribbon back snakes
,
green snakes
,
northern ringneck snakes
,
eastern milk snakes
(Mackinac and Marquette counties) and
eastern hognose snakes
(Menominee County only), plus
snapping turtles
,
wood turtles
, and
painted turtles
(the state reptile),
green frogs
,
bullfrogs
,
northern leopard frogs
, and
salamanders
. Lakes and rivers contain many fish such as
walleye
,
muskie
,
northern pike
,
trout
,
salmon
,
bullhead catfish
, and bass. Invasive species like the alewife and sea lamprey can be found in the Great Lakes. The UP also contains many shellfish, such as
clams
, aquatic snails, and
crayfish
. The
American Bird Conservancy
and the
National Audubon Society
have designated several locations as internationally
Important Bird Areas
.
[16]
After being nearly
extirpated
from the
conterminous United States
,
gray wolves
survived in the remote northeastern corner of Minnesota and Ontario. The
repopulation of wolves in this region
has occurred naturally as they have expanded their territory.
There is significant discussion and studies over the presence of
eastern cougars
in the UP.
[17]
Historically, the last of the species, or subspecies, was extirpated near
Newberry
in 1906, although there have been sightings of the creatures over the years since.
[18]
[19]
These reports increased in number over the first decade of the 21st century. The
Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment
(DNRE)
[b]
formed a four-person team to investigate sightings in the state. The biologists with the DNRE currently do not believe that there is a breeding population anywhere in the state, rather that the sighted animals are visitors to the state.
[21]
As late as January 2007, the DNRE's official position was that no cougars lived in Michigan.
[22]
Several residents in the state disagree with both current and previous positions on the part of the DNRE.
[22]
[23]
Researchers at
Central Michigan University
and the
Michigan Wildlife Conservancy
in 2006 published the findings of a study using DNA analysis of fecal samples taken in the Upper and Lower peninsulas that showed the presence of cougars at the time.
[24]
These results were disputed in a second journal article in 2007 by other researchers from
Eastern Michigan University
and the
U.S. Forest Service
.
[25]
A citizen's group, the Michigan Citizens for Cougar Recognition (MCCR), independently tracked sightings and in 2009 listed Delta County as the location with the greatest number of reports in the state.
[26]
The DNRE verified five sets of tracks and two trail camera photos in Delta, Chippewa, Marquette, and Menominee counties since 2008.
[27]
DNRE officials acknowledge that there are cougars in the UP, but not elsewhere in the state. Critics of the DNRE's position on the species, including the founder of the MCCR, say that the department is attempting to "avoid paying for a cougar management program".
[23]
There also many
invasive species
that are primarily brought in the
ballast
water of foreign ships, usually from the ocean bordering northeastern Asia. This water is dumped directly into the Great Lakes, depositing a variety of fresh and salt water fish and invertebrates, most notably the
zebra mussel
,
Dreissena polymorpha
. There are also many plant species that have been transported to the Great Lakes, including purple loosestrife,
Lythrum salicaria
[28]
and
Phragmites australis
, both of which are considered to be a threat to native
hydrophyte
wetland plants.
[29]
[30]
The
emerald ash borer
was first reported in the UP at
Brimley State Park
[31]
and is considered to be a serious ecological threat to the habitat and economy.
Climate
[
edit
]
The Upper Peninsula has a
humid continental climate
(
Dfb
in the
Koppen climate classification
system). The Great Lakes have a great effect on the larger part of the peninsula. Winters tend to be long, cold, and snowy for most of the peninsula, and because of its northern latitude, the daylight hours are short?around 8 hours between sunrise and sunset in the winter. Lake Superior has the greatest effect on the area, especially the northern and western parts.
Lake-effect snow
causes many areas to get in excess of 100?250 inches (2.5?6.4 m) of snow per year?especially in the Keweenaw Peninsula and Gogebic County, and to a lesser extent Baraga, Marquette and Alger counties, making the western UP a prominent part of the
midwestern
snowbelt
.
Records of 390 inches (9.9 m) of snow or more have been set in many communities in this area.
[32]
The Keweenaw Peninsula averages more snowfall than any other location east of the
Mississippi River
.
[33]
Because of the howling storms across Lake Superior, which cause dramatic amounts of precipitation, it has been said that the lake-effect snow makes the Keweenaw Peninsula the snowiest place east of the
Rockies
.
Herman
averages 236 inches (5.99 m) of snow every year.
[34]
Lake-effect snow can cause blinding
whiteouts
in just minutes, and some storms can last for days.
Hancock
is found frequently on lists of the snowiest cities in America.
[35]
The
banana belt
along the Wisconsin border has a more continental climate since most of its weather does not arrive from the lakes. Summers tend to be warmer and winter nights much colder. Coastal communities have temperatures tempered by the Great Lakes. In summer, it might be 10 °F (5.6 °C) cooler at lakeside than it is inland, and the opposite effect is seen in winter. The area of the Upper Peninsula north of
Green Bay
through Menominee and Escanaba (and extending west to Iron River) does not have the extreme weather and precipitation found to the north.
