Drums used for long-distance signalling and communications
Developed and used by
cultures
living in
forested
areas, drums served as an early form of long-distance
communication
, and were used during
ceremonial
and
religious
functions.
Types
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While the tone and articulation of this type of
hourglass
-shaped instrument can be finely controlled, it cannot be heard at distances beyond a gathering or market-place, and it is primarily used in ceremonial settings. Ceremonial functions could include dance, rituals, story-telling and communication of points of order.
Some of the groups of variations of the talking drum among West African ethnic groups:
In the 20th century the talking drums have become a part of popular
music
in West Africa, especially in the music genres of
Juju
(Nigeria) and
Mbalax
(Senegal).
Slit gongs
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Message drums, or more properly
slit gongs
, with hollow chambers and long, narrow openings that
resonate
when struck, are larger all-wood instruments hollowed out from a single log. Slit-log drums are common in the drum communication systems of
Papua New Guinea
, where they are known in
Tok Pisin
as
garamut
.
[1]
Variations in the thickness of the walls give varying tones when struck by the heavy wooden
drum sticks
. While some are simple and utilitarian, they can also be highly elaborate works of sculpture while still retaining their function.
A long slit is cut in one side of a log, then it is hollowed out through the slit, leaving lips (wooden ledges) on each side of the opening. Using a larger log enables a louder sound that can be heard over longer distances. By hollowing more under one lip and less under the other, the drum can be
tuned
to produce two different
notes
, a lower and a higher one. The drum's lips are hit with sticks, beating out
rhythms
of high and low notes. Small stands are often placed under each end of the drum to keep it off the ground and let it vibrate more freely.
Under ideal conditions, the sound can be understood at five to eleven kilometres (3?7 mi),
[2]
but interesting messages usually get relayed on by the next village. Drums used by the
Bulu people
of Cameroon might be heard as far away as 10 to 15 miles at night, compared to three to four during daytime.
[3]
Cambarysu
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The
Catuquinaru
tribe of Brazil reportedly used a drum called the
cambarysu
to send vibrations through the ground to other cambarysus up to 1.5 km away.
[4]
[5]
[6]
Some scholars expressed skepticism about the claim that it sent vibrations through the ground (rather than the air), and about the claim that it existed.
[4]
In
Africa
,
New Guinea
and tropical areas of America, people have used drum telegraphy for centuries to communicate over long distances. When European expeditions came into the jungles to explore, they were surprised to find that people already knew they were coming and what their intentions were. By repeating a message in turn from one nearby location to another, African drummers can transmit that message a total distance of 100 miles in about an hour.
[7]
Among the famous communication drums are the drums of
West Africa
(see
talking drum
). From regions known today as
Nigeria
and
Ghana
they spread across West Africa, and to the
America
and the
Caribbean
during the
slave trade
. There they were banned because they were being used by the slaves to communicate over long distances in a code unknown to their enslavers.
[8]
Talking drums were also used in East Africa and are described by Andreus Bauer in the 'Street of Caravans', about his time as a security guard in the Wissmann Truppe for the caravan of Charles Stokes.
What is transmitted
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Two different types of traditional drum communication are found in Africa. The first type associates each idea with a particular rhythmic pattern, and the second type represents spoken utterances by mimicking their accentual profiles.
[
citation needed
]
Drum communication methods are not languages in their own right, though they can be based on spoken languages. In such cases, the sounds produced are conventionalized or idiomatic signals based on speech patterns. The drummed messages are normally very stereotyped and context-dependent; speakers of true languages have the ability to form new combinations and expressions that will immediately be understood by the listener, but that is not the case in drum communication.
In Central and East Africa, drum patterns represent the
stresses
,
syllable
lengths and
tone
of the particular language. In
tone languages
, where syllables are associated with a certain tone, some words are distinguished only by their
suprasegmental profile
. Therefore, syllable drum languages can often transfer a message using the
tonal phonemes
alone.
In certain languages, the pitch of each syllable is uniquely determined in relation to adjacent syllables. In these cases, messages can be transmitted as rapid beats at the same speed as speech, as the
rhythm
and
melody
both match the equivalent spoken utterance.
Misinterpretations can occur due to the highly ambiguous nature of the communication. The ambiguity is reduced by context effects and the use of
stock phrases
. For example, in
Jabo
, most stems are monosyllabic. By using a
proverb
or honorary title to create an expanded version of the name of a person, animal, or object, the indistinguishable single beat of an ordinary name can be replaced with a particular rhythmic and melodic
motif
for each subject. In practice not all listeners understand all of the stock phrases; the drum language is understood only to the level of each person's immediate concern.
See also
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References
[
edit
]
- ^
Lewis, Tony (2018-04-19).
Becoming a Garamut Player in Baluan, Papua New Guinea Musical Analysis As a Pathway to Learning
. Routledge.
ISBN
9781315406480
.
OCLC
1033693900
.
- ^
Finnegan, Ruth (2012).
Oral Literature in Africa
. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. p. 470.
ISBN
978-1-906924-72-0
.
Drum messages can be heard at a distance of between three to seven miles, according to Carrington 1949b: 25.
- ^
Good, AI (1942).
"Drum Talk Is the African's "Wireless"
"
.
Natural History Magazine
.
- ^
a
b
Prometheus: Illustrierte Wochenschrift uber die Fortschritte
, volume 20 (1908)
- ^
Enrico Hillyer Giglioli,
Il "Cambarysu": telefono dei Catuquinaru dell'Amazzonia
(1898)
- ^
The original of the telephone
,
Mataura Ensign
, issue 520, 13 December 1898, page 4]
- ^
Davis, Ernest (23 August 2011).
"Information, from drums to Wikipedia"
.
James Gleick
.
The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood
. 526pp. Fourth Estate. 978 0 00 722573 6
. The Times Literary Supplement.
Archived
from the original on 14 January 2013
. Retrieved
12 February
2012
.
- ^
Epstein, Dena J. (1963). "Slave Music in the United States before 1860: A Survey of Sources (Part II)".
Music Library Association Notes
. Second Series.
20
(3): 377?390.
doi
:
10.2307/895685
.
JSTOR
895685
.
- Schmidt-Jones, C. (2005, May 24).
Message Drums
. Connexions (licensed under CC-BY 1.0)
External links
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