[4]
The coldest temperature officially recorded in the Upper Peninsula was ?48 °F (?44 °C) in Humboldt in January 1915.
[36]
Time zones
[
edit
]
Like the entire Lower Peninsula, most of the Upper Peninsula is within the
Eastern Time Zone
. However, the four counties bordering Wisconsin are in the
Central Time Zone
. In 1967, when the
Uniform Time Act
came into effect, the Upper Peninsula went under year-round Central Standard Time, with no
daylight saving time
.
[37]
In 1973, the majority of the peninsula switched to Eastern Standard Time;
[38]
only the four western border counties of
Gogebic
,
Iron
,
Dickinson
, and
Menominee
continue to observe Central Standard Time. Daylight saving time is observed peninsula-wide.
Demographics
[
edit
]
The Upper Peninsula remains a predominantly rural region. As of the
2020 census
the region had a population of 301,608, just more than 3% of Michigan's total population and a decline of 3.2% from 2010.
[2]
According to the
2010 census
, 103,211 people live in the 12 towns of at least 4,000 people, covering 96.5 square miles (250 km
2
). A total of 116,548 people live in the 18 towns and villages of at least 2,000 people, which cover 108.5 square miles (281 km
2
)?less than 1% of the peninsula's land area.
Federal censuses indicate that the population of the Upper Peninsula grew throughout the 19th century as European settlers moved into the region, then boomed around the turn of the century, and experienced gradual decline overall during most of the 20th century.
[41]
[42]
The decline was uneven, however: the population in the largest cities ? Marquette, Sault Ste Marie, and Escanaba ? grew somewhat, while smaller cities and non-urban areas have generally declined in population. The six westernmost counties experienced the largest decrease, from a 1920 population of 153,674 to a 2020 population of 79,392. Many
ghost towns exist in the region
.
[43]
A "
" indicates an increase in population from the previous census, and a "
" indicates a decrease in population from the previous census.
Education
[
edit
]
The Upper Peninsula of Michigan has three state universities (
Lake Superior State University
in Sault Ste. Marie,
Michigan Technological University
in Houghton, and
Northern Michigan University
in Marquette) and five community colleges (
Bay Mills Community College
in Brimley,
Bay de Noc Community College
in Escanaba and Iron Mountain,
Gogebic Community College
in Ironwood, and
Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College
in Baraga).
Culture
[
edit
]
Early settlers included multiple waves of people from
Nordic countries
, and people of Finnish ancestry make up 16% of the peninsula's population. The
Finnish sauna
and the concept of
sisu
have been adopted widely by residents of the Upper Peninsula. The television program
Finland Calling
was for a long period the only Finnish-language television broadcast in the United States; it aired on Marquette station
WLUC-TV
from March 25, 1962, until March 29, 2015.
[44]
Finlandia University
, America's only college with Finnish roots, was located in Hancock, but has shut down as of spring 2023.
[45]
Street signs in Hancock appear in English and Finnish to celebrate this heritage.
Other sizable ethnic communities in the Upper Peninsula include
French-Canadian
, German,
Cornish
, Italian, and
Ojibwe
ancestry.
Upper Peninsula natives
speak a dialect
influenced by Scandinavian and French-Canadian speech. A popular bumper sticker, a parody of the "Say YES to Michigan" slogan promoted by state tourism officials, shows an outline of the Upper Peninsula and the slogan, "Say ya to da UP, eh!" The dialect and culture are captured in many songs by
Da Yoopers
, a comedy music and skit troupe from
Ishpeming
.
Newspapers of the Upper Peninsula
include
The Daily News
in Iron Mountain,
The Menominee County Journal
in
Stephenson
,
The Daily Mining Gazette
in Houghton,
The Daily Press
in Escanaba, and the
Sault Ste. Marie Evening News
.
The Mining Journal
, based in Marquette, is the only daily newspaper that publishes a Sunday edition, which is distributed, with the exception of Chippewa and eastern Mackinac counties, across the entire UP (the other six days are distributed in its local area only).
The Keweenaw Peninsula is home to several ski areas.
Mont Ripley
, just outside Houghton, is popular among students of
Michigan Technological University
(the university actually owns the mountain). Further up the peninsula in the small town of
Lac La Belle
is
Mt. Bohemia
. A skiing purist's resort, Bohemia is a self-proclaimed "experts only" mountain, and it does not
groom
its heavily
gladed
slopes.
[46]
Other ski areas are Pine Mountain located in Iron Mountain, Norway Mountain in the town of the same name, and the
Porcupine Mountains Ski Area
located in Ontonagon.
Houghton is where professional ice hockey was first started in 1904.
[47]
[48]
Regional identity
[
edit
]
As of 2018, the western Upper Peninsula is home to about 173,887 people, while the eastern Upper Peninsula is home to about 133,499 people, a total of 307,386?only about 3% of the state's population?living in almost one-third of the state's land area.
[49]
[50]
Residents are known as Yoopers (from "UP-ers"), and many consider themselves Yoopers before they consider themselves
Michiganders
.
[51]
(People living in the Lower Peninsula are commonly called "
trolls
" by Upper Peninsula residents, as they live "
Under the Bridge
".) This
regionalism
is not only a result of the physical separation of the two peninsulas, but also the history of the state.
Residents of the western Upper Peninsula take on some of the cultural identities of both Wisconsin and Michigan. In terms of sports fandom, residents may support Detroit professional teams or those of Wisconsin?particularly the
Green Bay Packers
. This is a result of both proximity and the broadcast and print media of the area. The four counties that border Wisconsin are also in the Central Time Zone, unlike the rest of Michigan, which is on Eastern time. In some cases, commercial cartographers draw incorrect maps that inadvertently annex the Upper Peninsula into Wisconsin.
[52]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
The Upper Peninsula has a distinctive local cuisine. The
pasty
(pronounced "pass-tee"), a kind of meat turnover originally brought to the region by Cornish miners, is popular among locals and tourists alike. Pasty varieties include chicken, venison, pork, hamburger, and pizza, all of which many restaurants serve.
[51]
Many restaurants serve potato sausage and
cudighi
, a spicy
Italian
meat.
Finnish immigrants contributed
nisu
, a
cardamom
-flavored sweet bread;
limppu
, an
Eastern Finnish
rye bread;
pannukakku
, a variant on the pancake with a custard flavor;
viili
(sometimes spelled "fellia"), a stretchy, fermented Finnish milk; and
korppu
, hard slices of toasted cinnamon bread, traditionally dipped in coffee. Some Finnish foods such as
juusto
(squeaky cheese, essentially a
cheese curd
, like
Leipajuusto
) and
saunamakkara
(a ring-bologna sausage) have become so ubiquitous in Upper Peninsula cuisine that they are now commonly found in most grocery stores and supermarkets.
Maple syrup
is a highly prized local delicacy.
[53]
Fresh Great Lakes fish, such as the
lake trout
,
whitefish
, and (in the spring)
smelt
are widely eaten. There is minimal concern about contamination of fish from Lake Superior waters.
[54]
Smoked
fish is also popular.
Thimbleberry
jam and
chokecherry
jelly are a treat.
[55]
Economy
[
edit
]
Industries
[
edit
]
The Upper Peninsula is rich in mineral deposits, including iron, copper, nickel, and silver. Small amounts of gold have also been discovered and mined. In the 19th century, mining dominated the economy, and the UP became home to many isolated
company towns
. For many years, mines in the Keweenaw Peninsula were the world's largest producers of copper (see
Copper mining in Michigan
). The mines began declining as early as 1913, with most closing temporarily during the
Great Depression
. Mines reopened during
World War II
, but almost all quickly closed after the war ended. The last copper mine in the
Copper Country
was the
White Pine mine
, which closed in 1995. Marquette County sits along the
Marquette Iron Range
, which sent out a significant portion of the iron ore mined in the United States for many years.
[56]
As of 2020
[update]
, Marquette County is home to one remaining iron ore mine and one nickel and copper mine.
[57]
[58]
From approximately 1870 to 1915, about 32 quarries mined
Jacobsville Sandstone
in the Upper Peninsula, particularly near Marquette and the community of
Jacobsville
. The sandstone was used in many buildings, both locally and around the United States.
[59]
Since logging of
white pine
began in the 1880s, timber has been an important industry.
[60]
Stands of
hemlock
and
hardwood
in the western reaches of the forest experienced larger scale selection-cutting beginning in the mid-20th century. Because of the highly seasonal climate and the short growing season, agriculture is limited in the Upper Peninsula, though potatoes,
strawberries
and a few other small fruits are grown.
Tourism has become the main industry in recent decades. In 2005, ShermanTravel, LLC listed the Upper Peninsula as #10 in its assessment of all travel destinations worldwide.
[61]
[62]
The peninsula has extensive coastline on the Great Lakes, large tracts of state and national forests,
cedar
swamps, more than 150 waterfalls, and low population densities. Because of the skiing, camping, boating, fishing, snowmobiling, hunting, and hiking opportunities, many Lower Peninsula and Wisconsin families spend their vacations in the UP, and tourists visit from
Detroit
,
Chicago
,
Grand Rapids
,
Milwaukee
, and other metropolitan areas. The opening of the
Mackinac Bridge
in 1957 (see below) has made the Upper Peninsula easily accessible to tourists from the Lower Peninsula and southeast of Michigan, and has helped make the UP a year-round tourist destination.
During the
Cold War
, the U.P. was home to two
U.S. Air Force
bases,
Kincheloe
south of
Sault Ste. Marie
, and
K.I. Sawyer
, south of
Marquette
. Both were bases of the
Strategic Air Command
(SAC), with
B-52H
bombers
; Kincheloe closed in 1977, and Sawyer in 1995.
In 2004,
microbreweries
began opening across the Upper Peninsula; 14 opened by 2014, and 23 by 2019.
[63]
[64]
In 2019, their annual economic impact totaled $346 million.
[64]
[65]
As of 2018
[update]
, three of Michigan's fifty largest breweries were in the Upper Peninsula:
Keweenaw Brewing Company
,
Blackrocks Brewery
, and the
Ore Dock Brewing Company
.
[66]
Government
[
edit
]
There are 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula.
State prisons are located in
Baraga
,
Marquette
,
Munising
,
Newberry
, and
Kincheloe
.
Politics
[
edit
]
Upper Peninsula vote
by party in presidential elections
[67]
Year
|
REP
|
DEM
|
Others
|
2020
[68]
|
57.34%
95,351
|
41.04%
68,249
|
1.62%
2,695
|
2016
[69]
|
56.40%
82,018
|
37.77%
54,923
|
5.83%
8,476
|
2012
[70]
|
50.80%
73,529
|
47.49%
68,747
|
1.71%
2,477
|
2008
[71]
|
46.12%
69,647
|
51.82%
78,257
|
2.06%
3,108
|
2004
[72]
|
51.52%
78,276
|
47.31%
71,888
|
1.17%
1,781
|
2000
[73]
|
50.61%
70,256
|
45.95%
63,791
|
3.43%
4,768
|
1996
[74]
|
36.75%
48,134
|
51.05%
66,856
|
12.20%
15,974
|
1992
[75]
|
33.37%
47,447
|
46.46%
66,060
|
20.18%
28,695
|
1988
[76]
|
47.86%
63,151
|
51.65%
68,152
|
0.49%
645
|
1984
[77]
|
54.07%
75,591
|
45.56%
63,695
|
0.37%
516
|
1980
[78]
|
47.78%
71,025
|
44.12%
65,579
|
8.10%
12,046
|
1976
[79]
|
48.04%
67,596
|
50.70%
71,338
|
1.25%
1,762
|
1972
[80]
|
54.08%
72,967
|
44.23%
59,670
|
1.69%
2,279
|
1968
[81]
|
44.75%
55,070
|
50.26%
61,858
|
4.99%
6,141
|
1964
[82]
|
32.40%
41,267
|
67.46%
85,923
|
0.14%
183
|
1960
[83]
|
48.05%
64,764
|
51.76%
69,765
|
0.19%
252
|
1956
[84]
|
58.72%
77,576
|
41.12%
54,326
|
0.17%
219
|
1952
[85]
|
55.09%
74,639
|
44.45%
60,230
|
0.46%
625
|
1948
[86]
|
47.28%
58,346
|
48.46%
59,801
|
4.27%
5,265
|
1944
[87]
|
45.63%
58,704
|
53.88%
69,310
|
0.49%
630
|
1940
[88]
|
46.14%
69.164
|
53.26%
79.835
|
0.67%
1,003
|
1936
[89]
|
39.21%
54,153
|
58.78%
81,176
|
2.02%
2,784
|
1932
[90]
|
48.73%
61,473
|
47.57%
60,012
|
3.71%
4,677
|
1928
[91]
|
61.53%
65,913
|
37.04%
39.677
|
1.44%
1,542
|
1924
[92]
|
68.51%
61,396
|
8.10%
7,261
|
23.39%
20,964
|
1920
[93]
|
74.50%
61,475
|
19.24%
15,876
|
6.27%
5,171
|
1916
[94]
|
59.51%
34,269
|
35.31%
20,333
|
5.17%
2,979
|
1912
[95]
[96]
|
31.41%
15,825
|
19.46%
9,803
|
49.14%
24,757
|
1908
[97]
|
72.69%
37,194
|
21.12%
10,805
|
6.20%
3,170
|
1904
[98]
|
79.83%
37,400
|
14.87%
6,965
|
5.31%
2,486
|
1900
[99]
|
73.00%
34,180
|
24.31%
11,382
|
2.69%
1,258
|
1896
[100]
|
68.39%
29,591
|
28.65%
12,397
|
2.95%
1,278
|
During most of the "
System of 1896
", the Upper Peninsula was overwhelmingly Republican even by the standards of Michigan during this era. However, the region's politics shifted from 1924, when the Upper Peninsula was the strongest region in Michigan for the insurgent candidacy of
Progressive
Robert M. La Follette
,
[101]
and in the following years with the increasing unionization of its large mining workforce. From the New Deal until the Clinton era, the Upper Peninsula tended to vote for the
Democratic Party
due to its legacy of mining and high
union
membership. As union strength in the peninsula declined since the turn of the century, the region has become more leaning towards the
Republican Party
(though
split-ticket voting
at the local level became a common practice).
[
citation needed
]
In the
2012 presidential election
, Republican candidate
Mitt Romney
carried all but two counties. In the
2016
and
2020
presidential elections, Republican candidate
Donald Trump
won all counties except Marquette County.
All counties in the UP are part of
Michigan's 1st congressional district
.
Jack Bergman
, a Republican, has been the
U.S. representative
for this district since January 2017.
In Michigan's 2010
gubernatorial election
Republican
Rick Snyder
carried every UP county but one, Gogebic, on his way to victory over his Democratic opponent,
Virg Bernero
.
[104]
Proposed statehood
[
edit
]
Due to the geographic separation and perceived cultural and political differences from the Lower Peninsula, at various times there have been proposals for the Upper Peninsula to
secede
from Michigan as a
51st state
named
Superior
, sometimes including portions of northern Wisconsin and/or the northern
Lower Peninsula
. Several prominent legislators, including the region's long-serving state representative
Dominic Jacobetti
, attempted unsuccessfully to gain passage of such a bill in the 1970s.
[105]
It would be the least populous state in the union, and as stronger connections to the rest of Michigan have developed since completion of the
Mackinac Bridge
in the 1950s, the proposal has remained largely dormant since the 1970s.
[106]
Notable attractions
[
edit
]
Casinos
[
edit
]
American Indian casinos
contribute to the tourist attractions and are popular in the UP. Originally the casinos were simple, one-room affairs. Some of the casinos are now quite elaborate and are being developed as part of resort and conference facilities, including features such as golf courses, pool and spa, dining, and rooms to accommodate guests.
Transportation
[
edit
]
The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower by the
Straits of Mackinac
, five miles (8 km) across at the narrowest, and is connected to it by the
Mackinac Bridge
at
St. Ignace
, one of the longest
suspension bridges
in the world. Until the bridge was completed in 1957, travel between the two peninsulas was difficult and slow (and sometimes even impossible during winter). In 1881, the
Mackinac Transportation Company
was established by three railroads, the
Michigan Central Railroad
, the
Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad
, and the
Detroit, Mackinac and Marquette Railroad
, to operate a railroad car ferry across the Straits. Beginning in 1923, the State of Michigan operated automobile ferries between the two peninsulas. At the busiest times of year the wait was several hours long, much longer at holidays.
[110]
In winter, travel was possible over the ice only after the straits had solidly frozen.
Highways
[
edit
]
There are one
Interstate Highway
, five
US Highways
and 24 other
state highways
in the Upper Peninsula.
Interstate 75
is the only freeway in the region and runs from the
Mackinac Bridge
at St. Ignace to the
International Bridge
at Sault Ste. Marie. Two highways run the east?west length of the peninsula,
US Highway 2
along the south and
M-28
to the north.
US 41
runs north?south through the central and western UP, connecting Menominee, Escanaba, Marquette and Houghton before terminating near the tip of the Keweenaw at Copper Harbor.
M-185
encircles Mackinac Island as the only state highway in the country without motor vehicles.
The
United States Forest Service
and
Federal Highway Administration
have designated certain roads within the several National Forests in the UP as
Federal Forest Highways
.
[111]
State-maintained highways closest to the Upper Peninsula's
Great Lakes
shorelines are marked by the
Michigan Department of Transportation
(MDOT) with signs indicating that they are part of the
Great Lakes Circle Tour
, a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.
[112]
MDOT has also designated five UP highways as
Pure Michigan Byways
for their historic, recreational or scenic qualities.
[113]
[114]
They are: US 2 in Iron County (Iron County Heritage Trail) and in Schoolcraft and Mackinac counties (Top of the Lake Scenic Byway), US 41 from Houghton to Copper Harbor (Copper County Trail, also a
National Scenic Byway
),
M-35
(UP Hidden Coast Recreational Heritage Trail),
M-123
(Tahquamenon Scenic Heritage Route) and
M-134
(M-134 North Huron Byway)
Airports
[
edit
]
There are 43 airports in the Upper Peninsula. Of these, six airports have commercial passenger service:
Gogebic-Iron County Airport
north of
Ironwood
,
Houghton County Memorial Airport
southwest of
Calumet
,
Ford Airport
west of
Iron Mountain
,
Sawyer International Airport
south of
Marquette
,
Delta County Airport
in
Escanaba
, and
Chippewa County International Airport
south of
Sault Ste. Marie
. There are 19 other public use airports with a hard surface runway. These are used for
general aviation
and charter. Notably,
Mackinac Island
,
Beaver Island
, and
Drummond Island
are all accessible by airports. There are five public access airports with turf runways and thirteen airports for the private use of their owners.
[
citation needed
]
There is only one
control tower
in the Upper Peninsula, at
Sawyer
.
[115]
Ferries and bridges
[
edit
]
The Eastern Upper Peninsula Transportation Authority operates car ferries in its area. These include ferries for
Sugar Island
,
Neebish Island
, and
Drummond Island
. Two ferry companies run passenger ferries from St. Ignace to Mackinac Island.
The three major bridges in the Upper Peninsula are:
- Mackinac Bridge
, connecting the
Lower Peninsula of Michigan
with the Upper;
- Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge
, which connects the city of Sault Ste. Marie to its twin city of
Sault Ste. Marie
in Canada; and
- Portage Lift Bridge
, which crosses
Portage Lake
. The Portage Lift Bridge is the world's heaviest and widest double-decked vertical lift bridge. Its center span lifts to provide about 100 feet (30 m) of clearance for ships. Since rail traffic was discontinued in the Keweenaw, the lower deck is used to accommodate
snowmobile
traffic in the winter. As the only land-based link between the north and south sections of the Keweenaw Peninsula, the bridge is crucial to transportation.
Railways
[
edit
]
- Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad
: Transports iron ore over a 16-mile (26 km) line from the Empire-Tilden Mine (operated by
Cleveland-Cliffs Inc.
), south of Ishpeming and Negaunee, to Marquette's port on Lake Superior.
- Two railroads originally crossed the Upper Peninsula east to west: the
Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway
, informally known as the Soo Line, running west from Sault Ste. Marie roughly along the Lake Michigan shore, and the
Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railroad
running west from St. Ignace roughly along the Lake Superior shore. In 1960, both railroads were merged into the
Soo Line Railroad
, the U.S. arm of the
Canadian Pacific Railway
. The Soo Line trackage in the Upper Peninsula was purchased by the
Wisconsin Central Railroad
in 1987. In 1997, the Wisconsin Central also purchased from the
Union Pacific Railroad
the former
Chicago and North Western Railway
line running into the Upper Peninsula from Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Central was in turn purchased by the
Canadian National Railway
in 2001. The Canadian National now operates much of the remaining railroad trackage in the Upper Peninsula.
- Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad
: Chartered in 1898, the E&LS is an industrial beltline railroad with 347 miles (558 km) of trackage connecting Escanaba, Ontonagon, Republic, and
Green Bay, Wisconsin
, with a common junction at
Channing
, and a spur to
Nestoria
from Sidnaw.
Bus systems
[
edit
]
Despite its rural character, there are public buses in several counties of the Upper Peninsula.
[116]
These include
MarqTran
serving Marquette, as well as intercity services provided by
Indian Trails
.
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Nick Baumgartner
, Olympic gold medalist in
mixed snowboard cross
at the
2022 Winter Olympics
, is from
Iron River
.
- Robert J. Flaherty
, the filmmaker who directed and produced the documentary
Nanook of the North
, in 1922, from
Iron Mountain
.
- George Gipp
, the "Gipper"?immortalized in the film
Knute Rockne, All American
?was born in
Laurium
.
[117]
He was the first
All-American
player of the
Notre Dame football
program.
- Crystal Hayes
, 2005 Miss Michigan, from
Rock
.
- Tom Izzo
,
Michigan State basketball coach
a native of Iron Mountain, attended
Northern Michigan University
.
- Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson
, aircraft engineer and aeronautical innovator, was born in
Ishpeming
.
- John Lautner
, one of
Frank Lloyd Wright
's most successful
Taliesin
fellows, a native of
Marquette
and alumnus of NMU.
- Mitchell Leisen
, film director, was born
Menominee
in 1898.
- Steve Mariucci
, former
San Francisco 49ers
and
Detroit Lions
head coach; a native of Iron Mountain, attended Northern Michigan University.
- Terry O'Quinn
, actor on
Lost
, was born in
Sault Ste. Marie
in 1952 and grew up in
Newberry
.
- Chase Osborn
was the only
Governor
of Michigan from the Upper Peninsula (1911?1913).
- Pam Reed
, ultrarunner, grew up in
Palmer
, and graduated from
Michigan Technological University
.
- Gene Ronzani
was a professional football running back for the
Chicago Bears
and head coach of the
Green Bay Packers
from 1950 to 1953; born in Iron Mountain.
- Abby Roque
, the first indigenous person to play for the
United States women's national ice hockey team
and an Olympic medalist, played high school hockey in
Sault Ste. Marie
.
- Rob Rubick
, Detroit Lions tight end and current Fox Sports Detroit analyst, from Newberry.
- Glenn T. Seaborg
, a Nobel Prize-winning
chemist
and major contributor in the discovery of several of the
transuranium elements
, was born in Ishpeming.
[118]
- Howard Schultz
, chairman of
Starbucks
Co., a Northern Michigan University alumnus.
- Mike Shaw
, professional wrestler, was born in
Skandia
.
- Matthew Songer
, founder of
Pioneer Surgical Technology
, lives in Marquette.
- Mary Chase Perry Stratton
, founder of
Pewabic Pottery
, was born in
Hancock
.
[119]
- Lou Thesz
, professional wrestler who held the
NWA World Heavyweight Championship
longer than anyone in history, was born in
Banat
, on April 24, 1916.
- James Tolkan
, an actor who appeared in
Back to the Future
and
Top Gun
, born in
Calumet
.
- John D. Voelker
, Justice of the
Michigan Supreme Court
, wrote the best-selling book
Anatomy of a Murder
under the pen name
Robert Traver
. Directed by
Otto Preminger
, the film was shot in
Big Bay
and Ishpeming with some courtroom scenes in Marquette.
- Bill Ivey
, the former head of the National Endowment for the Arts under the Clinton Administration was born in Calumet.
- Jake Witt
is an
American football
Offensive tackle
for the
Indianapolis Colts
of the
National Football League
(NFL). He was drafted in the 7th Round of the
2023 NFL draft
with the 236th overall pick.
[120]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
The total includes large parts of three
Great Lakes
, and was obtained by adding up the areas of each county that makes up the Upper Peninsula.
"Gazetteer Files"
.
Census.gov
. Counties. 2023
. Retrieved
January 24,
2024
.
- ^
a
b
"Michigan's Population Topped 10 Million in 2020"
.
Census.gov
. Retrieved
October 14,
2021
.
- ^
Simon, James & Finney, Patricia (August 10?14, 2008).
"Publication, Access and Preservation of Scandinavian Immigrant Press in North America"
(PDF)
. Quebec: Center for Research Libraries
. Retrieved
October 27,
2010
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Hunt, Mary & Hunt, Don (2007).
Hunts' Guide to Michigan's Upper Peninsula
. Albion, Michigan: Midwestern Guides.
ISBN
978-0-9709094-0-4
. Retrieved
March 31,
2007
.
- ^
a
b
Center for Upper Peninsula Studies (n.d.).
"History of the Upper Peninsula"
. Northern Michigan University. Archived from
the original
on September 5, 2006.
- ^
"About Eagle Mine"
. Eagle Mine. Archived from
the original
on September 3, 2017
. Retrieved
September 3,
2017
.
- ^
"Upper Michigan in the Civil War"
.
This Week in the American Civil War
. Self-published.
[
unreliable source?
]
- ^
"When you enter Michigan's Upper Peninsula...You enter a world of the finest attractions and unique experiences unmatched anywhere in the Midwest"
.
Michigan's Upper Peninsula
. Archived from
the original
on July 29, 2013
. Retrieved
July 21,
2013
.
- ^
"Physical features of Great Lakes"
. Michigan State University Department of Geography, Environment, & Spatial Sciences
. Retrieved
May 1,
2020
.
- ^
"Mount Arvon"
.
Pure Michigan
. Michigan Economic Development Corporation. December 29, 2016
. Retrieved
May 1,
2020
.
- ^
"Michigan Geography"
. Netstate. September 24, 2009
. Retrieved
July 18,
2010
.
- ^
[1]
[
dead link
]
- ^
Murdoch, Angus (1964).
Boom Copper: The Story of the First U.S. Mining Boom
. The Book Concern.
- ^
Kellogg, Louise P. (1917).
"The Michigan?Wisconsin Boundary Dispute"
.
Wisconsin Magazine of History
. Retrieved
July 17,
2019
.
- ^
"Evolution of Michigan's Legal Boundaries"
. Michigan State University Libraries
. Retrieved
July 17,
2019
.
- ^
"Michigan Important Bird Areas"
.
National Audubon Society
. September 12, 2016. Archived from
the original
on May 20, 2020
. Retrieved
March 6,
2020
.
- ^
Butz, Bob & Tischendof, Jay W (Foreword) (2005).
Beast of Never, Cat of God: The Search for the Eastern Puma
. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press.
ISBN
978-1-59228-446-7
.
- ^
Johnson, Kirk (March?April 2002).
"The mountain lions of Michigan"
.
Endangered Species Update
.
19
(2). Ann Arbor: School of Natural Resources and Environment,
University of Michigan
: 27?31.
- ^
Bolgiano, Chris & Roberts, Jerry (August 10, 2005).
The Eastern Cougar: Historic Accounts, Scientific Investigations, And New Evidence
. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. 67?78.
ISBN
978-0-8117-3218-5
.
- ^
Snyder, Richard D.
(January 4, 2011).
"Executive Order No. 2011-1: Executive Reorganization Department of Natural Resources and Environment Creating the Department of Natural Resources and Department of Environmental Quality"
(PDF)
. Lansing:
Executive Office
. Retrieved
October 15,
2017
.
- ^
"On the Cougar Trail: Team Investigates Sightings, Tracks Throughout UP, State"
.
Daily Press
. Escanaba, Michigan. March 18, 2010.
- ^
a
b
Donnelly, Francis X. (January 27, 2007). "Roar of Michigan Cougar Debate Grows Louder".
The Detroit News
.
- ^
a
b
Aupperlee, Aaron (December 21, 2009). "Cougar Sightings Growing Common: DNR Says it Has No Proof Big Cats Are Lurking, But Many Folks Say Otherwise".
The Grand Rapids Press
. p. A3.
- ^
Swanson, Bradley J. & Rusz, Patrick J. (April 2006). "Detection and Classification of Cougars in Michigan Using Low Copy DNA Sources".
American Midland Naturalist
.
155
(2).
University of Notre Dame
: 363?372.
doi
:
10.1674/0003-0031(2006)155[363:DACOCI]2.0.CO;2
.
ISSN
0003-0031
.
JSTOR
4094651
.
S2CID
85823961
.
(subscription required)
- ^
Kurta, Allen; Schwartz, Michael K. & Anderson, Charles R. Jr. (October 2007).
"Does a Population of Cougars Exist in Michigan?"
.
American Midland Naturalist
.
158
(2). University of Notre Dame: 467?71.
doi
:
10.1674/0003-0031(2007)158[467:DAPOCE]2.0.CO;2
.
ISSN
0003-0031
.
S2CID
85902836
. Retrieved
November 4,
2010
.
(subscription required)
- ^
Michigan Citizens for Cougar Recognition (December 21, 2009). "Top 10 Counties for Cougar Sightings".
The Grand Rapids Press
. p. A4.
- ^
"DNRE Confirms Cougar Sighting in Michigan"
.
The Morning Sun
. Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. June 21, 2010. Archived from
the original
on March 2, 2012
. Retrieved
October 27,
2010
.
- ^
"Invasive Species"
.
Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment
. 2010
. Retrieved
October 27,
2010
.
- ^
"Invasive Phragmites Control and Management"
. Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment. December 19, 2007. Archived from
the original
on December 8, 2010
. Retrieved
November 5,
2010
.
- ^
"A Guide to the Control and Management of Invasive Phragmites"
(PDF)
. Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment
. Retrieved
November 5,
2010
.
- ^
Storer, Andrew J. (2008).
"The History of Emerald Ash Borer Discoveries in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan from 2005 to 2007"
(PDF)
. US Forest Service. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on October 20, 2011
. Retrieved
November 25,
2011
.
- ^
Ruhf, Robert J.
"Lake-Effect Precipitation in Michigan"
. Retrieved
October 27,
2010
.
- ^
"Mean Monthly and Annual Snowfall"
. Climate Source. Archived from
the original
on June 9, 2008
. Retrieved
May 7,
2008
.
- ^
Burt, Christopher C. & Stroud, Mark (2007).
Extreme Weather: A Guide and Resource Book
. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.
80
.
ISBN
978-0-393-33015-1
.
record snowfall keweenaw peninsula.
- ^
Erdman, Jonathan (December 13, 2011).
"America's snowiest places"
. NBC News. Archived from
the original
on January 29, 2013
. Retrieved
August 29,
2012
.
- ^
Huizinga, Andrew (n.d.).
"Michigan's Extreme and Significant Weather Events"
.
GEO 333
. Michigan State University
. Retrieved
September 22,
2016
.
- ^
"State Constitutions: Referendum Row"
.
Time
. July 7, 1967. Archived from
the original
on November 13, 2007
. Retrieved
July 25,
2007
.
- ^
Law, Gwillim (February 19, 2007).
"United States Time Zones"
.
Statoids
. Retrieved
July 25,
2007
.
- ^
"U.S. Census website"
. Retrieved
July 20,
2013
.
- ^
"Census 2010 Gazetteer Files"
. Archived from
the original
on December 20, 2012
. Retrieved
July 20,
2013
.
- ^
University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center (2004).
"Historical Census Browser"
.
University of Virginia Library
. Archived from
the original
on March 3, 2016
. Retrieved
February 26,
2010
.
- ^
Forstall, Richard (October 14, 1994).
"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990"
. US Bureau of the Census Population Division
. Retrieved
February 26,
2010
.
- ^
Dodge, R. L. (1996).
Michigan Ghost Towns of the Upper Peninsula
(6th ed.). Glendon.
ISBN
978-0-934884-02-0
.
- ^
Steele, Anne (March 27, 2015).
"After 53 Years, Mr. Pellonpaa Is Finnished"
.
Wall Street Journal
. Retrieved
September 20,
2015
.
- ^
Hunt, Mary & Hunt, Don (2007). "Keweenaw Peninsula".
Hunts' Guide to Michigan's Upper Peninsula
. Albion, Michigan: Midwestern Guides.
ISBN
978-0-9709094-0-4
. Archived from
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on October 30, 2014
. Retrieved
October 1,
2006
.
- ^
"Warning"
. Mount Bohemia. Archived from
the original
on May 1, 2008
. Retrieved
February 9,
2009
.
- ^
Sproule, William J. (2019).
Houghton: The Birthplace of Professional Hockey
. Calumet, Michigan: Copper Island Printing.
- ^
Fischler, Shirley W.; Fischler, Stanley I.; Eskenazi, Gerald (August 4, 2021).
"ice hockey"
.
Encyclopedia Britannica
. Retrieved
April 16,
2022
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Binder, David (September 14, 1995).
"Upper Peninsula Journal; Yes, They're Yoopers, and Proud of It"
.
The New York Times
.
- Burt, Williams A. & Hubbard, Bela (1846).
Reports on the Mineral Region of Lake Superior
. Buffalo: L. Danforth.
ISBN
978-0-665-51009-0
.
Bela Hubbard.
113 pages.
- Harrison, Jim
(November 30, 2013).
"Imprint: My Upper Peninsula"
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
November 30,
2013
.
- Lankton, Larry (2010).
Hollowed Ground: Copper Mining and Community Building on Lake Superior, 1840s?1990s
. Detroit:
Wayne State University Press
.
376 pages.
- Magnaghi, Russell M. & Marsden, Michael T., eds. (1997).
A Sense of Place: Michigan's Upper Peninsula: Essays in Honor of William and Margery Vandament
. Northern Michigan University Press.
ISBN
978-0-918616-20-3
.
270 pages.
- Magnaghi, Russell M. (2017).
Upper Peninsula of Michigan: A History
. Marquette, Michigan: 906 Heritage.
ISBN
978-1-387-01681-5
.
OCLC
993581790
.
- Reddicliffe, Steve (July 27, 2017).
"36 Hours in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan"
.
The New York Times
.
- Rydholm, C. Fred (1989).
Superior Heartland: A Backwoods History
. Vol. I?II. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Braun-Brumfield.
ISBN
978-0-963-99482-0
.
External links
[
edit
]
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